OX40/OX40L are costimulatory molecules in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Numerous studies have shown that OX40/OX40L are involved in immune regulation, especially in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and the generation of memory T cells, which play important roles in allergic diseases. In recent years, the use of OX40/OX40L as therapeutic targets for treating T-cell-mediated diseases has attracted the interest of scholars. This paper reviews the role of OX40/OX40L in allergic diseases and the progress in clinical treatments targeting this signaling pathway.
OX40/OX40L 是肿瘤坏死因子超家族中的激动分子。大量研究表明,OX40/OX40L 参与免疫调节,特别是参与 T 细胞的增殖和分化以及记忆 T 细胞的生成,在过敏性疾病中发挥重要作用。近年来,将 OX40/OX40L 作为治疗 T 细胞介导疾病的靶点引起了学者们的兴趣。本文回顾了OX40/OX40L在过敏性疾病中的作用以及针对这一信号通路的临床治疗进展。
{"title":"Research progress in OX40/OX40L in allergic diseases.","authors":"Rongrong Song, Huanlei Zhang, Zhuoping Liang","doi":"10.1002/alr.23469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OX40/OX40L are costimulatory molecules in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Numerous studies have shown that OX40/OX40L are involved in immune regulation, especially in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and the generation of memory T cells, which play important roles in allergic diseases. In recent years, the use of OX40/OX40L as therapeutic targets for treating T-cell-mediated diseases has attracted the interest of scholars. This paper reviews the role of OX40/OX40L in allergic diseases and the progress in clinical treatments targeting this signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":13716,"journal":{"name":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenxin Shen, Qianlan Zhou, Qinzhen Zhang, Lina Han, Li Chen, Xiaowen Li, Bing Dai, Si Liu, Lishen Shan
Key points: Omalizumab enables children who are intolerant to AIT to initiate AIT successfully. Combination therapy better improves asthma and rhinitis symptoms, FeNO, and lung function compared to single SCIT or omalizumab treatment. Combination therapy reduces the incidence of adverse reactions during the initial phase of SCIT and enhances its safety.
要点奥马珠单抗能让对 AIT 不耐受的儿童成功启动 AIT。与单一SCIT或奥马珠单抗治疗相比,联合疗法能更好地改善哮喘和鼻炎症状、FeNO和肺功能。联合疗法降低了SCIT初始阶段不良反应的发生率,提高了安全性。
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab combined with allergen immunotherapy in children with moderate to severe allergic asthma.","authors":"Wenxin Shen, Qianlan Zhou, Qinzhen Zhang, Lina Han, Li Chen, Xiaowen Li, Bing Dai, Si Liu, Lishen Shan","doi":"10.1002/alr.23470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key points: </strong>Omalizumab enables children who are intolerant to AIT to initiate AIT successfully. Combination therapy better improves asthma and rhinitis symptoms, FeNO, and lung function compared to single SCIT or omalizumab treatment. Combination therapy reduces the incidence of adverse reactions during the initial phase of SCIT and enhances its safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":13716,"journal":{"name":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142464450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jayanth Rajan, Ross Rosen, Daniel Karasik, John Richter, Claudia Cabrera, Brian D'Anza, Kenneth Rodriguez, Sanjeet V Rangarajan
Key points: While typically diagnosed with biopsy, ECRS may be predicted preoperatively with the use of AI. Various AI models have been used, with pooled sensitivity of 0.857 and specificity of 0.850. We found no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of various AI models.
要点:虽然 ECRS 通常是通过活组织检查诊断出来的,但也可以通过 AI 进行术前预测。我们使用了各种人工智能模型,汇总灵敏度为 0.857,特异度为 0.850。我们发现各种人工智能模型的准确性在统计学上没有明显差异。
{"title":"A preliminary review of the utility of artificial intelligence to detect eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.","authors":"Jayanth Rajan, Ross Rosen, Daniel Karasik, John Richter, Claudia Cabrera, Brian D'Anza, Kenneth Rodriguez, Sanjeet V Rangarajan","doi":"10.1002/alr.23463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key points: </strong>While typically diagnosed with biopsy, ECRS may be predicted preoperatively with the use of AI. Various AI models have been used, with pooled sensitivity of 0.857 and specificity of 0.850. We found no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of various AI models.</p>","PeriodicalId":13716,"journal":{"name":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo, Claire Hopkins, Thomas Hummel, Anna Menini, Francesco Uderzo, Giulia Provenza, Giacomo Spinato, Enzo Emanuelli, Giancarlo Tirelli
Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a key symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although extensively studied in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), OD in CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) remains under-researched. This study aims to assess the prevalence of OD and its evolution in surgically naïve patients with CRSsNP undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).
