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Shifting microbial communities in acidified seawaters: insights from polychaetes living in the CO2 vent of Ischia, Italy 酸化海水中微生物群落的变化:生活在意大利伊斯基亚二氧化碳喷口的多毛目环节动物的启示
IF 3.3 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12904
Irene ARNOLDI, Davide CARRARETTO, Marco MUNARI, Matteo NANNINI, Maria Cristina GAMBI, Antonio CANNAVACCIUOLO, Camilla DELLA TORRE, Paolo GABRIELI
Oceans’ absorption of human‐related CO2 emissions leads to a process called ocean acidification (OA), consisting of the decrease of the seawater pH with negative consequences for many marine organisms. In this study, we investigate the microbial community of two species of polychaetes found in naturally acidified CO2 vents: the nereid Platynereis massiliensis complex and the syllid Syllis prolifera. Animals were collected in the CO2 vents of Castello Aragonese (Gulf of Naples, Ischia, Italy) in three zones at decreasing pH. For the analysis of the microbiome, the V3‐V4 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of 40 worm samples was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. No difference in the microbial alpha diversity of both species was highlighted. On the contrary, the microbial composition of worms collected in the site at normal pH was different from that of the individuals obtained from the sites at lower pH. This effect was evident also in samples from the site with a slight, but relevant, degree of acidification. Amplicon sequence variants showing a significant variation among the groups of samples collected from different pH zones were reported for both polychaetes, but no common trend of variation was observed. The present study deepens our knowledge about the composition of polychaete microbiome in marine naturally acidified sites. Our results stress the importance of future investigations about the connection between the variation of environmental and polychaete microbial communities induced by OA and about the effect of these variations on polychaete key biological and ecological traits.
海洋吸收人类排放的二氧化碳会导致海洋酸化(OA),即海水pH值下降,对许多海洋生物造成负面影响。在这项研究中,我们调查了在自然酸化的二氧化碳喷口中发现的两种多毛类动物的微生物群落,它们是尼氏多毛类(Nereid Platynereis massiliensis complex)和栉水母类(Syllis prolifera)。研究人员在 Castello Aragonese(意大利那不勒斯湾,伊斯基亚岛)二氧化碳喷口的三个 pH 值降低的区域采集了动物。为了分析微生物组,在 Illumina MiSeq 平台上对 40 个蠕虫样本的 16S 核糖体 RNA 基因 V3-V4 超变区进行了测序。结果表明,两个物种的微生物阿尔法多样性没有差异。相反,在 pH 值正常的地点采集的蠕虫的微生物组成与在 pH 值较低的地点采集的个体有所不同。在酸化程度轻微但相关的地点采集的样本中,这种影响也很明显。报告显示,在不同 pH 值区域采集的样本组中,两种多毛目动物的扩增子序列变异有显著差异,但没有观察到共同的变异趋势。本研究加深了我们对海洋自然酸化地区多毛目动物微生物组组成的了解。我们的研究结果强调了未来研究 OA 引起的环境和多毛目动物微生物群落变化之间的联系以及这些变化对多毛目动物关键生物和生态特征的影响的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Genomic analysis and behavioral ecology records of the vulnerable Kong skate (Okamejei kenojei) 脆弱的金刚鳐(Okamejei kenojei)的基因组分析和行为生态学记录
IF 3.3 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12900
Guang GAO, Fenghua ZHANG, Wensheng LI, Yuxuan LIU, Wenjie XU, Chuanjun YANG, Guangbin SHAO, Kun WANG, Zhizhong XIAO
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive evolution of pancreatic ribonuclease gene (RNase1) in Cetartiodactyla 鲸目动物胰腺核糖核酸酶基因(RNase1)的适应性进化
IF 3.3 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12895
Datian LANG, Junsong ZHAO, Songju LIU, Yuan MU, Tiantian ZOU
Pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase1), a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas, is associated with the functional adaptation of dietary habits and is regarded as an attractive model system for studies of molecular evolution. In this study, we identified 218 functional genes and 48 pseudogenes from 114 species that span all four Cetartiodactyla lineages: two herbivorous lineages (Ruminantia and Tylopoda) and two non‐herbivorous lineages (Cetancodonta and Suoidea). Multiple RNase1 genes were detected in all species of the two herbivorous lineages, and