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Strong mitonuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Neodermata and evolutionary rates of Polyopisthocotylea 新皮层动物系统发育中的强有丝分裂核不一致性与多皮层动物的进化速度
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.001
Dong Zhang , Ivan Jakovlić , Hong Zou , Fei Liu , Chuan-Yu Xiang , Qunzong Gusang , Sonam Tso , Shenggui Xue , Wen-Jin Zhu , Zhenxin Li , Jihua Wu , Gui-Tang Wang

The genomic evolution of Polyopisthocotylea remains poorly understood in comparison to the remaining three classes of Neodermata: Monopisthocotylea, Cestoda, and Trematoda. Moreover, the evolutionary sequence of major events in the phylogeny of Neodermata remains unresolved. Herein we sequenced the mitogenome and transcriptome of the polyopisthocotylean Diplorchis sp., and conducted comparative evolutionary analyses using nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomic datasets of Neodermata. We found strong mitonuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Neodermata. Polyopisthocotylea exhibited striking mitonuclear discordance in relative evolutionary rates: the fastest-evolving mtDNA in Neodermata and a comparatively slowly-evolving nDNA genome. This was largely attributable to its very long stem branch in mtDNA topologies, not exhibited by the nDNA data. We found indications that the fast evolution of mitochondrial genomes of Polyopisthocotylea may be driven both by relaxed purifying selection pressures and elevated levels of directional selection. We identified mitochondria-associated genes encoded in the nuclear genome: they exhibited unique evolutionary rates, but not correlated with the evolutionary rate of mtDNA, and there is no evidence for compensatory evolution (they evolved slower than the rest of the genome). Finally, there appears to exist an exceptionally large (≈6.3 kb) nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment (numt) in the nuclear genome of newly sequenced Diplorchis sp. A 3′-end segment of the 16S rRNA gene encoded by the numt was expressed, suggesting that this gene acquired novel, regulatory functions after the transposition to the nuclear genome. In conclusion, Polyopisthocotylea appears to be the lineage with the fastest-evolving mtDNA sequences among all of Bilateria, but most of the substitutions were accumulated deep in the evolutionary history of this lineage. As the nuclear genome does not exhibit a similar pattern, the circumstances underpinning this evolutionary phenomenon remain a mystery.

与其余三类新真皮动物(单真皮动物、绦虫纲和吸虫纲)相比,人们对多毛目动物的基因组进化仍然知之甚少。此外,新真皮纲系统发育过程中主要事件的进化顺序仍未确定。在本文中,我们测序了多肉纲 Diplorchis sp.的有丝分裂基因组和转录组,并利用新皮目动物的核(nDNA)和线粒体(mtDNA)基因组数据集进行了比较进化分析。我们发现,新皮目动物的系统进化中存在强烈的有丝分裂核不一致性。多肉植物在相对进化速度上表现出惊人的有丝分裂核不一致性:在新皮类中,mtDNA的进化速度最快,而nDNA基因组的进化速度相对较慢。这在很大程度上归因于其 mtDNA 拓扑中很长的茎枝,而 nDNA 数据则没有表现出这一点。我们发现有迹象表明,多肉植物线粒体基因组的快速进化可能是由宽松的纯化选择压力和高水平的定向选择共同驱动的。我们发现了核基因组中编码的线粒体相关基因:它们表现出独特的进化速度,但与 mtDNA 的进化速度不相关,也没有补偿性进化的证据(它们的进化速度慢于基因组的其他部分)。最后,在新测序的Diplorchis sp.的核基因组中似乎存在一个特别大(≈6.3 kb)的线粒体DNA核片段(numt),由numt编码的16S rRNA基因的3'端片段被表达,表明该基因在转位到核基因组后获得了新的调控功能。总之,在所有双子叶植物中,多肉植物似乎是mtDNA序列进化最快的一个品系,但大部分的替换是在该品系进化史的深处积累起来的。由于核基因组没有表现出类似的模式,这种进化现象的基础情况仍然是一个谜。
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引用次数: 0
Development of adult Dirofilaria immitis worms in the Rag2/Il-2rγ-/- mouse model Rag2/Il-2rγ-/-小鼠模型中包虫病成虫的发育过程
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.004
Frederic Risch , Carolin Ludwig-Erdmann , Achim Hoerauf , Heinz Sager , Marc P. Hübner

Dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent for one of the major parasitic infections in dogs. It is currently not possible to reliably diagnose the infection before the development of fertile adult female worms and the presence of microfilariae which takes six to 7 months. However, at this point adult worms already reside in the pulmonary arteries and can cause significant damage. Novel in vivo models may facilitate the development of new diagnostic tools and improve treatment options for both the early and late stages of D. immitis infections. In this paper, we aimed to increase the capabilities of recently published mouse models in which severely immune-deficient mice were shown to be susceptible to D. immitis. Our data shows that D. immitis may grow into fully developed mature male and female worms in C57BL/6 Rag2/Il-2rγ-/- mice with comparable growth rates to the natural canine host. The adult worms of D. immitis were shown to migrate into body cavities as well as the heart in this model. However, the presence of adult worms inside the heart of infected mice led to the development of caval syndrome in 36% of infected mice after five to 6 months. Overall, the current study complements recently published efforts to establish a D. immitis mouse model by extending the development of D. immitis into mature adult stages and will facilitate further preclinical research.

密螺旋体双鞭毛虫是狗主要寄生虫感染之一的病原体。目前还无法在可育雌成虫发育和出现微丝蚴之前可靠地诊断出这种感染,这需要 6 到 7 个月的时间。然而,此时成虫已经寄居在肺动脉中,并可能造成严重损害。新颖的体内模型有助于开发新的诊断工具,并改进对早期和晚期水飞蓟马感染的治疗方案。在本文中,我们的目的是提高最近发表的小鼠模型的能力,在这些模型中,严重免疫缺陷的小鼠被证明容易感染白僵菌。我们的数据显示,水蚤可在 C57BL/6 Rag2/Il-2rγ-/- 小鼠体内长成发育完全的成熟雌雄虫体,其生长速度与犬自然宿主相当。在该模型中,水飞蓟马成虫可移入体腔和心脏。然而,成虫在受感染小鼠心脏内的存在导致 36% 的受感染小鼠在 5 到 6 个月后出现空洞综合征。总之,目前的研究是对最近发表的建立白喉螺虫小鼠模型工作的补充,它将白喉螺虫的发育扩展到成熟的成虫阶段,并将促进进一步的临床前研究。
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引用次数: 0
Mitochondrial genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe 欧洲多角棘球蚴的线粒体遗传多样性和系统发育关系
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.003
Azzurra Santoro , Federica Santolamazza , Simone M. Cacciò , Giuseppe La Rosa , Daniela Antolová , Herbert Auer , Guna Bagrade , Petra Bandelj , Walter Basso , Relja Beck , Carlo V. Citterio , Rebecca K. Davidson , Gunita Deksne , Caroline F. Frey , Eva Fuglei , Walter Glawischnig , Bruno Gottstein , Jiří Harna , Heidi Huus Petersen , Jacek Karamon , Adriano Casulli

The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main reservoir hosts and, likely, the main drivers of the geographic spread of the disease in Europe. Knowledge of genetic relationships among E. multilocularis isolates at a European scale is key to understanding the dispersal characteristics of E. multilocularis. Hence, the present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis isolates obtained from different host species in 19 European countries. Based on the analysis of complete nucleotide sequences of the cob, atp6, nad2, nad1 and cox1 mitochondrial genes (4,968 bp), 43 haplotypes were inferred. Four haplotypes represented 62.56 % of the examined isolates (142/227), and one of these four haplotypes was found in each country investigated, except Svalbard, Norway. While the haplotypes from Svalbard were markedly different from all the others, mainland Europe appeared to be dominated by two main clusters, represented by most western, central and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries and northeastern Poland, respectively. Moreover, one Asian-like haplotype was identified in Latvia and northeastern Poland. To better elucidate the presence of Asian genetic variants of E. multilocularis in Europe, and to obtain a more comprehensive Europe-wide coverage, further studies, including samples from endemic regions not investigated in the present study, especially some eastern European countries, are needed. Further, the present work proposes historical causes that may have contributed to shaping the current genetic variability of E. multilocularis in Europe.

