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Bat microfilariae in the cityscape: a transmission tale between bats, mites, and bat flies. 城市景观中的蝙蝠微丝蚴:蝙蝠、螨虫和蝙蝠蝇之间的传播故事。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.11.001
Román Espinal-Palomino, Ana Celia Montes de Oca-Aguilar, Martha Pilar Ibarra-López, Víctor M Vidal-Martínez, Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña

Litomosoides includes filarial nematodes capable of infecting various vertebrate species. While Litomosoides has been extensively studied in rodents, research on its association with bats remains limited. The transmission dynamics of this parasite are complex, involving moving between different invertebrate hosts before reaching the final host. Most investigations concerning microfilariae have concentrated on their morphological characteristics, with scant attention paid to ecological aspects, particularly in human-altered landscapes. This study represents the first known documentation of Litomosoides in bats within an urban environment. It investigates their response to urbanization in their interaction with the synanthropic bat Artibeus jamaicensis and its ectoparasites. The objective was to explore the influence of urban landscapes on Litomosoides prevalence in synanthropic hosts. Blood samples were collected along urban-rural gradients, and parasite presence was confirmed through direct observation in blood smears and PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COX1), which exhibited robust support values, indicates that the microfilaria found in A. jamaicensis is closely related to Litomosoides chandleri. However, it also suggests the possibility of an unidentified, and therefore potentially new, species within the genus Litomosoides. Additionally, Litomosoides DNA was detected in Periglischrus iheringi (Acari: Spinturnicidae) and in the bat fly Trichobius intermedius collected from the bat. The parasite sequences obtained from these three interacting species exhibited a genetic distance as low as 0.002. The highest prevalences were recorded in forested areas (28.6%) compared with urban areas (21.2%). However, within the urban landscape, prevalence varied from 3.8% to 21.2%, being highest in densely built-up areas. Analysis of the urban landscape suggested that the prevalence of Litomosoides in A. jamaicensis is the result of a multifactorial and synergistic process involving ectoparasite load, host abundance, and the extent of impervious surfaces (NDBI).

Litomosoides 包括能够感染各种脊椎动物的丝状线虫。虽然对啮齿类动物中的 Litomosoides 进行了广泛的研究,但有关它与蝙蝠的关系的研究仍然有限。这种寄生虫的传播动态非常复杂,在到达最终宿主之前会在不同的无脊椎动物宿主之间移动。大多数有关微丝蚴的研究都集中在其形态特征上,很少关注生态学方面,尤其是在人类改变的景观中。本研究首次记录了城市环境中蝙蝠体内的 Litomosoides。研究调查了蝙蝠在与同类蝙蝠 Artibeus jamaicensis 及其体外寄生虫的互动中对城市化的反应。研究的目的是探索城市景观对同类宿主中Litomosoides感染率的影响。研究人员沿城乡梯度采集了血液样本,并通过直接观察血液涂片和 PCR 来确认寄生虫的存在。基于线粒体细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚单位 1 基因(COX1)的系统进化分析表明,在 A. jamaicensis 身上发现的微丝蚴与 Litomosoides chandleri 关系密切。不过,这也表明在 Litomosoides 属中可能存在一个未确定的物种,因此有可能是新物种。此外,在Periglischrus iheringi(Acari:Spinturnicidae)和从蝙蝠身上采集的蝙蝠蝇Trichobius intermedius中也检测到了Litomosoides的DNA。从这三种相互影响的物种中获得的寄生虫序列显示出低至 0.002 的遗传距离。与城市地区(21.2%)相比,森林地区的感染率最高(28.6%)。然而,在城市景观中,流行率从 3.8% 到 21.2% 不等,建筑密集区的流行率最高。对城市地貌的分析表明,鸦片蚁体内Litomosoides的流行是一个多因素协同作用的结果,涉及到体外寄生虫负荷、宿主丰度和不透水表面的范围(NDBI)。
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引用次数: 0
Dense aquatic vegetation can reduce parasite transmission to amphibians. 茂密的水生植被可以减少寄生虫对两栖动物的传播。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.11.003
Marin Milotic, Dino Milotic, Janet Koprivnikar

Submerged aquatic vegetation (macrophytes) can provide prey with refuges from predators and may perform a similar role for interactions with other natural enemies such as parasites. This could occur by interfering with the ability of free-swimming infectious parasite stages to locate or move towards hosts, reducing infections. Alternatively, infections may increase if macrophytes reduce host anti-parasite behaviours such as detection or evasion. Both scenarios could be affected by macrophyte density and structural complexity. Here we investigated whether experimental infection of tadpoles (Rana sylvatica and Rana pipiens) by parasitic flatworms (the trematodes Ribeiroia ondatrae and Echinostoma spp. was affected by the presence of artificial vegetation with varying density and complexity (simple versus branching), as well as tadpole activity under these conditions. Macrophyte presence significantly reduced tadpole infection loads only in the highest density treatment, but there was no effect of structural complexity. Related to this, tadpoles spent significantly more time near aquatic vegetation when it was dense but showed no preference for either structural type. Our results indicate that aquatic vegetation can reduce parasite transmission in certain scenarios, with further studies needed to explore how structural complexity in natural systems can affect host-parasite interactions, considering the massive physical alterations possible through eutrophication and the introduction of invasive plant species.

