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Enigmatic host-mite relationships: Unraveling the distribution of quill mites on Birds-of-Paradise 神秘的寄主-螨虫关系:揭开翮螨在天堂鸟身上的分布之谜
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.007
Maciej Skoracki , Markus Unsoeld , Jakub Z. Kosicki , Roland R. Melzer , Stefan Friedrich , Bozena Sikora

Mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata: Cheyletoidea) are permanent and obligatory parasites of birds. This study presents an analysis of mite material collected from 22 avian species belonging to the family Paradisaeidae (Passeriformes), revealing the presence of four mite species belonging to four genera: Syringophiloidus attenboroughi n. sp., Peristerophila regiusi n. comb., Picobia frankei, and Gunabopicobia garylarsoni. In the present work, the genus Neoperisterophila is synonymized with the genus Peristerophila. While the genera Syringophiloidus and Picobia were expectedly found on paradisaeid birds, given their prevalence in passerines, the presence of Peristerophila and Gunabopicobia was intriguing, suggesting potential host-switching events. The specificity of these mites varies, with some showing occurrence on hosts of closely related genera and others infesting phylogenetically distant hosts. Notably, the distribution of specific mite species on the Birds-of-Paradise appears to be influenced by both long coevolutionary histories and incidental contacts between often unrelated or intergeneric hybrid species of paradisaeid birds. Furthermore, our research of 104 specimens from 22 Birds-of-Paradise species shows generally low infestation rates across the studied species, suggesting a nuanced interaction between these mites and their avian hosts. Additionally, our network analysis provides a deeper understanding of these host-parasite interactions, revealing a high level of specialization and complexity in these ecological relationships.

恙螨科螨属(螨形目:原螨科:恙螨属)是鸟类的永久性和强制性寄生虫。本研究分析了从属于鹦鹉螺科(Passeriformes)的 22 种鸟类身上采集的螨类材料,发现了属于四个属的四个螨种:n. sp.属、n. comb.属、Ⅳ属和Ⅴ属。 在本研究中,Ⅳ属与Ⅴ属同名。鉴于螨属和属在雀形目鸟类中的普遍存在,在天堂鸟身上发现这两个属是意料之中的事。这些螨虫的特异性各不相同,有些出现在近亲属的寄主上,有些则侵扰系统发育上较远的寄主。值得注意的是,天堂鸟上特定螨类的分布似乎受到了长期共同进化史以及天堂鸟中通常不相关或属间杂交物种之间偶然接触的影响。此外,我们对来自 22 个天堂鸟物种的 104 份标本进行的研究表明,所研究物种的螨虫感染率普遍较低,这表明这些螨虫与其鸟类宿主之间存在着微妙的相互作用。此外,我们的网络分析对这些寄主与寄生虫之间的相互作用有了更深入的了解,揭示了这些生态关系的高度专业化和复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the impact of epidemiological and clinical factors on the progression of canine leishmaniosis by statistical and whole genome analyses: from breed predisposition to comorbidities 通过统计和全基因组分析探讨流行病学和临床因素对犬利什曼病进展的影响:从品种易感性到合并症
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.006
Carolina R. Sanz , Juliana Sarquis , María Ángeles Daza , Guadalupe Miró

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a complex disease of growing importance in Europe. Clinical manifestations result from the down-modulation of the host immune response through multiple host-parasite interactions. Although several factors might influence CanL progression, this is the first known study evaluating risk factors for its different clinical stages in a large referral hospital population (n = 35.669) from an endemic area, over a 20 year period. Genome-wide scans for selection signatures were also conducted to explore the genomic component of clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection. The prevalence of CanL was 3.2% (16.7% stage I; 43.6% stage II; 32.1% stage III; 7.6% stage IV). Dog breed (crossbreed), bodyweight (<10 kg), living conditions (indoors), regular deworming treatment, and being vaccinated against Leishmania significantly decreased the transmission risk and the risk for developing severe clinical forms. Conversely, the detection of comorbidities was associated with advanced clinical forms, particularly chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, cryptorchidism, infectious tracheobronchitis and urate urolithiasis, although those did not impact the clinical outcome. Significant associations between an increased risk of severe clinical stages and findings in the anamnesis (renal or skin-related manifestations) and physical examination (ocular findings) were also detected, highlighting their diagnostic value in referred cases of CanL. Sixteen breeds were found to be significantly more susceptible to developing severe stages of leishmaniosis (e.g. Great Dane, Rottweiler, English Springer Spaniel, Boxer, American Staffordshire Terrier, Golden Retriever), while 20 breeds displayed a clinical resistantance phenotype and, thus, are more likely to mount an efficient immune response against L. infantum (e.g. Pointer, Samoyed, Spanish Mastiff, Spanish Greyhound, English Setter, Siberian Husky). Genomic analyses of these breeds retrieved 12 regions under selection, 63 candidate genes and pinpointed multiple biological pathways such as the IRE1 branch of the unfolded protein response, which could play a critical role in clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection.

