Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688020
H. Georg, Sven C. Müller, N. Dorsch, C. Rehtanz, C. Wietfeld
Future power systems in terms of Cyber - Physical Energy Systems (CPES) apply the integration of IT and physical processes using local and wide area communication networks. The smart grid is a typical example of the application of CPES and poses additional challenges to the engineering as these networks consist of two components: the power system itself and an underlying communication network applied for transmitting monitoring and control information. Therefore, performance evaluations of CPES need to take into account both networks in detail in order to provide meaningful results. In this paper, we introduce our simulation environment INtegrated co-Simulation of Power and ICT systems for Real-time Evaluation (INSPIRE), which is based on the Hybrid Simulator Architecture [1] and capable of evaluating both power system and communication network within a co-simulation framework. Besides the simulator architecture, we detail our time synchronization approach, which is applied for interconnecting communication and power system simulation. Secondly, we present reference scenarios and configuration settings for the combined simulation system. Finally, we introduce the first performance evaluation carried out using INSPIRE, covering characteristics of the communication network and highlighting the retroactive effects on the power system using an exemplary control algorithm.
{"title":"INSPIRE: Integrated co-simulation of power and ICT systems for real-time evaluation","authors":"H. Georg, Sven C. Müller, N. Dorsch, C. Rehtanz, C. Wietfeld","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688020","url":null,"abstract":"Future power systems in terms of Cyber - Physical Energy Systems (CPES) apply the integration of IT and physical processes using local and wide area communication networks. The smart grid is a typical example of the application of CPES and poses additional challenges to the engineering as these networks consist of two components: the power system itself and an underlying communication network applied for transmitting monitoring and control information. Therefore, performance evaluations of CPES need to take into account both networks in detail in order to provide meaningful results. In this paper, we introduce our simulation environment INtegrated co-Simulation of Power and ICT systems for Real-time Evaluation (INSPIRE), which is based on the Hybrid Simulator Architecture [1] and capable of evaluating both power system and communication network within a co-simulation framework. Besides the simulator architecture, we detail our time synchronization approach, which is applied for interconnecting communication and power system simulation. Secondly, we present reference scenarios and configuration settings for the combined simulation system. Finally, we introduce the first performance evaluation carried out using INSPIRE, covering characteristics of the communication network and highlighting the retroactive effects on the power system using an exemplary control algorithm.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127001823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688055
Zhaoyi Kang, Yuxun Zhou, Lin Zhang, C. Spanos
Virtual-Sensing, which is achieved through the disaggregation of composite power metering signals, is a solution towards achieving fine-grained smart power monitoring. In this work we discuss the challenging issues in Virtual-Sensing, introduce and ultimately combine the Hidden Markov Model and the Edge-based methods. The resulting solution, based on a Multiple-hypothesis Sequential Probability Ratio Test, combines the advantages of the two methods and delivers significant improvement in disaggregation performance. A robust version of the test is also proposed to filter the impulse noise common in real-time monitoring of the plug-in loads power consumption.
{"title":"Virtual power sensing based on a multiple-hypothesis sequential test","authors":"Zhaoyi Kang, Yuxun Zhou, Lin Zhang, C. Spanos","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688055","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual-Sensing, which is achieved through the disaggregation of composite power metering signals, is a solution towards achieving fine-grained smart power monitoring. In this work we discuss the challenging issues in Virtual-Sensing, introduce and ultimately combine the Hidden Markov Model and the Edge-based methods. The resulting solution, based on a Multiple-hypothesis Sequential Probability Ratio Test, combines the advantages of the two methods and delivers significant improvement in disaggregation performance. A robust version of the test is also proposed to filter the impulse noise common in real-time monitoring of the plug-in loads power consumption.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125371457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688001
W. G. Temple, Binbin Chen, Nils Ole Tippenhauer
Modern smart meters commonly provide a service switch which allows remote connection or disconnection (RCD) of electrical service over a utility's communication network. While this feature is valuable for utilities, researchers have raised concerns about possible (ab)use by malicious attackers, noting the high economic cost of blackouts, as well the potential for controlled on-off switching of meters to affect power grid stability, for example by disturbing its frequency. However, while security concerns have been identified, little work has been done to develop and assess concrete countermeasures that are specific to these attacks. In this paper, we design novel randomized time delay countermeasures for smart meter RCD attacks, and demonstrate their effectiveness under sophisticated attack scenarios. We show that even if an attacker successfully issues malicious RCD commands, a well-designed time delay countermeasure makes the smart grid more resilient by: 1) preventing rapid changes in overall system load; and 2) providing time for a utility to potentially detect and stop an attack in progress. In particular, we demonstrate that a geometric delay mechanism can greatly reduce the magnitude of an attack with little impact on a utility's day-to-day operations.