Methods: This prospective study included 97 participants with CRSsNP (mean age, 46.5 years; 70.1% men) and 97 healthy controls (mean age, 46.5 years; 70.1% men). Participants underwent psychophysical evaluations of orthonasal (using the Sniffin' Sticks test) and retronasal olfaction (using powdered aromas) at enrolment and 6 months post-ESS.
Results: Out of 97 patients, 81 (83.5%) completed all assessments. At enrolment, 23 (28.4%) CRSsNP patients had OD based on composite threshold, discrimination, identification scores, compared with 7 (8.6%) controls (absolute % difference, 19.8% [95% CI, 8.2-31.4]). Retronasal olfactory function was also significantly worse in CRSsNP patients. Six months post-ESS, 30 patients (37.0%) experienced a clinically significant improvement in olfactory, whereas nonsignificant changes were observed in retronasal olfactory score, and 3.7% of patients experienced a deterioration of the olfactory function.
Conclusions: In conclusion, although 37% of patients experienced a clinically significant improvement in their sense of smell following ESS, the overall prevalence of OD in this surgically naive population appears relatively low, especially when compared to that observed in patients with CRSwNP. Therefore, ESS may offer some benefits for enhancing orthonasal olfactory function, but the extent of these improvements appears to be limited.
{"title":"Orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps undergoing endoscopic sinonasal surgery.","authors":"Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo, Claire Hopkins, Thomas Hummel, Anna Menini, Francesco Uderzo, Giulia Provenza, Giacomo Spinato, Enzo Emanuelli, Giancarlo Tirelli","doi":"10.1002/alr.23467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a key symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although extensively studied in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), OD in CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) remains under-researched. This study aims to assess the prevalence of OD and its evolution in surgically naïve patients with CRSsNP undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study included 97 participants with CRSsNP (mean age, 46.5 years; 70.1% men) and 97 healthy controls (mean age, 46.5 years; 70.1% men). Participants underwent psychophysical evaluations of orthonasal (using the Sniffin' Sticks test) and retronasal olfaction (using powdered aromas) at enrolment and 6 months post-ESS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 97 patients, 81 (83.5%) completed all assessments. At enrolment, 23 (28.4%) CRSsNP patients had OD based on composite threshold, discrimination, identification scores, compared with 7 (8.6%) controls (absolute % difference, 19.8% [95% CI, 8.2-31.4]). Retronasal olfactory function was also significantly worse in CRSsNP patients. Six months post-ESS, 30 patients (37.0%) experienced a clinically significant improvement in olfactory, whereas nonsignificant changes were observed in retronasal olfactory score, and 3.7% of patients experienced a deterioration of the olfactory function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, although 37% of patients experienced a clinically significant improvement in their sense of smell following ESS, the overall prevalence of OD in this surgically naive population appears relatively low, especially when compared to that observed in patients with CRSwNP. Therefore, ESS may offer some benefits for enhancing orthonasal olfactory function, but the extent of these improvements appears to be limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":13716,"journal":{"name":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mbuyi Madeleine Kabongo, Joshua M Levy, Lauren T Roland
Key points: In patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and comorbid asthma, patients with surgical intervention required less asthma rescue medication, as compared to those who did not undergo surgery. Following sinus surgery, patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma required more asthma medication, as compared to the time period prior to surgery.