犬利什曼病(CanL)是一种复杂的疾病,在欧洲的重要性与日俱增。通过宿主与寄生虫之间的多重相互作用,宿主的免疫反应发生下调,从而导致临床表现。尽管有多种因素可能会影响卡氏锥虫病的发展,但这是第一项已知的研究,它评估了流行地区大型转诊医院人群(= 35.669)在 20 年间不同临床阶段的风险因素。研究还对选择特征进行了全基因组扫描,以探索临床感染易感性的基因组成分。CanL的发病率为3.2%(16.7%为I期;43.6%为II期;32.1%为III期;7.6%为IV期)。狗的品种(杂交)、体重(小于 10 千克)、生活条件(室内)、定期驱虫治疗和接种疫苗都能显著降低传播风险和出现严重临床症状的风险。相反,合并症的发现与晚期临床症状有关,特别是慢性肾病、肿瘤、隐睾症、感染性气管支气管炎和尿酸盐性尿路结石,尽管这些疾病对临床结果没有影响。此外,还发现严重临床阶段风险的增加与病史(肾脏或皮肤相关表现)和体格检查(眼部检查结果)结果之间存在显著关联,这凸显了它们在 CanL 转诊病例中的诊断价值。研究发现,16 个品种(如大丹犬、罗威纳犬、英国史宾格猎犬、拳师犬、美国斯塔福德郡梗犬、金毛寻回猎犬)更易患利什曼病的严重阶段,而 20 个品种(如尖吻犬、萨摩耶犬、西班牙獒犬、西班牙灰猎犬、英国赛特犬、西伯利亚哈士奇犬)表现出临床抵抗表型,因此更有可能对其产生有效的免疫反应。对这些品种的基因组分析检索出了 12 个选择区域、63 个候选基因,并确定了多种生物通路,如未折叠蛋白反应的 IRE1 分支,这些通路可能在临床感染易感性中发挥关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in human cases in five Finnish hospital districts during 2021: first findings of Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) in Finland 2021 年芬兰五个医院区人类病例中隐孢子虫属的分子特征:芬兰首次发现 Mortiferum 隐孢子虫(花斑隐孢子虫基因型 I
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.002
Tessa Häkkänen , Ruska Rimhanen-Finne , Jenni Antikainen , Eeva Ruotsalainen , Anni Vainio

The aims of the study were to characterise the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. and subtypes causing infections in Finland during 2021. This was carried out with 60 clinical samples from the hospital districts of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Vaasa, Kymenlaakso, South Karelia, and Central Finland, as well as with Finnish Infectious Diseases Register (FIDR) data. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the potential exposures related to Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) infections via interview. Species identification was carried out with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and 18S sequencing. Further typing was performed with gp60 subtyping. Over 70% of the samples were identified as Cryptosporidium parvum and 20% as C. mortiferum, which had not been identified in Finland before. Two cases of Cryptosporidium hominis were identified from patients reported to have travelled outside Europe. The C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 and the C. mortiferum subtype XIVaA20G2T1 were the most common subtypes identified. The interviewed C. mortiferum cases did not report shared exposures such as contact with wild rodents. In conclusion, C. parvum and C. mortiferum were the major causes of cryptosporidiosis in the five studied Finnish hospital districts.