{"title":"Delay makes a difference: Smart grid resilience under remote meter disconnect attack","authors":"W. G. Temple, Binbin Chen, Nils Ole Tippenhauer","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6688001","url":null,"abstract":"Modern smart meters commonly provide a service switch which allows remote connection or disconnection (RCD) of electrical service over a utility's communication network. While this feature is valuable for utilities, researchers have raised concerns about possible (ab)use by malicious attackers, noting the high economic cost of blackouts, as well the potential for controlled on-off switching of meters to affect power grid stability, for example by disturbing its frequency. However, while security concerns have been identified, little work has been done to develop and assess concrete countermeasures that are specific to these attacks. In this paper, we design novel randomized time delay countermeasures for smart meter RCD attacks, and demonstrate their effectiveness under sophisticated attack scenarios. We show that even if an attacker successfully issues malicious RCD commands, a well-designed time delay countermeasure makes the smart grid more resilient by: 1) preventing rapid changes in overall system load; and 2) providing time for a utility to potentially detect and stop an attack in progress. In particular, we demonstrate that a geometric delay mechanism can greatly reduce the magnitude of an attack with little impact on a utility's day-to-day operations.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114370595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687981
Yue Yang, Sumit Roy
The future `smart' grid will see increasing deployments of intelligent electronic devices (IED), that sense the state variables of the grid at more locations than present. It is anticipated that sensory devices with Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-like capabilities will find deployment within the changing distribution sub-system, to provide greater operational efficiency. However, due to the current high cost of PMU installation, their deployment in the distribution network will continue to be selective for the foreseeable future. Much of the prior literature on PMU placement has focused on how to obtain full observability with minimal number of PMUs for a single-phase power network. Very little work exists for the placement problem for three-phase distribution grid. We further observe that there typically exist multiple minimal-PMU sets that achieve full network observability, affording additional degree of freedom to select an optimal choice among this set. We define the desired solution as the PMU placement that also achieves best overall state estimation performance. Accordingly, we derive the state estimator of all buses in a three-phase network and propose a) greedy algorithm and b) integer programming optimization method to determine the optimal solution. The comparative performance of these two methods is presented via evaluation of transmission and distribution test networks.
