Pub Date : 2021-03-28DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31458
M. Fazal-ur-Rehman, Iqra Qayyum, Dr. Manzar Zahra
To isolate the caffeine from Lipton™ Black Tea Brand, a sequence of practices was applied. An Acid-Base Liquid-Liquid Extraction approach carried out to force the caffeine to be isolated in upper organic layer as extractant. By this method, first caffeine was isolated from tea bags through passing different steps of extraction, then caffeine was isolated from tea with the use of both Solid-Liquid approach as well as liquid-liquid extraction approach. A product of 0.05 g of pure caffeine was obtained giving the percentage yield or percent recovery of 1.22%. Calculated percent recovery was 1.2 %, this percentage yield clarified that in this tea brand, very small caffeine is investigated, this deduces a significant loss of product throughout the procedure which are due to formation of emulsions and not due to washing thoroughly with DCM to extract maximum yield. It is also significant to be considered that reactions of precursor with solvent pair may not be completed, so 100% yield is not conceivable. Due to much transfers in all processes, this loss might be occurred. Due to much transfers in all processes, this loss might be occurred that’s why repeated the process three times again. It is also revealed that as much water was added which decreased the concentration of Caffeine. On analysis with IR, Peak at f=3000Hz indicates the presence of -NH2 and -CONH2 groups while the peaks at f=1600 Hz and f=1750 Hz indicates the presence of alkene portion of the caffeine molecule which concluded that Caffeine is a purine base.
{"title":"Isolation of natural caffeine from lipton™ black tea through acid-base liquid-liquid extraction approach, its medical significance and its characterization by thin layer chromatography and IR analysis","authors":"M. Fazal-ur-Rehman, Iqra Qayyum, Dr. Manzar Zahra","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31458","url":null,"abstract":"To isolate the caffeine from Lipton™ Black Tea Brand, a sequence of practices was applied. An Acid-Base Liquid-Liquid Extraction approach carried out to force the caffeine to be isolated in upper organic layer as extractant. By this method, first caffeine was isolated from tea bags through passing different steps of extraction, then caffeine was isolated from tea with the use of both Solid-Liquid approach as well as liquid-liquid extraction approach. A product of 0.05 g of pure caffeine was obtained giving the percentage yield or percent recovery of 1.22%. Calculated percent recovery was 1.2 %, this percentage yield clarified that in this tea brand, very small caffeine is investigated, this deduces a significant loss of product throughout the procedure which are due to formation of emulsions and not due to washing thoroughly with DCM to extract maximum yield. It is also significant to be considered that reactions of precursor with solvent pair may not be completed, so 100% yield is not conceivable. Due to much transfers in all processes, this loss might be occurred. Due to much transfers in all processes, this loss might be occurred that’s why repeated the process three times again. It is also revealed that as much water was added which decreased the concentration of Caffeine. On analysis with IR, Peak at f=3000Hz indicates the presence of -NH2 and -CONH2 groups while the peaks at f=1600 Hz and f=1750 Hz indicates the presence of alkene portion of the caffeine molecule which concluded that Caffeine is a purine base. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90372908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-28DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31451
M. Suljkanović, J. Suljagić, Mustafa Pašić
Implementation of the "bulk liquid membrane" (BLM) system was investigated in terms of its efficiency for selective removal of heavy metal ions from natural resources and industrial wastewater. In this paper, the removal of lead (II) ions through a liquid membrane system and factors that influence the process were examined. The research was performed using the homemade transport cell. Two organic solvents were used as liquid membranes: 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroform. Metal ion concentration in aqueous phases was monitored by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after 4 hours of experiment. Macrocyclic ether (dicyclohexano-18-crown-6) was used as ligand for Pb (II) ions. The effects of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Triton X-45 and Triton X-405) added in the receiving phase of BLM system were investigated. The results showed significant increase in transport rate compared to systems without surfactants. Considering the surfactant structure, transport rate of Pb (II) ions followed the order: TX-100 >TX-45>TX-405. Presence of TX-100 increased transport of Pb (II) ions up to 78% through chloroform and 58% through 1,2-dichloroethane.