这项研究的目的是确定2021年期间芬兰隐孢子虫属和亚型感染的分布特征。这项研究使用了来自赫尔辛基、乌西马(Uusimaa)、瓦萨(Vaasa)、凯门拉克索(Kymenlaakso)、南卡累利阿(South Karelia)和芬兰中部医院地区的60份临床样本,以及芬兰传染病登记册(FIDR)数据。此外,该研究还旨在通过访谈的方式,探究隐孢子虫(花栗鼠隐孢子虫基因型I)感染的潜在风险。通过实时定量 PCR(qPCR)和 18S 测序进行了物种鉴定。通过 gp60 亚型进行进一步分型。超过 70% 的样本被鉴定为副猪隐孢子虫,20% 的样本被鉴定为C. mortiferum,这两种隐孢子虫以前从未在芬兰被鉴定过。有两例人型隐孢子虫病例是从据报告曾在欧洲以外旅行的患者身上发现的。最常见的亚型为副猪嗜血杆菌亚型 IIaA15G2R1 和 C. mortiferum 亚型 XIVaA20G2T1。受访的鼠疫杆菌病例没有报告与野生啮齿动物接触等共同接触的情况。总之,在所研究的五个芬兰医院地区,隐孢子虫病的主要致病菌是副猪嗜血杆菌(C. parvum)和莫氏隐孢子虫(C. mortiferum)。
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引用次数: 0
Geographic expansion of Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) due to changes in land use and cover in Brazil 巴西土地利用和植被变化导致肝吸虫(林尼厄斯,1758 年)的地理分布扩大
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.003
Thayany Magalhães de Almeida, Irineu Romero Neto, Yara de Oliveira Brandão, Marcelo Beltrão Molento

Fasciolosis is caused by parasites of the genus Fasciola, affecting animals and humans worldwide. In South America, the disease is a result of infection with Fasciola hepatica and although animal infections are more frequently reported, the full extent of the impact on human health due to underdiagnosis remains uncertain. This study analyzed changes in land use and the distribution of F. hepatica in bovine livers in Brazil over 18 years. Data on land use and land cover were collected from the Mapbiomas Project. Data on 414,481,963 slaughtered cattle and condemned livers due to F. hepatica infection were obtained from 4,433 municipalities. Joinpoint analysis was used to study the time series, and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model was utilized to explore the behavior of F. hepatica infection. In the North, pasture areas significantly increased (P = 0.000001), while forested areas decreased (P = 0.000001). The midwestern and northern regions concentrated the highest number (>290 million) of cattle slaughtered in Brazil. More than 2 million bovine livers were infected by F. hepatica. The infected cattle originated from 194 municipalities in 2002, increasing to 747 in 2020. We consider that the changes in land use and intense cattle transportation may have caused the expansion of F. hepatica. The SIR model analyzed the spread of the disease looking at all six biomes: Caatinga, Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa. Moreover, this infection not only threatens the health of animals but is also a major concern to biodiversity and vulnerable human communities in South America. Emblematic biomes such as the Amazon basin already face challenges with logging, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, strategies for mitigating infection should include controlling illegal pasture areas, establishing health inspections of animal transport, quarantine of newly arrived animals, and livestock zoning, as well as clear One Health policies.