{"title":"PMU placement for optimal three-phase state estimation performance","authors":"Yue Yang, Sumit Roy","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687981","url":null,"abstract":"The future `smart' grid will see increasing deployments of intelligent electronic devices (IED), that sense the state variables of the grid at more locations than present. It is anticipated that sensory devices with Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-like capabilities will find deployment within the changing distribution sub-system, to provide greater operational efficiency. However, due to the current high cost of PMU installation, their deployment in the distribution network will continue to be selective for the foreseeable future. Much of the prior literature on PMU placement has focused on how to obtain full observability with minimal number of PMUs for a single-phase power network. Very little work exists for the placement problem for three-phase distribution grid. We further observe that there typically exist multiple minimal-PMU sets that achieve full network observability, affording additional degree of freedom to select an optimal choice among this set. We define the desired solution as the PMU placement that also achieves best overall state estimation performance. Accordingly, we derive the state estimator of all buses in a three-phase network and propose a) greedy algorithm and b) integer programming optimization method to determine the optimal solution. The comparative performance of these two methods is presented via evaluation of transmission and distribution test networks.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115251660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687980
L. Lampe, M. O. Ahmed
Power line communications (PLC) is one of the communication methods currently deployed and developed further to support smart grid applications. While the fact the PLC signals travel through power lines makes reliable communication more challenging than for other wired media, it also provides one distinct advantage: PLC signals can be used to learn about the grid status. In this paper, we exploit this “through the grid” property of PLC for the purpose of inferring the topology of the power grid to which a PLC network is deployed. In particular, we present a topology estimation algorithm that only requires PLC signaling between the end points of a grid, such as between meters and data concentrator in an advanced meter management system. Our methodology is alike network tomography used to infer internal properties of a communication network based on end-to-end measurements, and we refer to it as tomography-based topology inference.
{"title":"Power grid topology inference using power line communications","authors":"L. Lampe, M. O. Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687980","url":null,"abstract":"Power line communications (PLC) is one of the communication methods currently deployed and developed further to support smart grid applications. While the fact the PLC signals travel through power lines makes reliable communication more challenging than for other wired media, it also provides one distinct advantage: PLC signals can be used to learn about the grid status. In this paper, we exploit this “through the grid” property of PLC for the purpose of inferring the topology of the power grid to which a PLC network is deployed. In particular, we present a topology estimation algorithm that only requires PLC signaling between the end points of a grid, such as between meters and data concentrator in an advanced meter management system. Our methodology is alike network tomography used to infer internal properties of a communication network based on end-to-end measurements, and we refer to it as tomography-based topology inference.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122667567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687966
E. Kara, Zico Kolter, M. Berges, B. Krogh, G. Hug, T. Yuksel
The quality and effectiveness of the load following services provided by centralized control of thermostatically controlled loads depend highly on the communication requirements and the underlying cyberinfrastructure characteristics. Specifically, ensuring end-user comfort while providing real-time demand response services depends on the availability of the information provided from the thermostatically controlled loads to the main controller regarding their operating statuses and internal temperatures. State estimation techniques can be used to infer the necessary information from the aggregate power consumption of these loads, replacing the need for an upstream communication platform carrying information from appliances to the main controller in real-time. In this paper, we introduce a moving horizon mean squared error state estimator with constraints as an alternative to a Kalman filter approach, which assumes a linear model without constraints. The results show that some improvement is possible for scenarios when loads are expected to be toggled frequently.
{"title":"A moving horizon state estimator in the control of thermostatically controlled loads for demand response","authors":"E. Kara, Zico Kolter, M. Berges, B. Krogh, G. Hug, T. Yuksel","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687966","url":null,"abstract":"The quality and effectiveness of the load following services provided by centralized control of thermostatically controlled loads depend highly on the communication requirements and the underlying cyberinfrastructure characteristics. Specifically, ensuring end-user comfort while providing real-time demand response services depends on the availability of the information provided from the thermostatically controlled loads to the main controller regarding their operating statuses and internal temperatures. State estimation techniques can be used to infer the necessary information from the aggregate power consumption of these loads, replacing the need for an upstream communication platform carrying information from appliances to the main controller in real-time. In this paper, we introduce a moving horizon mean squared error state estimator with constraints as an alternative to a Kalman filter approach, which assumes a linear model without constraints. The results show that some improvement is possible for scenarios when loads are expected to be toggled frequently.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129474852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SMARTGRIDCOMM.2013.6688036
J. Simpson-Porco, F. Dörfler, F. Bullo, Q. Shafiee, J. Guerrero
Motivated by the recent and growing interest in microgrids, we study the operation of droop-controlled DC/AC inverters in an islanded inductive microgrid. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a synchronized steady state that is unique and locally exponentially stable. We discuss a selection of controller gains which leads to a sharing of power among the generators, and show that this proportional selection enforces actuation constraints for the inverters. Moreover, we propose a distributed integral controller based on averaging algorithms which dynamically regulates the system frequency in the presence of a time-varying load. Remarkably, this distributed-averaging integral controller has the additional property that it maintains the power sharing properties of the primary droop controller. Finally, we present experimental results validating our controller design, along with simulations of extended scenarios. Our results hold without assumptions on uniform line admittances, inverter power ratings, or voltage magnitudes.