phylogenetic and genomic location analyses demonstrated that independent gene duplication events occurred in Ruminantia and Tylopoda. In Ruminantia, the gene duplication events occurred in the ancestral branches of the lineage in the Middle Eocene, a time of increasing climatic seasonality during which Ruminantia rapidly radiated. In contrast, only a single RNase1 gene was observed in the species of the two non‐herbivorous lineages (Cetancodonta and Suoidea), suggesting that the previous Cetacea‐specific loss hypothesis should be rejected. Moreover, the duplicated genes of RNase1 in the two herbivorous lineages (Ruminantia and Tylopoda) may have undergone functional divergence. In combination with the temporal coincidence between gene replication and the enhanced climatic seasonality during the Middle Eocene, this functional divergence suggests that RNase1 gene duplication was beneficial for Ruminantia to use the limited quantities of sparse fibrous vegetation and adapt to seasonal changes in climate. In summary, the findings indicate a complex and intriguing evolutionary pattern of RNase1 in Cetartiodactyla and demonstrate the molecular mechanisms by which organisms adapt to the environment.
胰腺核糖核酸酶(RNase1)是一种由胰腺产生的消化酶,与饮食习惯的功能适应有关,被认为是研究分子进化的一个有吸引力的模型系统。在这项研究中,我们鉴定了来自 114 个物种的 218 个功能基因和 48 个假基因,它们跨越了所有四个 Cetartiodactyla 系:两个草食系(Ruminantia 和 Tylopoda)和两个非草食系(Cetancodonta 和 Suoidea)。在两个食草动物系的所有物种中都检测到了多个 RNase1 基因,系统发育和基因组位置分析表明,Ruminantia 和 Tylopoda 中发生了独立的基因复制事件。在 Ruminantia 中,基因复制事件发生在中始新世的祖先分支中,当时气候季节性增强,Ruminantia 在此期间迅速辐射。与此相反,在两个非食草动物系(Cetancodonta 和 Suoidea)的物种中只观察到一个 RNase1 基因,这表明之前的鲸目动物特异性丢失假说应被否定。此外,两个食草动物系(反刍兽类和泰罗兽类)中重复的 RNase1 基因可能已经发生了功能分化。结合基因复制与中始新世气候季节性增强之间的时间巧合,这种功能分化表明 RNase1 基因复制有利于反刍动物利用数量有限的稀疏纤维植被并适应气候的季节性变化。总之,研究结果表明,RNase1基因在反刍兽科(Cetartiodactyla)中具有复杂而有趣的进化模式,并展示了生物适应环境的分子机制。
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引用次数: 0
The role of wild red deer on soil physical properties in a Mediterranean ecosystem: insights from a Portuguese mountain 野生赤鹿对地中海生态系统土壤物理特性的作用:葡萄牙山区的启示
IF 3.3 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12894
Fernanda GARCIA, António ALVES DA SILVA, José Paulo SOUSA, Joana ALVES
In this study we aimed to assess the role of wild red deer, along with other ungulates such as roe deer and wild boar, in the soil's physical properties, namely soil penetration resistance and depth (used as a proxy for soil compaction), hydraulic conductivity (a proxy for water infiltration), and the proportion of soil stable aggregates. Results showed that, at the density level found in our study area, red deer have a neutral effect at the soil level, not causing significant soil compaction or significantly influencing measured soil functions.
在这项研究中,我们旨在评估野生赤鹿以及其他有蹄类动物(如狍子和野猪)在土壤物理特性中的作用,即土壤渗透阻力和深度(作为土壤压实的代表)、导水性(作为水渗透的代表)以及土壤稳定团聚体的比例。研究结果表明,在我们研究地区的密度水平上,红鹿对土壤的影响是中性的,不会造成明显的土壤板结,也不会对测量的土壤功能产生显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Group effects of desert rodent communities on plant seed dispersal 沙漠啮齿动物群落对植物种子传播的群体效应
IF 3.3 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12897
Linlin LI, Xin LI, Yongling JIN, Haoting ZHANG, Fan BU, Rong ZHANG, Xiaodong WU, Shuai YUAN, Heping FU
Desert rodent communities spread plant seeds through the group effect of "selection complementation" and "fate complementation," which promotes the recovery of plant populations and the reconstruction of plant communities in desert areas.
沙漠啮齿动物群落通过 "选择互补 "和 "命运互补 "的群体效应传播植物种子,促进了沙漠地区植物种群的恢复和植物群落的重建。
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引用次数: 0
Does embryonic behavioral thermoregulation enhance thermoregulatory capacity of turtle hatchlings? 胚胎期的行为体温调节是否会增强幼龟的体温调节能力?
IF 3.5 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-08 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12902
Yongpu Zhang, Shuran Li, Yongrui Chen, Yinzi Ye, Pengfei Wu, Lei Xie, Weiguo DU