沉水植物(大型水生植物)可为猎物提供躲避捕食者的场所,在与寄生虫等其他天敌的互动中也可发挥类似作用。这可能是通过干扰自由游动的传染性寄生虫阶段的定位或向宿主移动的能力,从而减少感染。另一种情况是,如果巨藻减少了宿主的反寄生虫行为(如发现或逃避),感染率可能会增加。这两种情况都可能受到大型底栖生物密度和结构复杂性的影响。在此,我们研究了寄生扁形蠕虫(Ribeiroia ondatrae 和 Echinostoma spp.)对蝌蚪(Rana sylvatica 和 Rana pipiens)的实验感染是否会受到不同密度和复杂程度(简单与分支)的人工植被的影响,以及蝌蚪在这些条件下的活动。只有在密度最高的处理中,植被才会明显减少蝌蚪的感染量,但结构的复杂程度没有影响。与此相关的是,当水生植被密集时,蝌蚪在水生植被附近逗留的时间明显更长,但对两种结构类型都没有表现出偏好。我们的研究结果表明,在某些情况下,水生植被可以减少寄生虫的传播,考虑到富营养化和引入入侵植物物种可能带来的巨大物理变化,还需要进一步研究来探讨自然系统中的结构复杂性如何影响宿主与寄生虫之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Mitogenomic analysis of the position of the Azygiidae and constituent genera, with a new species of Azygia. 对 Azygiidae 和组成属的位置进行了有丝分裂基因组分析,并发现了 Azygia 的一个新种。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.11.002
Danimar López-Hernández, Florian B Reyda, Wenxiang Li, Hudson A Pinto, Sean A Locke

The Azygiidae Looss, 1899 is a family of digeneans with a Holarctic distribution in which members of some genera mature in marine elasmobranchs while others occur only in freshwater teleosts. Some have questioned whether the marine genus Otodistomum Stafford, 1904 indeed belongs to the same family as the freshwater azygiid genera, namely Azygia Looss, 1899, Proterometra Horsfall, 1933, and Leuceruthrus Marshall and Gilbert, 1905. We present phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial genomes, rDNA operons, and partial cytochrome c oxidase I (Cox1) sequences from North American and Asian species that support the monophyly of Azygiidae, and placement of Azygioidea in the suborder Hemiurata, in contrast to recently published mitochondrial genome phylogenies. All phylogenies indicate that Azygia includes Leuceruthrus, which we therefore propose to be a junior synonym, together with suppression of the Leuceruthrinae. The status of Proterometra was equivocal, with support in some but not all analyses of 28S, but not in other markers. We describe a new species of Azygia from northeastern North America. Our results confirm the morphological variability of adults in Azygia, with worm size positively correlated with host size in Azygia angusticauda. Phylogenies suggest a marine origin for the Azygiidae, and a Palearctic origin for freshwater azygiids, with a single trans-Atlantic radiation to the Nearctic.

Azygiidae Looss, 1899 是一个分布在全北区的笛鲷科,其中一些属的成员在海洋伶鲷中发育成熟,而另一些则只出现在淡水笛鲷中。有些人质疑,海洋中的 Otodistomum Stafford, 1904 属是否真的与淡水中的 Azygiid 属(即 Azygia Looss, 1899、Proterometra Horsfall, 1933 以及 Leuceruthrus Marshall and Gilbert, 1905)属于同一科。我们基于北美和亚洲物种的线粒体基因组、rDNA操作子和部分 Cox1 细胞色素 c 氧化酶 I 序列进行了系统发育分析,支持 Azygiidae 的单系性,并将 Azygioidea 归入 Hemiurata 亚目,这与最近发表的线粒体基因组系统发育不同。所有的系统进化都表明 Azygia 包括 Leuceruthrus,因此我们建议将 Leuceruthrus 作为低等异名,同时抑制 Leuceruthrinae 的出现。Proterometra 的地位不明确,在 28S 的一些分析中得到支持,但在其他标记中没有得到支持。我们描述了北美东北部的一个 Azygia 新种。我们的研究结果证实了 Azygia 成虫的形态多变性,Azygia angusticauda 的虫体大小与寄主大小呈正相关。系统发育表明,Azygiidae起源于海洋,淡水Azygiids起源于古北区,并通过一次跨大西洋辐射到达近北区。
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引用次数: 0
A footworm in the door: revising Onchocerca phylogeny with previously unknown cryptic species in wild North American ungulates. 门里的脚虫:用北美野生蹄类动物中以前未知的隐性物种修正盘尾丝虫系统发育。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.006
Matthew R Kulpa, Emilie Lefoulon, Kimberlee B Beckmen, Samantha E Allen, Jennifer Malmberg, John A Crouse, Daniel P Thompson, Bridgett M Benedict, Dayna A Goldsmith, Sara McCarthy, Lee C Jones, Michael J Yabsley, James M Crum, Susan J Kutz, Guilherme G Verocai

Onchocerca is an important genus of vector-borne filarial nematodes that infect both humans and animals worldwide. Many Onchocerca spp., most of medical and veterinary health relevance, are the focus of a variety of diagnostic and molecular research. However, despite the importance of these parasites, there is growing evidence of previously unexplored genetic diversity of these nematodes, particularly among wild ungulate hosts in North America. These understudied parasites prevent us from comprehending the evolutionary history of the genus Onchocerca, monitoring potential One Health threats, and improving our filarioid diagnostic capabilities. In order to fill these knowledge gaps, we identified five uncharacterized Onchocerca lineages and compared them with other well-known filarioid species using single and concatenated gene regions (i.e., nd5, cox1, 12S, 18S, 28S, hsp70, MyoHC, rbp1). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the novel Onchocerca lineages of wild North American ungulates segregate into two clades. One clade comprised Onchocerca lineages II, IV, and V and other species found mainly in domestic animals and humans, and the second comprised Onchocerca lineages I and III and other species from a variety of hosts including cervids, bovids, and equids. The formation of two clearly separate clades supports the idea of at least two independent expansion events of ancestral Onchocerca spp. into the North American continent via the Bering land bridge. Cophylogenetic analysis shows evidence of ancestral Onchocerca spp. of Bovidae host-switching to wild Cervidae and giving rise to the novel Onchocerca spp. Lastly, pairwise analysis confirms informative molecular markers of diagnostic relevance in both mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions of filarioid nematodes. The overall information provides greater context to the genus Onchocerca and emphasizes the need to discover, characterize, and monitor neglected parasites, especially those of wildlife origin.

盘尾丝虫是一种重要的病媒丝虫属,在全球范围内感染人类和动物。许多盘尾丝虫属都是各种诊断和分子研究的重点,其中大多数与医疗和兽医健康有关。然而,尽管这些寄生虫非常重要,但越来越多的证据表明,这些线虫的遗传多样性以前从未被探索过,尤其是在北美洲的野生麋鹿宿主中。这些研究不足的寄生虫阻碍了我们了解盘尾丝虫属的进化史、监测潜在的 "一体健康 "威胁以及提高丝虫诊断能力。为了填补这些知识空白,我们确定了五个未定性的盘尾丝虫品系,并利用单基因区和连接基因区(即nd5、cox1、12S、18S、28S、hsp70、MyoHC、rbp1)将它们与其他知名丝虫物种进行了比较。系统发生学分析表明,北美野生蹄类动物的新型盘尾丝虫系分为两个支系。一个支系包括盘尾丝虫Ⅱ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ系以及主要在家畜和人类身上发现的其他种类,第二个支系包括盘尾丝虫Ⅰ和Ⅲ系以及来自各种宿主(包括鹿科动物、牛科动物和马科动物)的其他种类。两个明显独立支系的形成支持了盘尾丝虫祖先通过白令陆桥进入北美大陆至少有两次独立扩张事件的观点。系统发生学分析表明,牛科的祖先盘尾丝虫宿主转换为野生鹿科,并产生了新的盘尾丝虫属。 最后,配对分析证实了丝状线虫线粒体和核基因区域中具有诊断意义的信息分子标记。总体信息为盘尾丝虫属提供了更多的背景信息,并强调了发现、描述和监测被忽视的寄生虫(尤其是来自野生动物的寄生虫)的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
The microRNAome of Strongylus vulgaris larvae and their excretory/secretory products with identification of parasite-derived microRNAs in horse arterial tissue. 圆线虫幼虫及其排泄物/分泌物的 microRNA 组,以及马动脉组织中寄生虫衍生 microRNA 的鉴定。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.10.005
Katrine Toft, Marie Louise Honoré, Nichol E Ripley, Martin K Nielsen, Bastian Fromm, Maibritt Mardahl, Lise N Nielsen, Peter Nejsum, Stig Milan Thamsborg, Susanna Cirera, Tina Holberg Pihl

The equine bloodworm, Strongylus vulgaris, is a highly pathogenic parasite causing potentially fatal vascular and intestinal damage. Parasites express and release microRNAs (miRNAs) for internal regulation and to modulate host immunity. The complete set of miRNAs expressed by S. vulgaris (the S. vulgaris miRNAome) remains unannotated and the aim of this study was to annotate the miRNAome of L4 and L5 stages of S. vulgaris, and to examine differences in miRNA abundance between larval stages and sexes. Furthermore, we aimed to determine if miRNAs were detectable in excretory/secretory products (ESPs) from larvae and in arterial tissue from their predilection site, the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA). Larvae were collected from naturally infected foals, and categorized by sex and stage. A subset of larvae was snap-frozen, while those remaining were incubated and the (ESPs) collected. Arterial tissue samples were collected from the CMA. Small RNA sequencing, followed by a custom bioinformatic pipeline, was used for annotation. We identified 142 S. vulgaris miRNAs in larvae and 136 in ESPs. Significant differences in miRNA abundance were observed between larvae and ESPs, and between L5 females (L5Fs) and L5 males (L5Ms), L4s and L5Fs, and L4s and L5Ms. No differences were found between L4s and L5s overall. In ESPs, several miRNAs were differentially abundant across all groups. Validation through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) detected selected miRNAs and their differential abundance in larvae and ESPs. One parasite-derived miRNA was detected in some of the horse arterial tissue samples but at very low levels. This study provided the first annotation of the S. vulgaris miRNAome. Most of the annotated larval miRNAs were also detectable in ESPs, and differences in miRNA abundance between sexes were found for larvae, and between sexes and stages for ESPs. Parasite-derived miRNAs were, however, not consistently detectable in the surrounding host arterial tissue.