多孔棘球蚴绦虫是肺泡棘球蚴病的病原体,这是北半球一种致命的人畜共患寄生虫病。红狐是该病的主要宿主,也可能是该病在欧洲地域性传播的主要驱动力。了解欧洲范围内多角孢子虫分离物之间的遗传关系是了解多角孢子虫传播特征的关键。因此,本研究旨在描述从 19 个欧洲国家的不同宿主物种中分离出的多角体圆线虫的遗传多样性。根据对 cob、atp6、nad2、nad1 和 cox1 线粒体基因完整核苷酸序列(4968 bp)的分析,推断出 43 个单倍型。四种单倍型占受检分离物的 62.56%(142/227),除挪威斯瓦尔巴特群岛外,每个受调查国家都发现了这四种单倍型中的一种。虽然斯瓦尔巴群岛的单倍型与其他国家的单倍型有明显不同,但欧洲大陆似乎以两个主要群组为主,分别以大多数西欧、中欧和东欧国家以及波罗的海国家和波兰东北部为代表。此外,在拉脱维亚和波兰东北部还发现了一个类似亚洲的单倍型。为了更好地阐明多角体圆线虫亚洲基因变异在欧洲的存在,并更全面地覆盖整个欧洲,还需要进一步研究,包括本研究未调查的流行地区的样本,特别是一些东欧国家的样本。此外,本研究还提出了一些历史原因,这些原因可能促成了欧洲多角孢子虫目前的遗传变异。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-based tools for onchocerciasis elimination: utility of the mitochondrial genome for delineating Onchocerca volvulus transmission zones 消除盘尾丝虫病的基因组工具:线粒体基因组对圈定盘尾丝虫病传播带的效用。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.11.002
Katie E Crawford , Shannon M Hedtke , Stephen R Doyle , Annette C Kuesel , Samuel Armoo , Mike Y Osei-Atweneboana , Warwick N Grant

National programs in Africa have expanded their objectives from control of onchocerciasis (river blindness) as a public health problem to elimination of parasite transmission, motivated by the reduction of Onchocerca volvulus infection prevalence in many African meso- and hyperendemic areas due to mass drug administration of ivermectin (MDAi). Given the large, contiguous hypo-, meso-, and hyperendemic areas, sustainable elimination of onchocerciasis in sub-Saharan Africa requires delineation of geographic boundaries for parasite transmission zones, so that programs can consider the risk of parasite re-introduction through vector or human migration from areas with ongoing transmission when making decisions to stop MDAi. We propose that transmission zone boundaries can be delineated by characterising the parasite genetic population structure within and between potential zones. We analysed whole mitochondrial genome sequences of 189 O. volvulus adults to determine the pattern of genetic similarity across three West African countries: Ghana, Mali, and Côte d’Ivoire. Population genetic structure indicates that parasites from villages near the Pru, Daka, and Black Volta rivers in central Ghana belong to one parasite population, indicating that the assumption that river basins constitute individual transmission zones is not supported by the data. Parasites from Mali and Côte d’Ivoire are genetically distinct from those from Ghana. This research provides the basis for developing tools for elimination programs to delineate transmission zones, to estimate the risk of parasite re-introduction via vector or human movement when intervention is stopped in one area while transmission is ongoing in others, to identify the origin of infections detected post-treatment cessation, and to investigate whether persisting prevalence despite ongoing interventions in one area is due to parasites imported from others.