We found that embryonic behavioral thermoregulation could not enhance the thermoregulatory capacity of turtle hatchlings. Our study is not only the first to provide experimental evidence regarding the impact of embryonic behavioral thermoregulation on offspring thermoregulation but also falsifies the play behavior hypothesis that suggests thermotaxis by embryos allows them to practice thermoregulatory tactics at later life stages.

我们发现,胚胎行为体温调节并不能提高幼龟的体温调节能力。我们的研究不仅首次提供了有关胚胎期行为体温调节对后代体温调节影响的实验证据,而且还证伪了游戏行为假说,即胚胎的体温迁移使它们能够在以后的生命阶段练习体温调节策略。
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引用次数: 0
Increased nest temperature during winter does not affect residual yolk metabolism of hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). 冬季巢温升高不会影响彩龟(Chrysemys picta)幼体的残余卵黄代谢。
IF 3.5 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12890
Daniel A Warner, Timothy S Mitchell, Fredric J Janzen

Rising global temperatures have a wide range of effects at organismal, population, and ecosystem levels. Increased winter temperatures are expected to alter the energetics of species that are dormant during this time. Hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) spend their first ∼8 months in shallow nests on land, where they putatively rely on residual yolk reserves to fuel energetic demands during this period of inactivity before they emerge in the spring. We performed a laboratory experiment to characterize changes in residual yolk quantity in hatchling C. picta and experimentally tested the effect of temperature on residual yolk, hatchling size, and survival over the winter brumation period. We manipulated winter nest temperature by simulating two natural thermal regimes ("low" vs "high" treatments) and one regime that approximates warmer temperatures expected by 2100 ("future" treatment). Because high temperature increases metabolism, we predicted that the future temperature treatment would decrease the amount of residual yolk remaining by the end of winter and reduce hatchling mass and survival. Residual yolk over winter did not differ from that before winter, and the temperature had no effect on the quantity of residual yolk or hatchling survival by the following spring. However, hatchlings that experienced future temperatures lost more mass over winter than those from the other treatments. These results correspond with previous work indicating that residual yolk does not fuel the energetic needs of hatchlings during winter. The effect of future warming temperatures on body mass may have negative consequences during energetically demanding activities during spring emergence and dispersal.

全球气温升高会对生物体、种群和生态系统产生广泛影响。冬季气温升高预计会改变在此期间处于休眠状态的物种的能量。幼年彩龟(Chrysemys picta)在陆地上的浅巢中度过最初的8个月,在春季萌发前的这段不活动时期,它们可能依靠剩余的卵黄储备来满足能量需求。我们进行了一项实验室实验来描述皮氏幼体残余卵黄数量的变化,并通过实验测试了温度对残余卵黄、幼体大小和冬眠期存活率的影响。我们通过模拟两种自然热机制("低 "与 "高 "处理)和一种近似于预计到2100年温度升高的机制("未来 "处理)来操纵冬季巢温。由于高温会增加新陈代谢,我们预测未来温度处理会减少冬季结束时剩余的卵黄量,并降低幼体质量和存活率。越冬后的卵黄残留量与越冬前的卵黄残留量没有差别,温度对第二年春季的卵黄残留量和幼体存活率也没有影响。然而,与其他处理的幼体相比,经历了未来温度的幼体在冬季损失了更多的质量。这些结果与之前的研究一致,表明残余卵黄并不能满足幼体在冬季的能量需求。未来气温升高对体重的影响可能会对幼体在春季萌发和分散过程中的高能量活动产生负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Defensive behaviors and c-fos expression in the midbrain. 中脑的防御行为和 c-fos 表达
IF 3.5 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12892
Ersin Yavas, Michael S Fanselow