{"title":"The effect of Triton X surfactants on Pb (II) transport rate using bulk liquid membrane systems","authors":"M. Suljkanović, J. Suljagić, Mustafa Pašić","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31451","url":null,"abstract":"Implementation of the \"bulk liquid membrane\" (BLM) system was investigated in terms of its efficiency for selective removal of heavy metal ions from natural resources and industrial wastewater. In this paper, the removal of lead (II) ions through a liquid membrane system and factors that influence the process were examined. The research was performed using the homemade transport cell. Two organic solvents were used as liquid membranes: 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroform. Metal ion concentration in aqueous phases was monitored by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after 4 hours of experiment. Macrocyclic ether (dicyclohexano-18-crown-6) was used as ligand for Pb (II) ions. The effects of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Triton X-45 and Triton X-405) added in the receiving phase of BLM system were investigated. The results showed significant increase in transport rate compared to systems without surfactants. Considering the surfactant structure, transport rate of Pb (II) ions followed the order: TX-100 >TX-45>TX-405. Presence of TX-100 increased transport of Pb (II) ions up to 78% through chloroform and 58% through 1,2-dichloroethane. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83999505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31422
M. R., Alhassan S. I., R. H.I, Dalhatu S. N., B. S.S, Idris S.A, Anyanaso D. C.
Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves were extracted with methanol, evaporated to dryness and processed for antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening. Phosphomolybdenum Reagent was prepared using standard procedure. An aliquot mixture of 2mL of extract solution (1000µg/mL, 500µg/mL, 250µg/mL, 125µg/mL, 62.5µg/mL, 31.25µg/mL and 15.625µg/mL) was mixed with 1.8mL of reagent solution. The samples tubes were incubated at 95°C for 90 minutes. The absorbance of the aqueous solutions was measured at 695nm against blank. Antioxidant activities of the plants extract were also measured in terms of hydrogen donating radical scavenging ability using the stable DPPH method. Absorbance was recorded at 517 nm against blank using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result of in vitro antioxidant potential of the methanolic leaves extract showed more increase in concentration the higher the absorbance. Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Lemon Grass and Sweet wormwood shows the presence of phytochemical in lemongrass and sweet wormwood such as flavonoid, tannin, steroid, saponins and cardiac glycoside.
{"title":"Comparative phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of lemon grass and sweet wormwood leaves extract","authors":"M. R., Alhassan S. I., R. H.I, Dalhatu S. N., B. S.S, Idris S.A, Anyanaso D. C.","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31422","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves were extracted with methanol, evaporated to dryness and processed for antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening. Phosphomolybdenum Reagent was prepared using standard procedure. An aliquot mixture of 2mL of extract solution (1000µg/mL, 500µg/mL, 250µg/mL, 125µg/mL, 62.5µg/mL, 31.25µg/mL and 15.625µg/mL) was mixed with 1.8mL of reagent solution. The samples tubes were incubated at 95°C for 90 minutes. The absorbance of the aqueous solutions was measured at 695nm against blank. Antioxidant activities of the plants extract were also measured in terms of hydrogen donating radical scavenging ability using the stable DPPH method. Absorbance was recorded at 517 nm against blank using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result of in vitro antioxidant potential of the methanolic leaves extract showed more increase in concentration the higher the absorbance. Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Lemon Grass and Sweet wormwood shows the presence of phytochemical in lemongrass and sweet wormwood such as flavonoid, tannin, steroid, saponins and cardiac glycoside. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79105938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-27DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31394
Samuel E. Anwani, Muhammed B. Etsuyankpa, Suleman. P.I. Ogah, Peter K. Mensah
Ethno-medicinally, Bobgunnia fistuloides parts (leaves, bark and roots) have been used by the Nupe communities in Niger State, Nigeria to treat various diseases for decades. The phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the leaves, roots and stem bark of Bobgunnia fistuloides were investigated using standard methods. The leaves, roots and stem bark of Bobgunnia fistuloides plant were collected from Binin village, Gbako Local Government Area (LGA) in Niger State Nigeria. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts were determined using 5 pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoneae, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). The result of the phytochemicals, in mg/100 g, revealed the values of 479.73±0.20, 465.98±0.14, 482.77±0.17; 1.71±0.06, 25.14±0.02, 23.90±0.03; 29.09±0.20, 36.77±0.06, 24.79±0.14; 22.40±0.02, 25.14±0.02, 23.90±0.03; 577.29±0.24, 586.52±0.11, 230.19±0.03 respectively for the phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponnins contents of the roots; leaves and stem bark of the plant. In this study, the saponnins and phenol contents of the plant parts were relatively higher than the other parameters investigated. The leaves were found to contain more active principles, followed by the roots and stem bark. Based on the antibacterial activities, the result revealed that the respective zones of inhibition of the growths of the test microorganisms, with the exception of the aqueous leaves extract (against Staphylococci aureus; 25.00±1.00 mm) recorded highest values for the petroleum ether extracts of the stem bark (32.67±0.58, 33.00±1.00, 31,67±0.58 and 35.10±1.00 mm for E. coli, B. subtilis, S. typhii and K. pneumonea respectively). Statistically, Klebsiella pneumoneae (17.13±0.00 mm) recorded the highest average zones of inhibition based on the susceptibility of the pathogens to the extracts, followed by Salmonella typhi (16.92±1.00mm). The least zone of inhibition (12.00±0.50 mm) was recorded for B. subtilis using the stem bark aqueous extract of the plant while the highest value was recorded for the petroleum stem bark extract against K. pneumonea (35.00±1.00 mm). The MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 12.50 to 100.00 mg/cm3 respectively. The phytochemical components and antibacterial activities of the plant extracts in this study support the therapeutic value and the ethno-medicinal applications of this plant by the Nupe communities of Niger State Nigeria.