非洲国家规划的目标已从控制盘尾丝虫病(河盲症)这一公共卫生问题扩大到消除寄生虫传播,其动机是由于大量使用伊维菌素(MDAi)减少了非洲许多中、高流行地区盘尾丝虫病的流行。考虑到大而连续的低流行区、中流行区和高流行区,在撒哈拉以南非洲可持续消除盘尾丝虫病需要划定寄生虫传播区的地理边界,以便规划在决定停止MDAi时能够考虑寄生虫通过媒介或人类从正在传播的地区迁移而重新引入的风险。我们提出可以通过表征潜在区域内和区域之间的寄生虫遗传种群结构来划定传播区边界。我们分析了189只O. volvulus成虫的全线粒体基因组序列,以确定三个西非国家(加纳、马里和Côte科特迪瓦)的遗传相似性模式。种群遗传结构表明,来自加纳中部Pru、Daka和Black Volta河附近村庄的寄生虫属于一个寄生虫种群,这表明河流流域构成单个传播带的假设不受数据支持。来自马里和Côte科特迪瓦的寄生虫在基因上与来自加纳的寄生虫不同。本研究为开发消除规划工具提供了基础,以划定传播区,评估在一个地区停止干预而在其他地区继续传播时通过媒介或人类运动重新引入寄生虫的风险,确定停止治疗后发现的感染的来源,并调查尽管在一个地区进行干预,但持续流行是否是由于从其他地区输入的寄生虫。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative analysis of Presence-Absence gene Variations in five hard tick species: impact and functional considerations 五种硬蜱存在-缺失基因变异的比较分析:影响和功能考虑。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.08.004
Umberto Rosani , Marco Sollitto , Nicolò Fogal , Cristiano Salata

Tick species are vectors of harmful human and animal diseases, and their expansion is raising concerns under the global environmental changes’ scenario. Ticks host and transmit bacteria, protozoa and viruses, making the understanding of host-pathogen molecular pathways critical to development of effective disease control strategies. Despite the considerable sizes and repeat contents of tick genomes, individual tick genomics is perhaps the most effective approach to reveal genotypic traits of interest. Presence-Absence gene Variations (PAVs) can contribute to individual differences within species, with dispensable genes carried by subsets of individuals possibly underpinning functional significance at individual or population-levels. We exploited 350 resequencing datasets of Dermacentor silvarum, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes persulcatus, Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus hard tick specimens to reveal the extension of PAV and the conservation of dispensable genes among individuals and, comparatively, between species. Overall, we traced 550–3,346 dispensable genes per species and were able to reconstruct 5.3–7 Mb of genomic regions not included in the respective reference genomes, as part of the tick pangenomes. Both dispensable genes and de novo predicted genes indicated that PAVs preferentially impacted mobile genetic elements in these tick species.

蜱类是人类和动物有害疾病的传播媒介,在全球环境变化的情况下,蜱类的扩大引起了人们的担忧。蜱虫宿主和传播细菌、原生动物和病毒,因此了解宿主-病原体的分子途径对于制定有效的疾病控制策略至关重要。尽管蜱基因组具有相当大的规模和重复内容,但个体蜱基因组学可能是揭示感兴趣的基因型特征的最有效方法。存在-缺失基因变异(PAV)可能导致物种内的个体差异,个体亚群携带的可有可无的基因可能在个体或群体水平上支持功能意义。我们利用了350个重新测序的silvarum Dermacentor、longicornis Haemaphysalis、全沟硬蜱、Rhipipiphalus microplus和Rhipipcephalus sangeius硬蜱标本数据集,揭示了PAV在个体之间以及物种之间可分配基因的延伸和保护。总的来说,我们追踪了每个物种550-3346个可有可无的基因,并能够重建5.3-7Mb的基因组区域,这些区域不包括在各自的参考基因组中,作为蜱虫基因组的一部分。可有可无的基因和新预测的基因都表明,PAV优先影响这些蜱类的移动遗传元件。
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引用次数: 0
Insight into Hyalomma anatolicum biology by comparative genomics analyses 通过比较基因组学分析深入了解厌氧透明质瘤生物学。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.09.003
Jinming Wang , Yijun Chai , Jifei Yang , Kai Chen , Guangyuan Liu , Jianxun Luo , Guiquan Guan , Qiaoyun Ren , Hong Yin