Pavlovian fear conditioning serves as a valuable method for investigating species-specific defensive reactions (SSDRs) such as freezing and flight responses. The present study examines the role of white noise under different experimental conditions. Given that white noise has been shown to elicit both conditional (associative) and unconditional (nonassociative) defensive responses, we compared the response to noise following three separate training conditions: shock-only, white noise paired with shock, and context-only. Results showed that baseline freezing level significantly changed across groups: Both the shock-only group and the white noise paired with shock group froze more than the context-only group on the test day. White noise evoked differential freezing between groups on day 2: The shock-only group froze more than the context-only group although both groups were never exposed to white noise during training. Further, an activity burst triggered by white noise was similar for the shock-only and white noise paired with shock groups during testing, although shock-only group was never exposed to white noise stimuli during training. This aligned with c-fos data, indicating similar c-fos activity levels across different periaqueductal gray (PAG) regions for both shock-only and white noise paired with shock groups. However, the driving force behind c-fos activation-whether freezing, activity burst, or a combination of both-remains uncertain, warranting further analysis to explore specific correlations between SSDRs and c-fos activity within the PAG and related brain areas.

巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射(Pavlovian fear conditioning)是研究物种特异性防御反应(SSDRs)(如冻结和逃跑反应)的重要方法。本研究探讨了白噪声在不同实验条件下的作用。鉴于白噪声已被证明能引起条件性(联想性)和非条件性(非联想性)防御反应,我们比较了在三种不同训练条件下对噪声的反应:纯电击、白噪声与电击配对和纯情境。结果显示,各组的基线冻结水平都发生了显著变化:纯电击组和与电击配对的白噪声组在测试当天的冻结程度都高于纯情境组。第 2 天,白噪声诱发了不同组间的冻结:纯电击组比纯情境组冻结得更多,尽管这两组在训练期间从未接触过白噪声。此外,在测试期间,纯电击组和与电击配对的白噪声组由白噪声触发的活动爆发相似,尽管纯电击组在训练期间从未接触过白噪声刺激。这与c-fos数据一致,表明纯电击组和与电击配对的白噪声组在不同的视网膜下灰(PAG)区域都有相似的c-fos活动水平。然而,c-fos激活背后的驱动力--无论是冻结、活动爆发还是两者的结合--仍不确定,因此需要进一步分析,以探索PAG和相关脑区中SSDR与c-fos活动之间的特定相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Mounting an immune response reduces male attractiveness in a lizard. 免疫反应会降低蜥蜴雄性的吸引力。
IF 3.5 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12889
Mar Comas, Francisco J Zamora-Camacho, Jorge Garrido-Bautista, Gregorio Moreno-Rueda, José Martín, Pilar López

Parasites impact host fitness and constitute an important selective pressure on the host's life history. According to parasite-mediated sexual selection, ornaments are presumed to honestly indicate immune capacity or resistance against parasites, and the chooser sex (typically females) obtains an advantage by selecting more ornamented, thus more immunocompetent mates. Therefore, signalers mounting an immune response must allocate resources from the sexual signal to the immune system, hence reducing the expression of the ornament and becoming less attractive to the choosing sex. Here, we test this idea in the lizard Psammodromus algirus. We inoculated a subsample of males with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the cell wall of Escherichia coli, while others served as sham controls. The inoculation of LPS decreased the proportion of ergosterol (pro-vitamin D2) in femoral secretions, and chemosensory tests showed that the scent of LPS-inoculated males was less attractive to females than the scent of control males. Given that ergosterol is a precursor of vitamin D, which has physiological functions as an immune modulator, immunocompromised males likely needed to divert vitamin D to the immune system, reducing the allocation of ergosterol to secretions. In this way, females could detect "sick" males, preferring the apparently healthy males. Overall, our study shows that mounting an immune response is costly in terms of reduced attractiveness. Moreover, we disentangle the underlying mechanism, which involves an honest signal based on vitamin D allocation.