{"title":"Phytochemistry and antibacterial activity of the methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the leaves, stem bark and roots of bobgunnia fistuloides","authors":"Samuel E. Anwani, Muhammed B. Etsuyankpa, Suleman. P.I. Ogah, Peter K. Mensah","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31394","url":null,"abstract":"Ethno-medicinally, Bobgunnia fistuloides parts (leaves, bark and roots) have been used by the Nupe communities in Niger State, Nigeria to treat various diseases for decades. The phytochemical and antibacterial activity of the methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of the leaves, roots and stem bark of Bobgunnia fistuloides were investigated using standard methods. The leaves, roots and stem bark of Bobgunnia fistuloides plant were collected from Binin village, Gbako Local Government Area (LGA) in Niger State Nigeria. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts were determined using 5 pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoneae, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). The result of the phytochemicals, in mg/100 g, revealed the values of 479.73±0.20, 465.98±0.14, 482.77±0.17; 1.71±0.06, 25.14±0.02, 23.90±0.03; 29.09±0.20, 36.77±0.06, 24.79±0.14; 22.40±0.02, 25.14±0.02, 23.90±0.03; 577.29±0.24, 586.52±0.11, 230.19±0.03 respectively for the phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponnins contents of the roots; leaves and stem bark of the plant. In this study, the saponnins and phenol contents of the plant parts were relatively higher than the other parameters investigated. The leaves were found to contain more active principles, followed by the roots and stem bark. Based on the antibacterial activities, the result revealed that the respective zones of inhibition of the growths of the test microorganisms, with the exception of the aqueous leaves extract (against Staphylococci aureus; 25.00±1.00 mm) recorded highest values for the petroleum ether extracts of the stem bark (32.67±0.58, 33.00±1.00, 31,67±0.58 and 35.10±1.00 mm for E. coli, B. subtilis, S. typhii and K. pneumonea respectively). Statistically, Klebsiella pneumoneae (17.13±0.00 mm) recorded the highest average zones of inhibition based on the susceptibility of the pathogens to the extracts, followed by Salmonella typhi (16.92±1.00mm). The least zone of inhibition (12.00±0.50 mm) was recorded for B. subtilis using the stem bark aqueous extract of the plant while the highest value was recorded for the petroleum stem bark extract against K. pneumonea (35.00±1.00 mm). The MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 12.50 to 100.00 mg/cm3 respectively. The phytochemical components and antibacterial activities of the plant extracts in this study support the therapeutic value and the ethno-medicinal applications of this plant by the Nupe communities of Niger State Nigeria. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82360038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31305
Timothy M. Akpomie, Abel U. Augustine, Samuel E. Anwani, Benjamin I. Aandaka
Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin which helps to boost the immune system, fight against infectious diseas-es, aids iron absorption and formation of collagen in humans and other animals. The ascorbic acid content of three varieties of apples (Red Delicious, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious apples) sold in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was investigated using the iodometric titration method for comparative reasons. The results obtained showed the concentrations of the ascorbic acid in all three varieties of the fruit to be not only different but statistically so. The concentration of the analytes in order of increasing magnitude is; Golden Delicious (22.83mg/100g), Granny Smith (29.26 mg/100g) and Red Delicious (38.63 mg/100g). Though the differences in the respective concentration of the fruits were statistically significant (p <0.05), these observed differences may not just be a function of the fruit variety alone but also on other possible reasons attributable to the impact of temperature, growing season, storage, shipping conditions and even post-harvest number of days as well as the maturity of the respective apple variety at the time of harvest prior to analysis. Comparatively, the analysis indicated that the three apple varieties are varied in ascorbic acid content but are all good sources vital for healthy living.