法氏囊病是由法氏囊属寄生虫引起的,影响世界各地的动物和人类。在南美洲,该病是由肝脏法氏囊感染所致,虽然动物感染的报道较多,但由于诊断不足而对人类健康造成的全面影响仍不确定。这项研究分析了巴西 18 年来土地利用的变化和牛肝中肝包虫病的分布情况。有关土地利用和土地覆盖的数据来自 Mapbiomas 项目。从 4,433 个城市获得了 414,481,963 头屠宰牛和因感染肝包虫病而被销毁的牛肝的数据。利用连接点分析研究时间序列,并利用易感-感染-恢复(SIR)模型探讨肝吸虫感染的行为。在北方,牧场面积显著增加(P = 0.000001),而森林面积减少(P = 0.000001)。中西部和北部地区集中了巴西数量最多的牛群(2.9 亿头)。超过 200 万头牛的肝脏受到肝吸虫感染。2002 年,受感染的牛来自 194 个城市,2020 年将增至 747 个。我们认为,土地使用的变化和密集的牛群运输可能导致了肝包虫病的蔓延。SIR 模型分析了该疾病在所有六个生物群落中的传播情况:卡廷加、亚马逊森林、塞拉多、潘塔纳尔、大西洋森林和潘帕。此外,这种传染病不仅威胁着动物的健康,也是南美洲生物多样性和脆弱人类社区的一大隐患。亚马逊流域等标志性生物群落已经面临伐木、荒漠化和生物多样性丧失等挑战。因此,减少感染的战略应包括控制非法牧场、对动物运输进行卫生检查、对新到动物进行检疫、划分畜牧区以及明确的 "一个健康 "政策。
{"title":"Geographic expansion of Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) due to changes in land use and cover in Brazil","authors":"Thayany Magalhães de Almeida,&nbsp;Irineu Romero Neto,&nbsp;Yara de Oliveira Brandão,&nbsp;Marcelo Beltrão Molento","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fasciolosis is caused by parasites of the genus <em>Fasciola,</em> affecting animals and humans worldwide. In South America, the disease is a result of infection with <span><em>Fasciola hepatica</em></span> and although animal infections are more frequently reported, the full extent of the impact on human health due to underdiagnosis remains uncertain. This study analyzed changes in land use and the distribution of <em>F. hepatica</em> in bovine livers in Brazil over 18 years. Data on land use and land cover were collected from the Mapbiomas Project. Data on 414,481,963 slaughtered cattle and condemned livers due to <em>F</em>. <em>hepatica</em> infection were obtained from 4,433 municipalities. Joinpoint analysis was used to study the time series, and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model was utilized to explore the behavior of <em>F</em>. <em>hepatica</em> infection. In the North, pasture areas significantly increased (<em>P</em> = 0.000001), while forested areas decreased (<em>P</em> = 0.000001). The midwestern and northern regions concentrated the highest number (&gt;290 million) of cattle slaughtered in Brazil. More than 2 million bovine livers were infected by <em>F</em>. <em>hepatica</em>. The infected cattle originated from 194 municipalities in 2002, increasing to 747 in 2020. We consider that the changes in land use and intense cattle transportation may have caused the expansion of <em>F</em>. <em>hepatica</em>. The SIR model analyzed the spread of the disease looking at all six biomes: Caatinga, Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa. Moreover, this infection not only threatens the health of animals but is also a major concern to biodiversity and vulnerable human communities in South America. Emblematic biomes such as the Amazon basin already face challenges with logging, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, strategies for mitigating infection should include controlling illegal pasture areas, establishing health inspections of animal transport, quarantine of newly arrived animals, and livestock zoning, as well as clear One Health policies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":"54 5","pages":"Pages 201-212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139062164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laboratory and field validation of the recombinase polymerase amplification assay targeting the Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial minisatellite region (SmMIT-RPA) for snail xenomonitoring for schistosomiasis 针对曼氏血吸虫线粒体小卫星区域(SmMIT-RPA)的重组酶聚合酶扩增测定在血吸虫病钉螺异种监测中的实验室和现场验证
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.005
Silvia Gonçalves Mesquita , Grace Gadd , Fernanda Sales Coelho , Adam Cieplinski , Aidan Emery , Elena Birgitta Lugli , Taynãna César Simões , Cristina Toscano Fonseca , Roberta Lima Caldeira , Bonnie Webster

Improvements in diagnostics for schistosomiasis in both humans and snail hosts are priorities to be able to reach the World Health Organization (WHO) goal of eliminating the disease as a public health problem by 2030. In this context, molecular isothermal amplification tests, such as Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA), are promising for use in endemic areas at the point-of-need for their accuracy, robustness, simplicity, and time-effectiveness. The developed recombinase polymerase amplification assay targeting the Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial minisatellite region (SmMIT-RPA) was used to detect S. mansoni DNA from both laboratory and field Biomphalaria snails. Laboratory snails were experimentally infected and used at one, seven, and 28 days post-exposure (dpe) to 10 S. mansoni miracidia to provide samples in the early pre-patent infection stage. Field samples of Biomphalaria spp. were collected from the Mucuri Valley and Jequitinhonha Valley regions in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which are endemic for S. mansoni. The sensitivity and specificity of the SmMIT-RPA assay were analysed and compared with existing loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), PCR-based methods, parasitological examination of the snails, and nucleotide sequencing. The SmMIT-RPA assay was able to detect S. mansoni DNA in the experimentally infected Biomphalaria glabrata as early as one dpe to 10 miracidia. It also detected S. mansoni infections (55.5% prevalence) in the field samples with the highest accuracy (100% sensitivity and specificity) compared with the other molecular tests used as the reference. Results from this study indicate that the SmMIT-RPA assay is a good alternative test to be used for snail xenomonitoring of S. mansoni due to its high sensitivity, accuracy, and the possibility of detecting early pre-patent infection. Its simplicity and portability also make it a suitable methodology in low-resource settings.