Hyalomma anatolicum is an obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasite and contributes to the transmission of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. Progress in exploring the adaptive strategy of this ectoparasite and developing tools to fight it has been hindered by the lack of a complete genome. Herein, we assembled the genome using diverse sources of data from multiple sequencing platforms and annotated the 1.96 Gb genome of Hy. anatolicum. Comparative genome analyses and the predicted protein encoding genes reveal unique facets of this genome, including gene family expansion associated with blood feeding and digestion, multi-gene families involved in detoxification, a great number of neuropeptides and corresponding receptors regulating tick growth, development, and reproduction, and glutathione S-transferase genes playing roles in insecticide resistance and detoxification of multiple xenobiotic factors. This high quality reference genome provides fundamental data for obtaining insights into a variety of aspects of tick biology and developing novel strategies to fight notorious tick vectors of human and animal pathogens.

厌氧透明质瘤是一种强制性的吸血外寄生虫,有助于克里米亚-刚果出血热(CCHF)病毒、泰勒虫属和巴贝虫属的传播。由于缺乏完整的基因组,探索这种外寄生虫的适应策略和开发对抗它的工具的进展受到阻碍。在此,我们使用来自多个测序平台的不同数据来源组装了基因组,并注释了Hy.anatolicum的1.96Gb基因组。比较基因组分析和预测的蛋白质编码基因揭示了该基因组的独特方面,包括与血液喂养和消化相关的基因家族扩张、参与解毒的多基因家族、大量调节蜱生长、发育和繁殖的神经肽和相应受体,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因在杀虫剂抗性和多种外源因子解毒中发挥作用。这一高质量的参考基因组为深入了解蜱生物学的各个方面以及开发新的策略来对抗臭名昭著的人类和动物病原体蜱媒提供了基础数据。
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引用次数: 0
A Taq-Man-based multiplex quantitative PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, and species of respiratory capillarids in canids 基于 Taq-man 的多重定量 PCR,用于同时检测和定量犬科动物中的血管内 Angiostrongylus vasorum、Crenosoma vulpis 和呼吸道毛滴虫的种类
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.001
Luca Massetti , Manuela Schnyder , Anke Wiethoelter , Emanuele Brianti , Phillip McDonagh , Rebecca Traub , Vito Colella

In recent years, Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila) and Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi), commonly referred to as canine lungworms, have gained a growing interest worldwide as the result of their geographical expansion. Each of these nematode species differs considerably in its biology and pathogenicity. Despite their impact on dogs’ health, these parasites are often underdiagnosed owing to diagnostic challenges. Here, we describe the development and validation of a Taq-Man-based multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) for the simultaneous detection of the main species of canine lungworms in faeces of infected dogs. Using 10-fold serial dilutions of synthetic gene block fragments containing individual sequence targets of each lungworm species, the analytical sensitivity of the assay ascertained was 1.84 ng/μl for A. vasorum, 3.08 ng/μl for C. vulpis and 0.79 ng/μl for Eucoleus spp. The sensitivity of the assays and their ability to detect mixed species infections were compared with microscopy-based techniques (faecal floatation and Baermann technique) applied to faecal samples submitted for lungworm testing through an accredited diagnostic laboratory at the Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland, and from community dogs as part of a research project on canine endoparasites in Cambodia. The multiplex qPCR displayed high diagnostic sensitivity (42/46, 91.3%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 79.1–97.1%) and a diagnostic specificity of 100% (45/45, 95% CI: 90.6–100%), and was able to detect 42.9% additional mixed lungworm species infections compared with microscopy-based methods. Kappa statistics showed substantial agreement between the qPCRs and microscopy for mixed infections (κ = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.4–1) and Eucoleus spp. (κ = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.85) and almost perfect agreement for C. vulpis (κ = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.63–1) and A. vasorum (κ = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84–1).

This multiplex qPCR enables timely, accurate, and sensitive diagnosis of canine lungworm species in faecal samples and can be used to monitor the geographical distribution and emergence of these parasitic species, globally.