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of ascorbic acid content of three varieties of apple fruit sold in Lafia open markets, north central Nigeria","authors":"Timothy M. Akpomie, Abel U. Augustine, Samuel E. Anwani, Benjamin I. Aandaka","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v9i1.31305","url":null,"abstract":"Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin which helps to boost the immune system, fight against infectious diseas-es, aids iron absorption and formation of collagen in humans and other animals. The ascorbic acid content of three varieties of apples (Red Delicious, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious apples) sold in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was investigated using the iodometric titration method for comparative reasons. The results obtained showed the concentrations of the ascorbic acid in all three varieties of the fruit to be not only different but statistically so. The concentration of the analytes in order of increasing magnitude is; Golden Delicious (22.83mg/100g), Granny Smith (29.26 mg/100g) and Red Delicious (38.63 mg/100g). Though the differences in the respective concentration of the fruits were statistically significant (p <0.05), these observed differences may not just be a function of the fruit variety alone but also on other possible reasons attributable to the impact of temperature, growing season, storage, shipping conditions and even post-harvest number of days as well as the maturity of the respective apple variety at the time of harvest prior to analysis. Comparatively, the analysis indicated that the three apple varieties are varied in ascorbic acid content but are all good sources vital for healthy living. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84339089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.14419/IJAC.V9I1.31254
Ogala Harrison, Ige Ayodeji Rapheal
There is growing public concern over potential impact on environmental quality caused by animal wastes. Anaerobic digestion, a biological conversion process can be used to obtain energy from biologicall wastes. This study explored the production of biogas from co-digestion of fonio hus and donkey dung using anaerobic biological conversion. The digesters were labeled as; digester A –Fonio husk only, digester B - donkey dung only, digester C – Fonio husk (300g) and Donkey Dung (200g), digester D – Fonio husk (200g) and donkey dung (300g). Proximate analysis of the substrates before and after digestion were determined such as total solids (TS), volatile solid, carbon content, nitrogen content, ash content, etc., and pH before and after digestion process. The biogas produced during this period was collected by water displacement method and subsequently measured. The results showed that Fonio husk in bio-digesters A and B gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 4972 ml and 5222 ml (week 3) while pig dung in bio-digesters C and D gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 5564 ml and 5978 respectively (week 3) within three weeks of fermentation. The digester is capable of producing 0.007m at average working temperature of 320C. Digester D produces higher volume of biogas as a result of improved nutrient provide by donkey dung as shown in the results obtained from the proximate analysis and has the best neutral pH, there was a reduction in the startup time.
{"title":"Biogas production from blends of fonio husk and donkey dung via anaerobic digestion for sustainable development","authors":"Ogala Harrison, Ige Ayodeji Rapheal","doi":"10.14419/IJAC.V9I1.31254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJAC.V9I1.31254","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing public concern over potential impact on environmental quality caused by animal wastes. Anaerobic digestion, a biological conversion process can be used to obtain energy from biologicall wastes. This study explored the production of biogas from co-digestion of fonio hus and donkey dung using anaerobic biological conversion. The digesters were labeled as; digester A –Fonio husk only, digester B - donkey dung only, digester C – Fonio husk (300g) and Donkey Dung (200g), digester D – Fonio husk (200g) and donkey dung (300g). Proximate analysis of the substrates before and after digestion were determined such as total solids (TS), volatile solid, carbon content, nitrogen content, ash content, etc., and pH before and after digestion process. The biogas produced during this period was collected by water displacement method and subsequently measured. The results showed that Fonio husk in bio-digesters A and B gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 4972 ml and 5222 ml (week 3) while pig dung in bio-digesters C and D gave a cumulative average biogas volume of 5564 ml and 5978 respectively (week 3) within three weeks of fermentation. The digester is capable of producing 0.007m at average working temperature of 320C. Digester D produces higher volume of biogas as a result of improved nutrient provide by donkey dung as shown in the results obtained from the proximate analysis and has the best neutral pH, there was a reduction in the startup time. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80521522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.14419/IJAC.V8I2.31215