要实现世界卫生组织(WHO)到 2030 年消除血吸虫病这一公共卫生问题的目标,必须优先改进人类和钉螺宿主的血吸虫病诊断方法。在此背景下,分子等温扩增测试(如重组酶聚合酶扩增法(RPA))因其准确性、稳健性、简便性和时效性,有望在血吸虫病流行地区的需要点使用。针对曼氏血吸虫线粒体小卫星区(SmMIT-RPA)开发的重组酶聚合酶扩增检测法被用于检测实验室和野外生物法螺中的曼氏血吸虫 DNA。实验室蜗牛经实验感染了曼氏血吸虫,并在接触 10 个曼氏血吸虫弧菌后的 1 天、7 天和 28 天(dpe)提供了早期前感染阶段的样本。从巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的 Mucuri 山谷和 Jequitinhonha 山谷采集了生物脑属的野外样本,这两个地区是曼森氏杆菌的流行区。分析了 SmMIT-RPA 检测方法的灵敏度和特异性,并与现有的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)、基于 PCR 的方法、蜗牛寄生虫学检查和核苷酸测序进行了比较。SmMIT-RPA 检测法能够检测到实验感染的光头沼泽生物(Biomphalaria glabrata)中早在 1 dpe 至 10 miracidia 的曼森氏杆菌 DNA。它还能检测出野外样本中的曼森氏杆菌感染(感染率为 55.5%),其准确性(灵敏度和特异性均为 100%)高于作为参考的其他分子检测方法。这项研究的结果表明,SmMIT-RPA 检测法灵敏度高、准确性高,而且可以检测到早期的专利前感染,因此是用于曼氏蜗牛异种监测的一种很好的替代检测方法。它的简便性和便携性也使其成为一种适用于低资源环境的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Strong mitonuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Neodermata and evolutionary rates of Polyopisthocotylea 新皮层动物系统发育中的强有丝分裂核不一致性与多皮层动物的进化速度
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.001
Dong Zhang , Ivan Jakovlić , Hong Zou , Fei Liu , Chuan-Yu Xiang , Qunzong Gusang , Sonam Tso , Shenggui Xue , Wen-Jin Zhu , Zhenxin Li , Jihua Wu , Gui-Tang Wang

The genomic evolution of Polyopisthocotylea remains poorly understood in comparison to the remaining three classes of Neodermata: Monopisthocotylea, Cestoda, and Trematoda. Moreover, the evolutionary sequence of major events in the phylogeny of Neodermata remains unresolved. Herein we sequenced the mitogenome and transcriptome of the polyopisthocotylean Diplorchis sp., and conducted comparative evolutionary analyses using nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomic datasets of Neodermata. We found strong mitonuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Neodermata. Polyopisthocotylea exhibited striking mitonuclear discordance in relative evolutionary rates: the fastest-evolving mtDNA in Neodermata and a comparatively slowly-evolving nDNA genome. This was largely attributable to its very long stem branch in mtDNA topologies, not exhibited by the nDNA data. We found indications that the fast evolution of mitochondrial genomes of Polyopisthocotylea may be driven both by relaxed purifying selection pressures and elevated levels of directional selection. We identified mitochondria-associated genes encoded in the nuclear genome: they exhibited unique evolutionary rates, but not correlated with the evolutionary rate of mtDNA, and there is no evidence for compensatory evolution (they evolved slower than the rest of the genome). Finally, there appears to exist an exceptionally large (≈6.3 kb) nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment (numt) in the nuclear genome of newly sequenced Diplorchis sp. A 3′-end segment of the 16S rRNA gene encoded by the numt was expressed, suggesting that this gene acquired novel, regulatory functions after the transposition to the nuclear genome. In conclusion, Polyopisthocotylea appears to be the lineage with the fastest-evolving mtDNA sequences among all of Bilateria, but most of the substitutions were accumulated deep in the evolutionary history of this lineage. As the nuclear genome does not exhibit a similar pattern, the circumstances underpinning this evolutionary phenomenon remain a mystery.