{"title":"Stability, power sharing, & distributed secondary control in droop-controlled microgrids","authors":"J. Simpson-Porco, F. Dörfler, F. Bullo, Q. Shafiee, J. Guerrero","doi":"10.1109/SMARTGRIDCOMM.2013.6688036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTGRIDCOMM.2013.6688036","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by the recent and growing interest in microgrids, we study the operation of droop-controlled DC/AC inverters in an islanded inductive microgrid. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a synchronized steady state that is unique and locally exponentially stable. We discuss a selection of controller gains which leads to a sharing of power among the generators, and show that this proportional selection enforces actuation constraints for the inverters. Moreover, we propose a distributed integral controller based on averaging algorithms which dynamically regulates the system frequency in the presence of a time-varying load. Remarkably, this distributed-averaging integral controller has the additional property that it maintains the power sharing properties of the primary droop controller. Finally, we present experimental results validating our controller design, along with simulations of extended scenarios. Our results hold without assumptions on uniform line admittances, inverter power ratings, or voltage magnitudes.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128307769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687931
Junhao Lin, Ka-Cheong Leung, V. Li
Electric vehicle (EV) fleets can provide ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, to the utility grid, if their charging/discharging schedules are coordinated appropriately. In this paper, a multi-level architecture for bidirectional vehicle-to-grid regulation service is proposed. In this architecture, aggregators coordinate the charging/discharging schedules of EVs in order to meet their shares of regulation demand requested by the grid operator. Based on this architecture, the scheduling problem of V2G regulation is then formulated as a convex optimization problem, which in turn degenerates to an online scheduling problem for charging/discharging of EVs. It requires only the current and past regulation profiles, and does not depend on the accurate forecast of regulation demand. A decentralized algorithm, which enables every EV to solve its local optimization problem and obtain its own schedule, is applied to solve the online scheduling problem. Based on the household driving pattern and regulation signal data from the PJM market, a simulation study of 1,000 EVs has been performed. The simulation results show that the proposed online scheduling algorithm is able to smooth out the power fluctuations of the grid by coordinating the EV schedules, demonstrating the potential of V2G in providing regulation service to the grid.
{"title":"Online scheduling for vehicle-to-grid regulation service","authors":"Junhao Lin, Ka-Cheong Leung, V. Li","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687931","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) fleets can provide ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, to the utility grid, if their charging/discharging schedules are coordinated appropriately. In this paper, a multi-level architecture for bidirectional vehicle-to-grid regulation service is proposed. In this architecture, aggregators coordinate the charging/discharging schedules of EVs in order to meet their shares of regulation demand requested by the grid operator. Based on this architecture, the scheduling problem of V2G regulation is then formulated as a convex optimization problem, which in turn degenerates to an online scheduling problem for charging/discharging of EVs. It requires only the current and past regulation profiles, and does not depend on the accurate forecast of regulation demand. A decentralized algorithm, which enables every EV to solve its local optimization problem and obtain its own schedule, is applied to solve the online scheduling problem. Based on the household driving pattern and regulation signal data from the PJM market, a simulation study of 1,000 EVs has been performed. The simulation results show that the proposed online scheduling algorithm is able to smooth out the power fluctuations of the grid by coordinating the EV schedules, demonstrating the potential of V2G in providing regulation service to the grid.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129947212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687928
Sandro Iacovella, F. Geth, F. Ruelens, N. Leemput, P. Vingerhoets, Geert Deconinck, B. Claessens
A major challenge consists of considering all stakeholders of the future Smart Grid, each with their specific and possibly opposing objectives. A distribution network operator aims at guaranteeing power quality criteria while consumers aspire lowering their power consumption bill. This fundamental issue currently delays the transition from small-scale research projects to a large-scale all-encompassing smart distribution grid. This paper describes a double-layered control methodology using the available flexibility of the majority of discrete smart appliances currently in use. The effect of striving for the objectives separately as well as in combination is examined. The results show that the targeted objective(s) strongly influence(s) the performance in terms of cost effectiveness as well as number of voltage issues.