马血虫(Strongylus vulgaris)是一种高致病性寄生虫,可造成致命的血管和肠道损伤。寄生虫会表达和释放 microRNA(miRNA),用于内部调节和调节宿主免疫。本研究的目的是注释粗毛蝇 L4 和 L5 阶段的 miRNA 组,并研究不同幼虫阶段和性别之间 miRNA 丰度的差异。此外,我们还想确定在幼虫的排泄物/分泌物(ESPs)以及幼虫的偏爱部位--颅肠系膜动脉(CMA)的动脉组织中是否能检测到 miRNAs。从自然感染的马驹身上采集幼虫,并按性别和阶段进行分类。一部分幼虫被快速冷冻,剩下的幼虫则进行孵化并收集(ESPs)。从 CMA 采集动脉血管组织样本。使用小 RNA 测序和定制的生物信息学管道进行注释。我们在幼虫体内鉴定出 142 个 S. vulgaris miRNA,在 ESPs 中鉴定出 136 个。幼虫与 ESPs 之间、L5 雌虫(L5Fs)与 L5 雄虫(L5Ms)之间、L4s 与 L5Fs 之间以及 L4s 与 L5Ms 之间的 miRNA 丰度存在显著差异。 L4s 与 L5s 之间总体上没有差异。在 ESPs 中,有几种 miRNA 在所有组别中含量不同。通过定量实时荧光定量 PCR(qPCR)进行验证,检测了幼虫和 ESPs 中选定的 miRNA 及其丰度差异。在一些马动脉组织样本中检测到一种寄生虫衍生的 miRNA,但含量很低。这项研究首次注释了草履虫的 miRNA 组。大多数已注释的幼虫 miRNA 也能在 ESPs 中检测到,幼虫的 miRNA 丰度在不同性别之间存在差异,ESPs 的 miRNA 丰度在不同性别和阶段之间也存在差异。不过,寄生虫衍生的 miRNA 在宿主动脉周围组织中的检测结果并不一致。
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引用次数: 0
Genomic and metagenomic analyses of the domestic mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae identify it as a widespread environmental contaminant and a host of a basal, mite-specific Wolbachia lineage (supergroup Q) 对家养螨 Tyrophagus putrescentiae 的基因组和元基因组分析表明,它是一种广泛存在的环境污染物,也是螨虫特异性沃尔巴奇菌系(超群 Q)的宿主。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.07.001
Pavel B. Klimov , Jan Hubert , Tomas Erban , M. Alejandra Perotti , Henk R. Braig , Alex Flynt , Qixin He , Yubao Cui
Tyrophagus putrescentiae (mould mite) is a global, microscopic trophic generalist that commonly occurs in various human-created habitats, causing allergies and damaging stored food. Its ubiquity and extraordinary ability to penetrate research samples or cultures through air currents or by active walking through tights spaces (such as treads of screw caps) may lead to sample contamination and introduction of its DNA to research materials in the laboratory. This prompts a thorough investigation into potential sequence contamination in public genomic databases. The trophic success of T. putrescentiae is primarily attributed to the symbiotic bacteria housed in specialized internal mite structures, facilitating adaptation to varied nutritional niches. However, recent work suggests that horizontal transfer of bacterial/fungal genes related to nutritional functionality may also contribute to the mite’s trophic versatility. This aspect requires independent confirmation. Additionally, T. putrescentiae harbors an uncharacterized and genetically divergent bacterium, Wolbachia, displaying blocking and microbiome-modifying effects. The phylogenomic position and supergroup assignment of this bacterium are unknown. Here, we sequenced and assembled the T. putrescentiae genome, analyzed its microbiome, and performed detailed phylogenomic analyses of the mite-specific Wolbachia. We show that T. putrescentiae DNA is a substantial source of contamination of research samples. Its DNA may inadvertently be co-extracted with the DNA of the target organism, eventually leading to sequence contamination in public databases. We identified a diversity of bacterial species associated with T. putrescentiae, including those capable of rapidly developing antibiotic resistance, such as Escherichia coli. Despite the presence of diverse bacterial communities in T. putrescentiae, we did not detect any recent horizontal gene transfers in this mite species and/or in astigmatid (domestic) mites in general. Our phylogenomic analysis of Wolbachia recovered a basal, mite-specific lineage (supergroup Q) represented by two Wolbachia spp. from the mould mite and a gall-inducing plant mite. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of Wolbachia inside the mould mite. The discovery of an early derivative Wolbachia lineage (supergroup Q) in two phylogenetically unrelated and ecologically dissimilar mites suggests that this endosymbiotic bacterial lineage formed a long-term association with mites. This finding provides a unique insight into the early evolution and host associations of Wolbachia. Further discoveries of Wolbachia diversity in acariform mites are anticipated.