与其余三类新真皮动物(单真皮动物、绦虫纲和吸虫纲)相比,人们对多毛目动物的基因组进化仍然知之甚少。此外,新真皮纲系统发育过程中主要事件的进化顺序仍未确定。在本文中,我们测序了多肉纲 Diplorchis sp.的有丝分裂基因组和转录组,并利用新皮目动物的核(nDNA)和线粒体(mtDNA)基因组数据集进行了比较进化分析。我们发现,新皮目动物的系统进化中存在强烈的有丝分裂核不一致性。多肉植物在相对进化速度上表现出惊人的有丝分裂核不一致性:在新皮类中,mtDNA的进化速度最快,而nDNA基因组的进化速度相对较慢。这在很大程度上归因于其 mtDNA 拓扑中很长的茎枝,而 nDNA 数据则没有表现出这一点。我们发现有迹象表明,多肉植物线粒体基因组的快速进化可能是由宽松的纯化选择压力和高水平的定向选择共同驱动的。我们发现了核基因组中编码的线粒体相关基因:它们表现出独特的进化速度,但与 mtDNA 的进化速度不相关,也没有补偿性进化的证据(它们的进化速度慢于基因组的其他部分)。最后,在新测序的Diplorchis sp.的核基因组中似乎存在一个特别大(≈6.3 kb)的线粒体DNA核片段(numt),由numt编码的16S rRNA基因的3'端片段被表达,表明该基因在转位到核基因组后获得了新的调控功能。总之,在所有双子叶植物中,多肉植物似乎是mtDNA序列进化最快的一个品系,但大部分的替换是在该品系进化史的深处积累起来的。由于核基因组没有表现出类似的模式,这种进化现象的基础情况仍然是一个谜。
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引用次数: 0
Development of adult Dirofilaria immitis worms in the Rag2/Il-2rγ-/- mouse model Rag2/Il-2rγ-/-小鼠模型中包虫病成虫的发育过程
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.004
Frederic Risch , Carolin Ludwig-Erdmann , Achim Hoerauf , Heinz Sager , Marc P. Hübner

Dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent for one of the major parasitic infections in dogs. It is currently not possible to reliably diagnose the infection before the development of fertile adult female worms and the presence of microfilariae which takes six to 7 months. However, at this point adult worms already reside in the pulmonary arteries and can cause significant damage. Novel in vivo models may facilitate the development of new diagnostic tools and improve treatment options for both the early and late stages of D. immitis infections. In this paper, we aimed to increase the capabilities of recently published mouse models in which severely immune-deficient mice were shown to be susceptible to D. immitis. Our data shows that D. immitis may grow into fully developed mature male and female worms in C57BL/6 Rag2/Il-2rγ-/- mice with comparable growth rates to the natural canine host. The adult worms of D. immitis were shown to migrate into body cavities as well as the heart in this model. However, the presence of adult worms inside the heart of infected mice led to the development of caval syndrome in 36% of infected mice after five to 6 months. Overall, the current study complements recently published efforts to establish a D. immitis mouse model by extending the development of D. immitis into mature adult stages and will facilitate further preclinical research.

密螺旋体双鞭毛虫是狗主要寄生虫感染之一的病原体。目前还无法在可育雌成虫发育和出现微丝蚴之前可靠地诊断出这种感染,这需要 6 到 7 个月的时间。然而,此时成虫已经寄居在肺动脉中,并可能造成严重损害。新颖的体内模型有助于开发新的诊断工具,并改进对早期和晚期水飞蓟马感染的治疗方案。在本文中,我们的目的是提高最近发表的小鼠模型的能力,在这些模型中,严重免疫缺陷的小鼠被证明容易感染白僵菌。我们的数据显示,水蚤可在 C57BL/6 Rag2/Il-2rγ-/- 小鼠体内长成发育完全的成熟雌雄虫体,其生长速度与犬自然宿主相当。在该模型中,水飞蓟马成虫可移入体腔和心脏。然而,成虫在受感染小鼠心脏内的存在导致 36% 的受感染小鼠在 5 到 6 个月后出现空洞综合征。总之,目前的研究是对最近发表的建立白喉螺虫小鼠模型工作的补充,它将白喉螺虫的发育扩展到成熟的成虫阶段,并将促进进一步的临床前研究。
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引用次数: 0
Mitochondrial genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe 欧洲多角棘球蚴的线粒体遗传多样性和系统发育关系
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.003
Azzurra Santoro , Federica Santolamazza , Simone M. Cacciò , Giuseppe La Rosa , Daniela Antolová , Herbert Auer , Guna Bagrade , Petra Bandelj , Walter Basso , Relja Beck , Carlo V. Citterio , Rebecca K. Davidson , Gunita Deksne , Caroline F. Frey , Eva Fuglei , Walter Glawischnig , Bruno Gottstein , Jiří Harna , Heidi Huus Petersen , Jacek Karamon , Adriano Casulli