{"title":"Effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on asthma control in patients with comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: A national database study.","authors":"Mbuyi Madeleine Kabongo, Joshua M Levy, Lauren T Roland","doi":"10.1002/alr.23462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key points: </strong>In patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and comorbid asthma, patients with surgical intervention required less asthma rescue medication, as compared to those who did not undergo surgery. Following sinus surgery, patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma required more asthma medication, as compared to the time period prior to surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":13716,"journal":{"name":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142390358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lirit Levi, Angela Yang, Esmond F Tsai, Yifei Ma, Nour Ibrahim, Sachi S Dholakia, Vidya K Rao, Axel Renteria, Xueying Cao, Michael T Chang, Jayakar V Nayak
Introduction: Diagnosis of empty nose syndrome (ENS) relies on the ENS six-item questionnaire (ENS6Q) with a score of ≥11, followed by a "positive" cotton test yielding seven-point reduction from baseline ENS6Q score via cotton placement to the inferior meatus (IM). Given the intricacies of diagnosing ENS and the propensity for false positives with the standard cotton test, we modified the classic single-step cotton test into a four-part Stepwise Empty Nose Syndrome Evaluation (SENSE) cotton test to reduce bias and evaluate the placebo effect.
Methods: Individuals diagnosed with ENS underwent the SENSE test, a single-blinded, four-step, office-based cotton test, without topical anesthesia or decongestants. Conditions included: (1) placebo/no cotton placed; (2) complete cotton-blockade of nasal vestibule; (3) cotton placed medially against the nasal septum; and (4) cotton placed laterally in the IM (site of inferior turbinate tissue loss). With each condition, patients completed an ENS6Q.
Results: Forty-eight ENS patients were included. Twenty-nine percent demonstrated a placebo effect (p < 0.001), 40.4% had a positive response to complete cotton-blockade (p < 0.001), 64.4% to septum-placed cotton, and 79.1% to IM-placed cotton (p < 0.001), corresponding to a mean ENS6Q reduction of 11.9 points (p < 0.001). Notably, the mean difference in ENS6Q scores between septum and IM placement was 1.7 (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: The SENSE test offers further insight into subtleties of nasal breathing experienced by ENS patients. The placebo effect can be prominent and important to consider with individual patients. While most ENS patients prefer any intranasal cotton placement over baseline, blinded testing reveals these patients can accurately discriminate minimal changes in nasal aerodynamics.
{"title":"Stepwise Empty Nose Syndrome Evaluation (SENSE) test-A modified cotton test for reduced bias in office diagnosis of empty nose syndrome.","authors":"Lirit Levi, Angela Yang, Esmond F Tsai, Yifei Ma, Nour Ibrahim, Sachi S Dholakia, Vidya K Rao, Axel Renteria, Xueying Cao, Michael T Chang, Jayakar V Nayak","doi":"10.1002/alr.23442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diagnosis of empty nose syndrome (ENS) relies on the ENS six-item questionnaire (ENS6Q) with a score of ≥11, followed by a \"positive\" cotton test yielding seven-point reduction from baseline ENS6Q score via cotton placement to the inferior meatus (IM). Given the intricacies of diagnosing ENS and the propensity for false positives with the standard cotton test, we modified the classic single-step cotton test into a four-part Stepwise Empty Nose Syndrome Evaluation (SENSE) cotton test to reduce bias and evaluate the placebo effect.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals diagnosed with ENS underwent the SENSE test, a single-blinded, four-step, office-based cotton test, without topical anesthesia or decongestants. Conditions included: (1) placebo/no cotton placed; (2) complete cotton-blockade of nasal vestibule; (3) cotton placed medially against the nasal septum; and (4) cotton placed laterally in the IM (site of inferior turbinate tissue loss). With each condition, patients completed an ENS6Q.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-eight ENS patients were included. Twenty-nine percent demonstrated a placebo effect (p < 0.001), 40.4% had a positive response to complete cotton-blockade (p < 0.001), 64.4% to septum-placed cotton, and 79.1% to IM-placed cotton (p < 0.001), corresponding to a mean ENS6Q reduction of 11.9 points (p < 0.001). Notably, the mean difference in ENS6Q scores between septum and IM placement was 1.7 (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SENSE test offers further insight into subtleties of nasal breathing experienced by ENS patients. The placebo effect can be prominent and important to consider with individual patients. While most ENS patients prefer any intranasal cotton placement over baseline, blinded testing reveals these patients can accurately discriminate minimal changes in nasal aerodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13716,"journal":{"name":"International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}