{"title":"Double-layered control methodology combining price objective and grid constraints","authors":"Sandro Iacovella, F. Geth, F. Ruelens, N. Leemput, P. Vingerhoets, Geert Deconinck, B. Claessens","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687928","url":null,"abstract":"A major challenge consists of considering all stakeholders of the future Smart Grid, each with their specific and possibly opposing objectives. A distribution network operator aims at guaranteeing power quality criteria while consumers aspire lowering their power consumption bill. This fundamental issue currently delays the transition from small-scale research projects to a large-scale all-encompassing smart distribution grid. This paper describes a double-layered control methodology using the available flexibility of the majority of discrete smart appliances currently in use. The effect of striving for the objectives separately as well as in combination is examined. The results show that the targeted objective(s) strongly influence(s) the performance in terms of cost effectiveness as well as number of voltage issues.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117042087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-19DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687949
N. Ito, A. Takeda, T. Namerikawa
Dynamic pricing (a.k.a. real-time pricing) is a method of invoking a response in demand pricing electricity at hourly (or more often) intervals. Several studies have proposed dynamic pricing models that maximize the sum of the welfares of consumers and suppliers under the condition that the supply and demand are equal. They assume that the cost functions of suppliers are convex. In practice, however, they are not convex because of the startup costs of generators. On the other hand, many studies have taken startup costs into consideration for unit commitment problems (UCPs) with a fixed demand. The Lagrange multiplier of the UCP, called convex hull pricing (CHP), minimizes the uplift payment that is disadvantageous to suppliers. However, CHP has not been used in the context of demand response. This paper presents a new dynamic pricing model based on CHP. We apply CHP approach invented for the UCP to a demand response market model, and theoretically show that the CHP is given by the Lagrange multiplier of a social welfare maximization problem whose objective function is represented as the sum of the customer's utility and supplier's profit. In addition, we solve the dual problem by using an iterative algorithm based on the subgradient method. Numerical simulations show that the prices determined by our algorithm give sufficiently small uplift payments in a realistic number of iterations.
{"title":"Convex hull pricing for demand response in electricity markets","authors":"N. Ito, A. Takeda, T. Namerikawa","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2013.6687949","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic pricing (a.k.a. real-time pricing) is a method of invoking a response in demand pricing electricity at hourly (or more often) intervals. Several studies have proposed dynamic pricing models that maximize the sum of the welfares of consumers and suppliers under the condition that the supply and demand are equal. They assume that the cost functions of suppliers are convex. In practice, however, they are not convex because of the startup costs of generators. On the other hand, many studies have taken startup costs into consideration for unit commitment problems (UCPs) with a fixed demand. The Lagrange multiplier of the UCP, called convex hull pricing (CHP), minimizes the uplift payment that is disadvantageous to suppliers. However, CHP has not been used in the context of demand response. This paper presents a new dynamic pricing model based on CHP. We apply CHP approach invented for the UCP to a demand response market model, and theoretically show that the CHP is given by the Lagrange multiplier of a social welfare maximization problem whose objective function is represented as the sum of the customer's utility and supplier's profit. In addition, we solve the dual problem by using an iterative algorithm based on the subgradient method. Numerical simulations show that the prices determined by our algorithm give sufficiently small uplift payments in a realistic number of iterations.","PeriodicalId":136434,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121360092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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