The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main reservoir hosts and, likely, the main drivers of the geographic spread of the disease in Europe. Knowledge of genetic relationships among E. multilocularis isolates at a European scale is key to understanding the dispersal characteristics of E. multilocularis. Hence, the present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis isolates obtained from different host species in 19 European countries. Based on the analysis of complete nucleotide sequences of the cob, atp6, nad2, nad1 and cox1 mitochondrial genes (4,968 bp), 43 haplotypes were inferred. Four haplotypes represented 62.56 % of the examined isolates (142/227), and one of these four haplotypes was found in each country investigated, except Svalbard, Norway. While the haplotypes from Svalbard were markedly different from all the others, mainland Europe appeared to be dominated by two main clusters, represented by most western, central and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries and northeastern Poland, respectively. Moreover, one Asian-like haplotype was identified in Latvia and northeastern Poland. To better elucidate the presence of Asian genetic variants of E. multilocularis in Europe, and to obtain a more comprehensive Europe-wide coverage, further studies, including samples from endemic regions not investigated in the present study, especially some eastern European countries, are needed. Further, the present work proposes historical causes that may have contributed to shaping the current genetic variability of E. multilocularis in Europe.

多孔棘球蚴绦虫是肺泡棘球蚴病的病原体,这是北半球一种致命的人畜共患寄生虫病。红狐是该病的主要宿主,也可能是该病在欧洲地域性传播的主要驱动力。了解欧洲范围内多角孢子虫分离物之间的遗传关系是了解多角孢子虫传播特征的关键。因此,本研究旨在描述从 19 个欧洲国家的不同宿主物种中分离出的多角体圆线虫的遗传多样性。根据对 cob、atp6、nad2、nad1 和 cox1 线粒体基因完整核苷酸序列(4968 bp)的分析,推断出 43 个单倍型。四种单倍型占受检分离物的 62.56%(142/227),除挪威斯瓦尔巴特群岛外,每个受调查国家都发现了这四种单倍型中的一种。虽然斯瓦尔巴群岛的单倍型与其他国家的单倍型有明显不同,但欧洲大陆似乎以两个主要群组为主,分别以大多数西欧、中欧和东欧国家以及波罗的海国家和波兰东北部为代表。此外,在拉脱维亚和波兰东北部还发现了一个类似亚洲的单倍型。为了更好地阐明多角体圆线虫亚洲基因变异在欧洲的存在,并更全面地覆盖整个欧洲,还需要进一步研究,包括本研究未调查的流行地区的样本,特别是一些东欧国家的样本。此外,本研究还提出了一些历史原因,这些原因可能促成了欧洲多角孢子虫目前的遗传变异。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-based tools for onchocerciasis elimination: utility of the mitochondrial genome for delineating Onchocerca volvulus transmission zones 消除盘尾丝虫病的基因组工具:线粒体基因组对圈定盘尾丝虫病传播带的效用。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.11.002
Katie E Crawford , Shannon M Hedtke , Stephen R Doyle , Annette C Kuesel , Samuel Armoo , Mike Y Osei-Atweneboana , Warwick N Grant

National programs in Africa have expanded their objectives from control of onchocerciasis (river blindness) as a public health problem to elimination of parasite transmission, motivated by the reduction of Onchocerca volvulus infection prevalence in many African meso- and hyperendemic areas due to mass drug administration of ivermectin (MDAi). Given the large, contiguous hypo-, meso-, and hyperendemic areas, sustainable elimination of onchocerciasis in sub-Saharan Africa requires delineation of geographic boundaries for parasite transmission zones, so that programs can consider the risk of parasite re-introduction through vector or human migration from areas with ongoing transmission when making decisions to stop MDAi. We propose that transmission zone boundaries can be delineated by characterising the parasite genetic population structure within and between potential zones. We analysed whole mitochondrial genome sequences of 189 O. volvulus adults to determine the pattern of genetic similarity across three West African countries: Ghana, Mali, and Côte d’Ivoire. Population genetic structure indicates that parasites from villages near the Pru, Daka, and Black Volta rivers in central Ghana belong to one parasite population, indicating that the assumption that river basins constitute individual transmission zones is not supported by the data. Parasites from Mali and Côte d’Ivoire are genetically distinct from those from Ghana. This research provides the basis for developing tools for elimination programs to delineate transmission zones, to estimate the risk of parasite re-introduction via vector or human movement when intervention is stopped in one area while transmission is ongoing in others, to identify the origin of infections detected post-treatment cessation, and to investigate whether persisting prevalence despite ongoing interventions in one area is due to parasites imported from others.