近年来,通常被称为犬肺虫的血管圆线虫(Angiostrongylus vasorum)、Crenosoma vulpis、嗜气桉(Eucoleus aerophila)和boehmi桉(Eucoleus boehmi)由于其地理扩展而在世界范围内引起了越来越多的兴趣。每一种线虫在生物学和致病性上都有很大的不同。尽管这些寄生虫对狗的健康有影响,但由于诊断困难,这些寄生虫往往未得到充分诊断。在这里,我们描述了一种基于taq - man的多重定量PCR (qPCR)的开发和验证,用于同时检测感染犬粪便中的主要犬肺蠕虫物种。采用10倍连续稀释的方法,对含各肺虫个体序列靶点的合成基因块片段进行分析,确定的检测灵敏度为1.84 ng/μl;将这两种检测方法的灵敏度和检测混合物种感染的能力与显微镜技术(粪便漂浮和Baermann技术)进行比较,这些技术应用于瑞士苏黎世大学寄生虫学研究所认可的诊断实验室提交的粪便样本进行肺虫检测,并作为柬埔寨犬内寄生虫研究项目的一部分,从社区狗身上采集粪便样本。多重qPCR具有较高的诊断敏感性(91.3%;95%置信区间(CI) 79.1-97.1%),诊断特异性为100% (45/45,95% CI: 90.6-100%),与基于显微镜的方法相比,能够检测42.9%的额外混合肺虫感染。Kappa统计结果显示,混合感染(κ = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.4-1)和Eucoleus spp. (κ = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45-0.85)的qpcr和镜检结果基本一致,而vulpis (κ = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.63-1)和A. vasorum (κ = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84-1)的qpcr和镜检结果几乎完全一致。这种多重qPCR能够及时、准确、灵敏地诊断粪便样本中的犬肺虫种类,并可用于监测这些寄生物种在全球的地理分布和出现情况。
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引用次数: 0
Vector species richness predicts local mortality rates from Chagas disease 病媒物种丰富度可预测当地恰加斯病的死亡率。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.10.002
Guilherme Gonzaga da Silva , Vinicius Marques Lopez , Ana Carolina Vilarinho , Felipe H. Datto-Liberato , Carlo José Freire Oliveira , Robert Poulin , Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Vector species richness may drive the prevalence of vector-borne diseases by influencing pathogen transmission rates. The dilution effect hypothesis predicts that higher biodiversity reduces disease prevalence, but with inconclusive evidence. In contrast, the amplification effect hypothesis suggests that higher vector diversity may result in greater disease transmission by increasing and diversifying the transmission pathways. The relationship between vector diversity and pathogen transmission remains unclear and requires further study. Chagas disease is a vector-borne disease most prevalent in Brazil and transmitted by multiple species of insect vectors of the subfamily Triatominae, yet the drivers of spatial variation in its impact on human populations remain unresolved. We tested whether triatomine species richness, latitude, bioclimatic variables, human host population density, and socioeconomic variables predict Chagas disease mortality rates across over 5000 spatial grid cells covering all of Brazil. Results show that species richness of triatomine vectors is a good predictor of mortality rates caused by Chagas disease, which supports the amplification effect hypothesis. Vector richness and the impact of Chagas disease may also be driven by latitudinal components of climate and human socioeconomic factors. We provide evidence that vector diversity is a strong predictor of disease prevalence and give support to the amplification effect hypothesis.

媒介物种的丰富性可能通过影响病原体传播率来推动媒介传播疾病的流行。稀释效应假说预测,更高的生物多样性会降低疾病流行率,但没有定论。相反,扩增效应假说表明,更高的媒介多样性可能通过增加和多样化传播途径导致更大的疾病传播。媒介多样性与病原体传播之间的关系尚不清楚,需要进一步研究。恰加斯病是一种媒介传播的疾病,在巴西最为流行,由Triatominae亚科的多种昆虫媒介传播,但其对人类种群影响的空间变异驱动因素仍未解决。我们在覆盖整个巴西的5000多个空间网格单元中测试了三芒虫物种丰富度、纬度、生物气候变量、人类宿主种群密度和社会经济变量是否可以预测恰加斯病死亡率。结果表明,三胺载体的物种丰富度是Chagas病死亡率的良好预测指标,这支持了扩增效应假说。媒介丰富度和恰加斯病的影响也可能是由气候和人类社会经济因素的纬度组成部分驱动的。我们提供的证据表明,媒介多样性是疾病流行率的有力预测因素,并支持扩增效应假说。
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引用次数: 0
Reviewer Thank You 评论员 谢谢
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(24)00046-8
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引用次数: 0
Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii in cell culture: an alternative to bioassay 在细胞培养中分离弓形虫:生物测定的替代方法
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.002
Tania Dawant , Wei Wang , Maria Spriggs , Geraldo Magela de Faria Junior , Laura Horton , Nicole M. Szafranski , Helga Waap , Pikka Jokelainen , Richard W. Gerhold , Chunlei Su

