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Intricate balance of dually-localized catalase modulates infectivity of Leptomonas seymouri (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) 双定位过氧化氢酶的复杂平衡调节了西摩里钩端螺旋体(Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae)的感染性。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.007
Ľubomíra Chmelová , Natalya Kraeva , Andreu Saura , Adam Krayzel , Cecilia Stahl Vieira , Tainá Neves Ferreira , Rodrigo Pedro Soares , Barbora Bučková , Arnau Galan , Eva Horáková , Barbora Vojtková , Jovana Sádlová , Marina N. Malysheva , Anzhelika Butenko , Galina Prokopchuk , Alexander O. Frolov , Julius Lukeš , Anton Horváth , Ingrid Škodová-Sveráková , Denise Feder , Vyacheslav Yurchenko

Nearly all aerobic organisms are equipped with catalases, powerful enzymes scavenging hydrogen peroxide and facilitating defense against harmful reactive oxygen species. In trypanosomatids, this enzyme was not present in the common ancestor, yet it had been independently acquired by different lineages of monoxenous trypanosomatids from different bacteria at least three times. This observation posited an obvious question: why was catalase so “sought after” if many trypanosomatid groups do just fine without it? In this work, we analyzed subcellular localization and function of catalase in Leptomonas seymouri. We demonstrated that this enzyme is present in the cytoplasm and a subset of glycosomes, and that its cytoplasmic retention is H2O2-dependent. The ablation of catalase in this parasite is not detrimental in vivo, while its overexpression resulted in a substantially higher parasite load in the experimental infection of Dysdercus peruvianus. We propose that the capacity of studied flagellates to modulate the catalase activity in the midgut of its insect host facilitates their development and protects them from oxidative damage at elevated temperatures.

几乎所有需氧生物都具有过氧化氢酶,这是一种清除过氧化氢的强力酶,有助于抵御有害的活性氧。在锥虫的共同祖先中并不存在这种酶,但单细胞锥虫的不同品系至少三次从不同细菌中独立获得了这种酶。这一观察结果提出了一个显而易见的问题:既然许多锥虫类群在没有过氧化氢酶的情况下也能正常工作,为什么过氧化氢酶会如此 "抢手 "呢?在这项工作中,我们分析了过氧化氢酶在赛毛氏钩端螺旋体中的亚细胞定位和功能。我们证明,这种酶存在于细胞质和糖体的一个子集中,而且它在细胞质中的保留是依赖于 H2O2 的。这种寄生虫体内过氧化氢酶的消减不会对其造成危害,而过量表达过氧化氢酶则会在秘鲁痢疾杆菌的实验感染中导致寄生虫数量大幅增加。我们认为,所研究的鞭毛虫能够调节昆虫宿主中肠中过氧化氢酶的活性,这有利于它们的发育,并保护它们在高温下免受氧化损伤。
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引用次数: 0
The geographic limits and life history of the tropical brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826), in Australia with notes on the spread of Ehrlichia canis 澳大利亚热带褐狗蜱 Rhipicephalus linnaei(Audouin,1826 年)的地理范围和生活史,以及犬艾氏菌的传播情况。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.004
Ernest J.M. Teo , Kimberly L. Evasco , Dayana Barker , M.L. Levin , Stephen C. Barker

The tropical brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus linnaei, is a tick of much medical, veterinary, and zoonotic importance. This tick has a nearly world-wide distribution due to its ability to survive and propagate in kennels and houses. Rhipicephalus linnaei is the vector of Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, an often debilitating disease of canids and, occasionally, humans. To prevent incursion of E. canis into Australia, dogs entering Australia have been required to have a negative immunofluorescence antibody test for E. canis. In May 2020 however, E. canis was detected in Western Australia. The detection of E. canis in Australia prompted disease investigation and concerted surveillance for R. linnaei and E. canis in regions across Australia. These investigations revealed that R. linnaei was established far beyond the previously recognised geographic range limits of this tick. In the present paper, using records from various collections, published data, and data from our network of veterinarian collaborators and colleagues, we update the current geographic range of R. linnaei in Australia. Our analyses revealed that the geographic range of R. linnaei in Australia is much wider than was previously supposed, particularly in Western Australia, and in South Australia. We also map, for the first time, where E. canis has been detected in Australia. Last, we discuss the possible routes of incursion and subsequently the factors which may have aided the spread of E. canis in Australia which led to the establishment of this pathogen in Australia.