霉螨(Tyrophagus putrescentiae)是一种全球性的微小营养性通病,通常出现在人类创造的各种栖息地中,会引起过敏并破坏储存的食物。它无处不在,而且具有超强的穿透能力,可以通过气流或在狭小空间(如螺旋盖的踏板)中主动行走而穿透研究样本或培养物,可能会导致样本污染,并将其 DNA 带入实验室的研究材料中。这促使我们对公共基因组数据库中潜在的序列污染进行彻底调查。T.putrescentiae在营养方面的成功主要归功于寄生在螨虫内部特化结构中的共生细菌,这有助于适应各种营养环境。不过,最近的研究表明,与营养功能相关的细菌/真菌基因的水平转移也可能有助于螨虫的多营养性。这方面还需要独立证实。此外,T. putrescentiae 还携带一种尚未定性且基因不同的细菌,即 Wolbachia,它具有阻断和改变微生物群的作用。这种细菌的系统发生组位置和超群分配尚不清楚。在这里,我们对T. putrescentiae基因组进行了测序和组装,分析了其微生物组,并对螨特异性狼杆菌进行了详细的系统发生组分析。我们发现,T. putrescentiae DNA 是研究样本的一个重要污染源。它的 DNA 可能会无意中与目标生物的 DNA 共同提取,最终导致公共数据库中的序列污染。我们发现了与腐生菌相关的多种细菌,包括那些能够迅速产生抗生素耐药性的细菌,如大肠杆菌。尽管T. putrescentiae中存在多种细菌群落,但我们并未在该螨类和/或一般的星螨中发现任何近期的水平基因转移。我们的沃尔巴克氏体系统发生组分析发现,霉螨和引胆植物螨中的两个沃尔巴克氏体属代表了一个基础的、螨虫特异的品系(超群 Q)。荧光原位杂交证实了霉螨体内存在沃尔巴克氏体。在两种在系统发育上不相关、生态上不同的螨类体内发现了沃尔巴奇菌的早期衍生物(超群 Q),这表明这种内共生细菌菌系与螨类形成了长期的联系。这一发现为了解沃尔巴克氏菌的早期进化和宿主关联提供了独特的视角。我们期待着在螨类中进一步发现沃尔巴克氏菌的多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Chromosome-contiguous genome for the Haecon-5 strain of Haemonchus contortus reveals marked genetic variability and enables the discovery of essential gene candidates Haecon-5血吸虫菌株的染色体连续基因组揭示了明显的遗传变异,有助于发现重要的候选基因。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.003
Yuanting Zheng , Neil D. Young , Tulio L. Campos , Pasi K. Korhonen , Tao Wang , Sunita B. Sumanam , Aya C. Taki , Joseph J. Byrne , Bill C.H. Chang , Jiangning Song , Robin B. Gasser
Millions of livestock animals worldwide are infected with the haematophagous barber’s pole worm, Haemonchus contortus, the aetiological agent of haemonchosis. Despite the major significance of this parasite worldwide and its widespread resistance to current treatments, the lack of a high-quality genome for the well-defined strain of this parasite from Australia, called Haecon-5, has constrained research in a number of areas including host-parasite interactions, drug discovery and population genetics. To enable research in these areas, we report here a chromosome-contiguous genome (∼280 Mb) for Haecon-5 with high-quality models for 19,234 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analyses show significant genomic similarity (synteny) with a UK strain of H. contortus, called MHco3(ISE).N1 (abbreviated as “ISE”), but we also discover marked differences in genomic structure/gene arrangements, distribution of nucleotide variability (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels) and orthology between Haecon-5 and ISE. We used the genome and extensive transcriptomic resources for Haecon-5 to predict a subset of essential single-copy genes employing a “cross-species” machine learning (ML) approach using a range of features from nucleotide/protein sequences, protein orthology, subcellular localisation, single-cell RNA-seq and/or histone methylation data available for the model organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. From a set of 1,464 conserved single copy genes, transcribed in key life-cycle stages of H. contortus, we identified 232 genes whose homologs have critical functions in C. elegans and/or D. melanogaster, and prioritised 10 of them for further characterisation; nine of the 10 genes likely play roles in neurophysiological processes, germline, hypodermis and/or respiration, and one is an unknown (orphan) gene for which no detailed functional information exists. Future studies of these genes/gene products are warranted to elucidate their roles in parasite biology, host-parasite interplay and/or disease. Clearly, the present Haecon-5 reference genome and associated resources now underpin a broad range of fundamental investigations of H. contortus and could assist in accelerating the discovery of novel intervention targets and drug candidates to combat haemonchosis.