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that can infect mammals and birds. The infection can cause acute toxoplasmosis and death in susceptible hosts. Bioassay using cats and mice has been the standard for the isolation of T. gondii from infected hosts for the past several decades. However, bioassay is labor-intensive, expensive, and involves using laboratory animals. To search alternative approaches and o work towards replacement of animal experiments, we summarized the key literature and conducted four experiments to isolate T. gondii in vitro by cell culture. A few heart tissue samples from animals with the highest antibody titers in a given collection were used for T. gondii isolation. These experiments included samples from five out of 51 wild ducks, four of 46 wild turkeys, six of 24 white-tailed deer, as well as from six kangaroos that had died with acute toxoplasmosis in a zoo. These experiments resulted in three isolates from five chronically infected wild ducks (60%), four isolates from four chronically infected wild turkeys (100%), one isolate from six chronically infected white-tailed deer (17%), and four isolates from six kangaroos with acute toxoplasmosis (67%). In addition, five isolates from the five chronically infected wild ducks were obtained by bioassay in mice, showing a 100% success rate, which is higher than the 60% rate by direct cell culture. These T. gondii isolates were successfully propagated in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) or Vero cells, and genotyped by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers. The results showed that it is practical to isolate T. gondii directly in cell culture. Although the cell culture approach may not be as sensitive as the bioassay, it does provide an alternative that is simple, cost-effective, ethically more acceptable, and less time-sensitive to isolate T. gondii. In this paper we propose a procedure that may be applied and further optimized for isolation of T. gondii.

弓形虫是一种可感染哺乳动物和鸟类的 apicomplexan 原生动物寄生虫。易感宿主感染后可引起急性弓形虫病并导致死亡。过去几十年来,使用猫和小鼠进行生物测定一直是从感染宿主体内分离弓形虫的标准方法。然而,生物测定耗费大量人力物力,成本高昂,而且需要使用实验动物。为了寻找替代方法并努力取代动物实验,我们总结了主要文献,并进行了四次细胞培养体外分离淋病双球菌的实验。我们使用了特定样本集中抗体滴度最高的几种动物的心脏组织样本来分离淋球菌。这些实验包括 51 只野鸭中的 5 只、46 只野生火鸡中的 4 只、24 只白尾鹿中的 6 只,以及动物园中死于急性弓形虫病的 6 只袋鼠的样本。这些实验从 5 只慢性感染的野鸭(60%)中分离出 3 个样本,从 4 只慢性感染的野火鸡(100%)中分离出 4 个样本,从 6 只慢性感染的白尾鹿(17%)中分离出 1 个样本,从 6 只患急性弓形虫病的袋鼠(67%)中分离出 4 个样本。此外,通过小鼠生物测定从 5 只慢性感染野鸭身上获得了 5 个分离株,成功率为 100%,高于直接细胞培养的 60%。这些淋球菌分离株在人包皮成纤维细胞(HFF)或Vero细胞中繁殖成功,并通过多焦点PCR-RFLP标记进行了基因分型。结果表明,直接在细胞培养中分离淋球菌是可行的。虽然细胞培养法的灵敏度可能不如生物测定法,但它确实为分离淋病双球菌提供了一种简单、经济、道德上更容易接受且耗时较少的替代方法。在本文中,我们提出了一种可用于并进一步优化分离淋病双球菌的程序。
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International journal for parasitology
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