A. Adeyeye
The physicochemical properties of the plant and the fatty acid profile of the plant oil of Allium fistulosum have been determined using standard methods of the AOAC. The proximate composition gave moisture content of 89.55%, ash content 0.82%, crude oil 0.64%, crude protein 1.82%, crude fibre 1.65% and carbohydrate 5.54%. The most abundant fatty acids in decreasing order of abundance were linoleic (52.87%) > oleic (17.57%) > palmitic (9.80%) > stearic (8.81%) > linolenic (2.88%) > palmitoleic (2.84%) > myristic (1.28%) > behenic (1.23%). Others with concentrations less than 1.00% are lauric, arachidonic, behenic and lignoceric acids. Linoleic and oleic acids were the most abundant of the total fatty acids and also of the total unsaturated fatty acids with the two totaling 70.44% of all fatty acids. Palmitic and stearic acids were the two most abundant saturated fatty acids, totaling 18.61% of all fatty acids. The total unsaturated fatty acids (77.35%) predominated the total saturated (22.63%), while the percentage poly-unsaturated (56.34%) was far greater than mono-unsaturated (21.04%). The high level of essential fatty acids in the plant oil is an advantage in food consumption and the good total unsaturated/saturated (PS) ratio makes the fruit oil nutritionally very useful to be adopted for domestic purposes.
{"title":"Physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid profile of allium fistulosum vegetable plant","authors":"A. Adeyeye","doi":"10.14419/IJAC.V8I2.31215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJAC.V8I2.31215","url":null,"abstract":"The physicochemical properties of the plant and the fatty acid profile of the plant oil of Allium fistulosum have been determined using standard methods of the AOAC. The proximate composition gave moisture content of 89.55%, ash content 0.82%, crude oil 0.64%, crude protein 1.82%, crude fibre 1.65% and carbohydrate 5.54%. The most abundant fatty acids in decreasing order of abundance were linoleic (52.87%) > oleic (17.57%) > palmitic (9.80%) > stearic (8.81%) > linolenic (2.88%) > palmitoleic (2.84%) > myristic (1.28%) > behenic (1.23%). Others with concentrations less than 1.00% are lauric, arachidonic, behenic and lignoceric acids. Linoleic and oleic acids were the most abundant of the total fatty acids and also of the total unsaturated fatty acids with the two totaling 70.44% of all fatty acids. Palmitic and stearic acids were the two most abundant saturated fatty acids, totaling 18.61% of all fatty acids. The total unsaturated fatty acids (77.35%) predominated the total saturated (22.63%), while the percentage poly-unsaturated (56.34%) was far greater than mono-unsaturated (21.04%). The high level of essential fatty acids in the plant oil is an advantage in food consumption and the good total unsaturated/saturated (PS) ratio makes the fruit oil nutritionally very useful to be adopted for domestic purposes.","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90663647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-28DOI: 10.14419/IJAC.V8I2.31137
S. Hossain, A. Reza, Sudip Saha, Md. Aminul Ahsan
The present research work shows the dominance of iron in the industrial waste water and river water samples of the investigated area of Gazipur district. The mean iron concentrations for both types of water samples are higher than the maximum permissible limits of WHO and NEQS. The excess amount of iron in water can cause health hazards of the human beings and ecosystem. Attempts should be taken to remove the excess amount of iron from the waters of the study area. On the basis of median concentration values of the heavy metals, they can be arranged as Fe>Zn>Ni>Cr>Pb. The factor analysis reveals the dominance of first two factors which comprise 83.298% of the total variance. The factor-1 is characterized by the contamination of Fe, Ni and Zn whereas factor-2 is dominated by the presence of Cu and Pb.