全世界有数以百万计的牲畜感染了噬血性理发杆蠕虫(Haemonchus contortus),这是血吸虫病的病原体。尽管这种寄生虫在世界范围内具有重要意义,而且对目前的治疗方法普遍存在抗药性,但由于缺乏澳大利亚寄生虫明确菌株(Haecon-5)的高质量基因组,制约了宿主与寄生虫相互作用、药物发现和种群遗传学等多个领域的研究。为了促进这些领域的研究,我们在此报告了 Haecon-5 的染色体连续基因组(∼280 Mb),其中包含 19,234 个蛋白质编码基因的高质量模型。比较基因组分析表明,Haecon-5 与英国的一个 H. contortus 株系 MHco3(ISE).N1(缩写为 "ISE")在基因组结构/基因排列、核苷酸变异性(单核苷酸多态性(SNP)和嵌合体)分布和选系方面存在显著的相似性(同源),但我们也发现 Haecon-5 与 ISE 在基因组结构/基因排列、核苷酸变异性(单核苷酸多态性(SNP)和嵌合体)分布和选系方面存在显著的差异。我们利用 Haecon-5 的基因组和广泛的转录组资源,采用 "跨物种 "机器学习(ML)方法,利用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)和黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的核苷酸/蛋白质序列、蛋白质同源、亚细胞定位、单细胞 RNA-seq 和/或组蛋白甲基化数据等一系列特征,预测了基本单拷贝基因的子集。在一组 1464 个保守的单拷贝基因中,我们确定了 232 个在秀丽隐杆线虫和/或黑腹果蝇中具有关键功能的同源基因,并优先对其中 10 个基因进行了进一步鉴定;这 10 个基因中的 9 个可能在神经生理过程、生殖细胞、下胚层和/或呼吸中发挥作用,还有一个是未知(孤儿)基因,没有详细的功能信息。今后有必要对这些基因/基因产物进行研究,以阐明它们在寄生虫生物学、宿主-寄生虫相互作用和/或疾病中的作用。很明显,目前的 Haecon-5 参考基因组及相关资源是对霍乱弧菌进行广泛基础研究的基础,并有助于加快发现新的干预目标和候选药物,以防治霍乱弧菌病。
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引用次数: 0
Micro RNA profiles of host extracellular vesicles are modulated by Ascaris suum infection but parasite extracellular vesicle miRNAs are systemically undetectable using in-depth miRNA sequencing 宿主细胞外囊泡的微RNA谱受蛔虫感染的影响,但寄生虫细胞外囊泡的miRNA在深度miRNA测序中是系统检测不到的。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.001
Bradley Whitehead , Litten Sørensen Rossen , Mads Zippor , Anders T. Boysen , Vineesh Indira Chandran , Per Skallerup , Stig M. Thamsborg , Peter Nejsum
The intestinal helminth Ascaris lumbricoides infects over 800 million people. Infections are often chronic and immunity is not sterilizing due to host-immune modulation, therefore reinfection is common after antihelmintic treatment. We have previously demonstrated a role for Ascaris spp. extracellular vesicles (EVs) in host immune modulation but whether EVs are recognized by the adaptive immune system and are present systemically in the host remains unknown. Therefore, we employed a well-established trickle infection model in pigs to mimic natural Ascaris infection in humans. EVs were isolated from adult Ascaris suum followed by immunoblotting of EV and EV-depleted secretory fractions using plasma from infected and uninfected pigs. Next, EVs were isolated from pig plasma at day 56 post first infection and subjected to deep small RNAseq analysis. RNAs were aligned to A. suum and Sus scrofa miRNA complements to detect A. suum EVs and elucidate the host EV micro RNA (miRNA) response to infection, respectively. Infection generates robust antibody responses against A. suum EVs that is distinct from EV-depleted fractions. However, A. suum miRNAs were not detectable in EVs from the peripheral blood. Notably, host plasma-derived EV miRNA profiles showed significant changes between infected and uninfected pigs, indicating that Ascaris infection drives systemic changes in host EV composition.