寄生虫影响宿主的健康,对宿主的生活史构成重要的选择压力。根据寄生虫介导的性选择理论,装饰物被认为诚实地表明了对寄生虫的免疫能力或抵抗力,选择者的性别(通常是雌性)通过选择装饰物更多从而免疫能力更强的配偶来获得优势。因此,发出免疫反应的信号者必须将性信号的资源分配给免疫系统,从而减少装饰物的表达,降低对选择性别的吸引力。在这里,我们在蜥蜴Psammodromus algirus身上验证了这一观点。我们给一部分雄性接种了大肠杆菌细胞壁脂多糖(LPS),其他雄性则作为假对照。接种LPS后,股腺分泌物中麦角固醇(维生素D2原)的比例下降,化学感觉测试表明,接种LPS的雄性对雌性的气味吸引力低于对照雄性。麦角固醇是维生素 D 的前体,而维生素 D 具有免疫调节的生理功能,因此免疫力低下的雄性可能需要将维生素 D 转移到免疫系统,从而减少麦角固醇在分泌物中的分配。这样,雌性就能发现 "生病 "的雄性,而更喜欢表面上健康的雄性。总之,我们的研究表明,启动免疫反应的代价是吸引力下降。此外,我们还揭示了其潜在的机制,其中包括基于维生素 D 分配的诚实信号。
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引用次数: 0
Nephila spider male aggregation: preference for optimal female size and web clustering. 尼菲拉蜘蛛雄性聚集:对最佳雌性体型和蜘蛛网集群的偏好。
IF 3.5 1区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12896
Matjaž Kuntner, Maj Kuntner, Eva Kuntner, Irena Kuntner, Jana Faganeli Pucer, Erik Štrumbelj, Daiqin Li

Sexual size dimorphism theory predicts biased operational sex ratios (OSRs) and an uneven distribution of males among certain females. We studied this phenomenon through a field census of the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes (family Nephilidae) in Singapore, a species where females are, on average, 6.9 times larger than males. Specifically, we tested two hypotheses concerning male distribution, given their tendency to aggregate in certain female webs. The optimal female size hypothesis predicts that males would predominantly occupy webs of intermediate-sized females. The web clustering hypothesis posits that more males would be found in webs closer together compared to those farther apart. Our snapshot census revealed a female-biased OSR (females: males = 1.85) with an uneven distribution of males in female webs. Most males were found in webs of intermediate-sized females aligning with the optimal female size hypothesis. Proximity among female webs was indicative of male presence, lending support to the web clustering hypothesis. While our study's limited sample size warrants caution, we conclude that in N. pilipes, male occupation of female webs is facilitated by the clustering of webs, and males prefer to cohabit with optimally sized, receptive females.

体型二形理论预言了有偏差的工作性别比(OSR)以及雄性在特定雌性中的不均匀分布。我们通过对新加坡的巨木蜘蛛(Nephila pilipes,Nephilidae科)进行野外普查研究了这一现象,该物种的雌性平均比雄性大6.9倍。具体来说,我们测试了有关雄性分布的两个假设,因为它们倾向于聚集在某些雌性蜘蛛网中。最佳雌性体型假说认为雄性将主要占据中等体型雌性的蛛网。蛛网集群假说认为,与相距较远的蛛网相比,相距较近的蛛网会发现更多的雄性蛛网。我们的快照普查显示,雄性在雌性蛛网中的分布不均,OSR(雌性:雄性=1.85)偏向于雌性。大多数雄性分布在中等体型的雌性蛛网中,这与最佳雌性体型假说一致。雌性蛛网之间的接近程度表明雄性蛛网的存在,这为蛛网集群假说提供了支持。虽然我们的研究样本量有限,需要谨慎对待,但我们得出的结论是,在皮氏栉水母中,雄性占据雌性蛛网得益于蛛网的集群,雄性更喜欢与体型最佳、容易接受的雌性同居。
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Integrative zoology
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