非洲国家规划的目标已从控制盘尾丝虫病(河盲症)这一公共卫生问题扩大到消除寄生虫传播,其动机是由于大量使用伊维菌素(MDAi)减少了非洲许多中、高流行地区盘尾丝虫病的流行。考虑到大而连续的低流行区、中流行区和高流行区,在撒哈拉以南非洲可持续消除盘尾丝虫病需要划定寄生虫传播区的地理边界,以便规划在决定停止MDAi时能够考虑寄生虫通过媒介或人类从正在传播的地区迁移而重新引入的风险。我们提出可以通过表征潜在区域内和区域之间的寄生虫遗传种群结构来划定传播区边界。我们分析了189只O. volvulus成虫的全线粒体基因组序列,以确定三个西非国家(加纳、马里和Côte科特迪瓦)的遗传相似性模式。种群遗传结构表明,来自加纳中部Pru、Daka和Black Volta河附近村庄的寄生虫属于一个寄生虫种群,这表明河流流域构成单个传播带的假设不受数据支持。来自马里和Côte科特迪瓦的寄生虫在基因上与来自加纳的寄生虫不同。本研究为开发消除规划工具提供了基础,以划定传播区,评估在一个地区停止干预而在其他地区继续传播时通过媒介或人类运动重新引入寄生虫的风险,确定停止治疗后发现的感染的来源,并调查尽管在一个地区进行干预,但持续流行是否是由于从其他地区输入的寄生虫。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative analysis of Presence-Absence gene Variations in five hard tick species: impact and functional considerations 五种硬蜱存在-缺失基因变异的比较分析:影响和功能考虑。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.08.004
Umberto Rosani , Marco Sollitto , Nicolò Fogal , Cristiano Salata

Tick species are vectors of harmful human and animal diseases, and their expansion is raising concerns under the global environmental changes’ scenario. Ticks host and transmit bacteria, protozoa and viruses, making the understanding of host-pathogen molecular pathways critical to development of effective disease control strategies. Despite the considerable sizes and repeat contents of tick genomes, individual tick genomics is perhaps the most effective approach to reveal genotypic traits of interest. Presence-Absence gene Variations (PAVs) can contribute to individual differences within species, with dispensable genes carried by subsets of individuals possibly underpinning functional significance at individual or population-levels. We exploited 350 resequencing datasets of Dermacentor silvarum, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes persulcatus, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus hard tick specimens to reveal the extension of PAV and the conservation of dispensable genes among individuals and, comparatively, between species. Overall, we traced 550–3,346 dispensable genes per species and were able to reconstruct 5.3–7 Mb of genomic regions not included in the respective reference genomes, as part of the tick pangenomes. Both dispensable genes and de novo predicted genes indicated that PAVs preferentially impacted mobile genetic elements in these tick species.

蜱类是人类和动物有害疾病的传播媒介,在全球环境变化的情况下,蜱类的扩大引起了人们的担忧。蜱虫宿主和传播细菌、原生动物和病毒,因此了解宿主-病原体的分子途径对于制定有效的疾病控制策略至关重要。尽管蜱基因组具有相当大的规模和重复内容,但个体蜱基因组学可能是揭示感兴趣的基因型特征的最有效方法。存在-缺失基因变异(PAV)可能导致物种内的个体差异,个体亚群携带的可有可无的基因可能在个体或群体水平上支持功能意义。我们利用了350个重新测序的silvarum Dermacentor、longicornis Haemaphysalis、全沟硬蜱、Rhipipiphalus microplus和Rhipipcephalus sangeius硬蜱标本数据集,揭示了PAV在个体之间以及物种之间可分配基因的延伸和保护。总的来说,我们追踪了每个物种550-3346个可有可无的基因,并能够重建5.3-7Mb的基因组区域,这些区域不包括在各自的参考基因组中,作为蜱虫基因组的一部分。可有可无的基因和新预测的基因都表明,PAV优先影响这些蜱类的移动遗传元件。
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引用次数: 0
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International journal for parasitology
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