肠道蠕虫蛔虫感染了 8 亿多人。感染通常是慢性的,由于宿主免疫调节作用,免疫不能杀菌,因此抗蠕虫药治疗后再感染很常见。我们之前已经证明了蛔虫胞外囊泡(EVs)在宿主免疫调节中的作用,但EVs是否能被适应性免疫系统识别并系统地存在于宿主体内仍是未知数。因此,我们采用了一种成熟的猪涓流感染模型来模拟人类的自然蛔虫感染。从成年蛔虫体内分离出 EVs,然后用感染猪和未感染猪的血浆对 EV 和 EV 贫化分泌物部分进行免疫印迹。然后,从首次感染后第 56 天的猪血浆中分离出 EVs,并对其进行深度小 RNAseq 分析。将 RNA 与 A. suum 和 Sus scrofa miRNA 互补序列进行比对,分别检测 A. suum EVs 和阐明宿主 EV 微 RNA(miRNA)对感染的反应。感染会产生针对鼠EVs的强抗体反应,这种反应与EV去除了的部分不同。然而,在外周血的EVs中检测不到鼠疫miRNA。值得注意的是,宿主血浆来源的 EV miRNA 图谱在感染猪和未感染猪之间发生了显著变化,这表明蛔虫感染驱动了宿主 EV 组成的系统性变化。
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引用次数: 0
DNA N-glycosylases Ogg1 and EndoIII as components of base excision repair in Plasmodium falciparum organelles DNA N-糖基化酶 Ogg1 和 EndoIII 是恶性疟原虫细胞器中碱基切除修复的组成部分。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.06.005
Anupama Tiwari , Neetu Verma , Himadri Shukla , Shivani Mishra , Kit Kennedy , Tribeni Chatterjee , Jitendra Kuldeep , Shahid Parwez , MI Siddiqi , Stuart A. Ralph , Satish Mishra , Saman Habib
The integrity of genomes of the two crucial organelles of the malaria parasite — an apicoplast and mitochondrion in each cell − must be maintained by DNA repair mediated by proteins targeted to these compartments. We explored the localisation and function of Plasmodium falciparum base excision repair (BER) DNA N-glycosylase homologs PfEndoIII and PfOgg1. These N-glycosylases would putatively recognise DNA lesions prior to the action of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP)-endonucleases. Both Ape1 and Apn1 endonucleases have earlier been shown to function solely in the parasite mitochondrion. Immunofluorescence localisation showed that PfEndoIII was exclusively mitochondrial. PfOgg1 was not seen clearly in mitochondria when expressed as a PfOgg1leader-GFP fusion, although chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that it could interact with both mitochondrial and apicoplast DNA. Recombinant PfEndoIII functioned as a DNA N-glycosylase as well as an AP-lyase on thymine glycol (Tg) lesions. We further studied the importance of Ogg1 in the malaria life cycle using reverse genetic approaches in Plasmodium berghei. Targeted disruption of PbOgg1 resulted in loss of 8-oxo-G specific DNA glycosylase/lyase activity. PbOgg1 knockout did not affect blood, mosquito or liver stage development but caused reduced blood stage infection after inoculation of sporozoites in mice. A significant reduction in erythrocyte infectivity by PbOgg1 knockout hepatic merozoites was also observed, thus showing that PbOgg1 ensures smooth transition from liver to blood stage infection. Our results strengthen the view that the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome is an important site for DNA repair by the BER pathway.
疟原虫的两个关键细胞器--每个细胞中的顶体和线粒体--的基因组的完整性必须通过这些细胞器的靶向蛋白介导的 DNA 修复来维持。我们研究了恶性疟原虫碱基切除修复(BER)DNA N-糖基化酶同源物 PfEndoIII 和 PfOgg1 的定位和功能。这些 N-糖基化酶可能会在嘌呤/近嘧啶(AP)内切酶发挥作用之前识别 DNA 病变。Ape1 和 Apn1 内切酶早先都被证明只在寄生虫线粒体中发挥作用。免疫荧光定位显示,PfEndoIII 只存在于线粒体中。PfOgg1 以 PfOgg1leader-GFP 融合体的形式表达时,线粒体中看不到明显的 PfOgg1,但染色质免疫沉淀测定显示,PfOgg1 可与线粒体和 apicoplast DNA 相互作用。重组 PfEndoIII 可作为 DNA N-糖基化酶以及胸腺嘧啶乙二醇(Tg)病变的 AP-裂解酶发挥作用。我们利用反向遗传方法进一步研究了 Ogg1 在伯格氏疟原虫疟疾生命周期中的重要性。PbOgg1的靶向破坏导致8-氧代-G特异性DNA糖基化酶/裂解酶活性的丧失。PbOgg1 基因敲除不会影响血液、蚊子或肝脏阶段的发育,但会降低小鼠接种孢子虫后血液阶段的感染率。此外,还观察到 PbOgg1 基因敲除肝脏裂殖子对红细胞的感染率明显降低,从而表明 PbOgg1 确保了从肝脏感染到血液感染阶段的顺利过渡。我们的研究结果进一步证实,疟原虫线粒体基因组是通过 BER 途径进行 DNA 修复的重要场所。
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引用次数: 0
The concentration McMaster method for diagnosis of patent Ascaris and Trichuris infections in humans 用于诊断人类蛔虫和毛滴虫感染的麦克马斯特浓缩法。
IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.004
Sozan Kader , Christine E. Helmersen , Stig M. Thamsborg , Lise T. Erikstrup , Peter Nejsum