{"title":"Heavy Metal Chemistry of Waste Water of Textile Dyeing Industries, Tongi, Gazipur, Bangladesh","authors":"S. Hossain, A. Reza, Sudip Saha, Md. Aminul Ahsan","doi":"10.14419/IJAC.V8I2.31137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/IJAC.V8I2.31137","url":null,"abstract":"The present research work shows the dominance of iron in the industrial waste water and river water samples of the investigated area of Gazipur district. The mean iron concentrations for both types of water samples are higher than the maximum permissible limits of WHO and NEQS. The excess amount of iron in water can cause health hazards of the human beings and ecosystem. Attempts should be taken to remove the excess amount of iron from the waters of the study area. On the basis of median concentration values of the heavy metals, they can be arranged as Fe>Zn>Ni>Cr>Pb. The factor analysis reveals the dominance of first two factors which comprise 83.298% of the total variance. The factor-1 is characterized by the contamination of Fe, Ni and Zn whereas factor-2 is dominated by the presence of Cu and Pb. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87537329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v8i2.31192
Anthonia E. Eseyin, Benjamin O. Omale, Juliet D. Dodo
An antiseptic (sample A) was locally formulated. Its efficacy on the following micro-organisms; E.Coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus and bacillus species was evaluated and compared with that of Dettol and Septol. Sample A was established to be a cheap and effective antiseptic, which is capable of competing favourably with those in the Nigerian market. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) indicated that Sample A had a similar efficacy with Dettol. The P-value of the MIC results for samples A, Dettol and Septol were 0.004, 0.268 and 0.080 respectively, while the P-value of the MBC results were 0.450, 0.077 and 0.043 respectively. The standard errors of the mean were 0.079, 0.072 and 0.086 for sample A, Dettol and Septol respectively.
{"title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of a locally formulated antiseptic, for the control of disease-causing microorganisms","authors":"Anthonia E. Eseyin, Benjamin O. Omale, Juliet D. Dodo","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v8i2.31192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v8i2.31192","url":null,"abstract":"An antiseptic (sample A) was locally formulated. Its efficacy on the following micro-organisms; E.Coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus and bacillus species was evaluated and compared with that of Dettol and Septol. Sample A was established to be a cheap and effective antiseptic, which is capable of competing favourably with those in the Nigerian market. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) indicated that Sample A had a similar efficacy with Dettol. The P-value of the MIC results for samples A, Dettol and Septol were 0.004, 0.268 and 0.080 respectively, while the P-value of the MBC results were 0.450, 0.077 and 0.043 respectively. The standard errors of the mean were 0.079, 0.072 and 0.086 for sample A, Dettol and Septol respectively. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91061365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.14419/ijac.v8i2.31065
E. Horozić, J. Suljagić, Jasna R Gojkovic, Eldin Halilčević, Darja Kubiček, Ermina Cilović Kazarević
This paper presents the results of influence of extraction technique on phytochemical composition and biological activity of aqueous extracts of commercial apricot kernels. Three techniques were used for extraction: maceration, ultrasonic and Soxhlet extraction. The content of total phenols, flavonoids, bioelements, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was analyzed in the extracts. Antioxidant activity was analyzed in vitro using DPPH and FRAP methods. Antimicrobial screening was performed by diffusion technique on reference strains from the ATCC collection. The content of total phenols and flavonoids is highest in extracts obtained by ultrasonic extraction and maceration. These techniques have proven to be the best for the extraction of macro and micronutrients. The aqueous extract obtained by maceration at 300 rpm for 3 hours showed a greater inhibitory effect against the tested microorganisms, compared to the extracts obtained by other techniques. The least efficient method of extracting bioactive components from apricot kernels is Soxhlet extraction, with the lowest dry extract yield of 5.5%.
{"title":"Influence of extraction technique on nutrient content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of commercial apricot kernels","authors":"E. Horozić, J. Suljagić, Jasna R Gojkovic, Eldin Halilčević, Darja Kubiček, Ermina Cilović Kazarević","doi":"10.14419/ijac.v8i2.31065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14419/ijac.v8i2.31065","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of influence of extraction technique on phytochemical composition and biological activity of aqueous extracts of commercial apricot kernels. Three techniques were used for extraction: maceration, ultrasonic and Soxhlet extraction. The content of total phenols, flavonoids, bioelements, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was analyzed in the extracts. Antioxidant activity was analyzed in vitro using DPPH and FRAP methods. Antimicrobial screening was performed by diffusion technique on reference strains from the ATCC collection. The content of total phenols and flavonoids is highest in extracts obtained by ultrasonic extraction and maceration. These techniques have proven to be the best for the extraction of macro and micronutrients. The aqueous extract obtained by maceration at 300 rpm for 3 hours showed a greater inhibitory effect against the tested microorganisms, compared to the extracts obtained by other techniques. The least efficient method of extracting bioactive components from apricot kernels is Soxhlet extraction, with the lowest dry extract yield of 5.5%. ","PeriodicalId":13723,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Chemistry","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81705947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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