In tropical and subtropical regions, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms have a significant impact on public health. Globally, A. lumbricoides infects approximately 0.8 billion people, while T. trichiura infects around 500 million. This study involved a comparison of three diagnostic methods, Kato-Katz and two flotation methods (concentration McMaster, and simple McMaster), for the detection of Ascaris and Trichuris in human faeces. We conducted a comparison of the number of eggs in faeces (or faecal egg counts (FECs)) obtained with these methods using freshly collected samples that were positive for T. trichiura and spiked with a known quantity of Ascaris sp. eggs. Additionally, for the concentration McMaster method we assessed FECs after storing the samples at 5 °C for up to 21 days. The concentration McMaster method demonstrated superiority over the simple McMaster method in terms of higher detection levels for both helminths, while the Kato-Katz method yielded FEC values very close to the ’true’ spiking values. Importantly, the concentration McMaster method was considerably easier to read compared with the Kato-Katz method, and it allowed for sample storage at 5 °C for up to 14 days without affecting FEC results. Consequently, we conclude that the concentration McMaster method is an effective and user-friendly alternative for diagnosis of Ascaris and Trichuris infections in humans. Furthermore, it offers the advantage of sample storage before analysis, enhancing flexibility in the workflow.
在热带和亚热带地区,蛔虫、毛滴虫和钩虫等土壤传播蠕虫(STH)感染对公共卫生产生了重大影响。全球约有 8 亿人感染了蛔虫,约有 5 亿人感染了毛滴虫。本研究比较了三种诊断方法(卡托-卡茨法和两种浮选法(浓缩麦克马斯特法和简单麦克马斯特法)),以检测人类粪便中的蛔虫和毛滴虫。我们使用新采集的对毛滴虫呈阳性的样本,并在样本中添加已知数量的蛔虫卵,对使用这些方法获得的粪便中的虫卵数量(或粪便虫卵计数(FEC))进行了比较。此外,对于浓度麦克马斯特法,我们评估了在 5°C 下保存样本长达 21 天后的 FECs。浓度麦克马斯特法比简单麦克马斯特法更优越,对两种蠕虫的检测水平更高,而卡托-卡茨法得出的 FEC 值非常接近 "真实 "加标值。重要的是,与卡托-卡茨法相比,浓缩麦克马斯特法更容易读取,而且它允许样品在 5°C 下保存长达 14 天,而不会影响 FEC 结果。因此,我们得出结论,浓度麦克马斯特法是诊断人类蛔虫和毛滴虫感染的一种有效且方便使用的替代方法。此外,它还具有在分析前储存样本的优点,提高了工作流程的灵活性。
{"title":"The concentration McMaster method for diagnosis of patent Ascaris and Trichuris infections in humans","authors":"Sozan Kader ,&nbsp;Christine E. Helmersen ,&nbsp;Stig M. Thamsborg ,&nbsp;Lise T. Erikstrup ,&nbsp;Peter Nejsum","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In tropical and subtropical regions, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections such as <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em>, <em>Trichuris trichiura</em>, and hookworms have a significant impact on public health. Globally, <em>A. lumbricoides</em> infects approximately 0.8 billion people, while <em>T. trichiura</em> infects around 500 million. This study involved a comparison of three diagnostic methods, Kato-Katz and two flotation methods (concentration McMaster, and simple McMaster), for the detection of <em>Ascaris</em> and <em>Trichuris</em> in human faeces. We conducted a comparison of the number of eggs in faeces (or faecal egg counts (FECs)) obtained with these methods using freshly collected samples that were positive for <em>T. trichiura</em> and spiked with a known quantity of <em>Ascaris</em> sp. eggs. Additionally, for the concentration McMaster method we assessed FECs after storing the samples at 5 °C for up to 21 days. The concentration McMaster method demonstrated superiority over the simple McMaster method in terms of higher detection levels for both helminths, while the Kato-Katz method yielded FEC values very close to the ’true’ spiking values. Importantly, the concentration McMaster method was considerably easier to read compared with the Kato-Katz method, and it allowed for sample storage at 5 °C for up to 14 days without affecting FEC results. Consequently, we conclude that the concentration McMaster method is an effective and user-friendly alternative for diagnosis of <em>Ascaris</em> and <em>Trichuris</em> infections in humans. Furthermore, it offers the advantage of sample storage before analysis, enhancing flexibility in the workflow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 13","pages":"Pages 717-722"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142107085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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International journal for parasitology
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