热带褐狗蜱(Rhipicephalus linnaei)是一种在医疗、兽医和人畜共患病方面具有重要意义的蜱虫。这种蜱虫几乎遍布全球,因为它能够在狗窝和房屋中生存和繁殖。Rhipicephalus linnaei 是犬单核细胞埃希氏菌的病媒,犬单核细胞埃希氏菌病通常是一种使犬衰弱的疾病,偶尔也会传染给人类。为防止犬科埃希氏菌侵入澳大利亚,进入澳大利亚的犬只必须通过犬科埃希氏菌免疫荧光抗体检测呈阴性。但在 2020 年 5 月,西澳大利亚州检测到犬大肠杆菌。在澳大利亚检测到犬大肠杆菌后,澳大利亚各地区开展了疾病调查,并对R. linnaei和犬大肠杆菌进行了协同监测。这些调查显示,R. linnaei 的分布范围远远超出了这种蜱虫之前被认可的地理范围。在本文中,我们利用各种收集的记录、公开发表的数据以及我们的兽医合作者和同事网络提供的数据,更新了目前 R. linnaei 在澳大利亚的地理分布范围。我们的分析表明,R. linnaei 在澳大利亚的地理分布范围比以前想象的要广得多,尤其是在西澳大利亚州和南澳大利亚州。我们还首次绘制了在澳大利亚发现犬伊蚊的地区分布图。最后,我们讨论了E. canis可能的入侵路线,以及随后可能帮助E. canis在澳大利亚传播并导致这种病原体在澳大利亚形成的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Epidemiological investigation of Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques in China: A novel ribosomal lineage and genetic differentiation of Entamoeba nuttalli 中国野生猕猴中恩塔米巴虫的流行病学调查:一种新的核糖体系和果塔利恩塔米巴虫的遗传分化
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.002
Mengshi Yu , Yongfang Yao , Xin Li , Aoxing Su , Meng Xie , Ying Xiong , Shengzhi Yang , Qingyong Ni , Hongtao Xiao , Huailiang Xu

Wild rhesus macaques are a potential source of zoonotic parasites for humans, and Entamoeba spp. are common intestinal parasites. To investigate the prevalence of Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques in China and explore the genetic differentiation of the potentially pathogenic species Entamoeba nuttalli, a total of 276 fecal samples from five populations at high altitudes (HAG, 2,800–4,100 m above sea level) and four populations at low altitudes (LAG, 5–1,000 m above sea level) were collected. PCR methods based on the ssrRNA gene were used to detect Entamoeba infection. Genotyping of E. nuttalli was performed based on six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci for further genetic analyses. The results revealed that Entamoeba infection (69.2%) was common in wild rhesus macaques in China, especially in LAG which had a significantly higher prevalence rate than that in HAG (P < 0.001). Three zoonotic species were identified: Entamoeba chattoni (60.9%) was the most prevalent species and distributed in all the populations, followed by Entamoeba coli (33.3%) and Entamoeba nuttalli (17.4%). In addition, a novel Entamoeba ribosomal lineage named RL13 (22.8%) was identified, and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between RL13 and Entamoeba. hartmanni. Genotyping of E. nuttalli obtained 24 genotypes from five populations and further analysis showed E. nuttalli had a high degree of genetic differentiation (FST > 0.25, Nm < 1) between the host populations. The result of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that observed genetic differences mainly originate from differences among populations (FST = 0.91). Meanwhile, the phylogenetic tree showed that these genotypes of E. nuttalli were clustered according to geographical populations, indicating a significant phylogeographic distribution pattern. Considering the potential pathogenicity of E. nuttalli, attention should be paid to its risk of zoonotic transmission.

野生猕猴是人类人畜共患病寄生虫的潜在来源,而恩塔莫巴属是常见的肠道寄生虫。为了调查中国野生猕猴体内恩塔莫阿虫的流行情况,并探索潜在致病物种恩塔莫阿虫的基因分化,研究人员从5个高海拔种群(HAG,海拔2,800-4,100米)和4个低海拔种群(LAG,海拔5-1,000米)采集了共276份粪便样本。采用基于 ssrRNA 基因的 PCR 方法检测感染情况。根据六个与 tRNA 相连的短串联重复(STR)位点对 E. nuttalli 进行基因分型,以进一步进行遗传分析。结果显示,中国野生猕猴的感染率(69.2%)很高,尤其是在宿主种群间,LAG的感染率明显高于HAG(0.25,Nm < 1)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,所观察到的遗传差异主要来源于种群间的差异(F = 0.91)。同时,系统发生树显示,这些基因型按地理种群聚类,表明存在显著的系统地理分布模式。考虑到该病毒的潜在致病性,应关注其在人畜间传播的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of regional coordination of salmon louse control in reducing negative impacts of salmonid aquaculture on wild salmonids 鲑虱控制区域协调在减少鲑鱼养殖对野生鲑鱼负面影响方面的作用。
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.003
Leif Christian Stige , Peder A. Jansen , Kari O. Helgesen

Parasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are a constraint to the sustainable growth of salmonids in open net pens, and this issue has caused production to level off in recent years in the most aquaculture-intensive areas of Norway. The maximum allowed biomass at a regional level is regulated by using the so-called “traffic light” system, where salmon louse-induced mortality of migrating wild salmon post-smolts is evaluated against set targets. As a case study, we have investigated how a specific aquaculture-intensive area can reduce its louse levels sufficiently to achieve a low impact on wild salmon. Analyses of the output from a virtual post-smolt model that uses data on the reported number of salmon lice in fish farms as key input data and estimates the salmon louse-induced mortality of wild out-migrating Atlantic salmon post-smolts, suggested that female louse abundance on the local farms must be halved in spring to reach the goal implied by the traffic light system. The outcome of a modelling scenario simulating a proposed new plan for coordinated production and fallowing proved beneficial, with an overall reduction in louse infestations and treatment efforts. The interannual variability in louse abundance in spring, however, increased for this scenario, implying unacceptably high louse abundance when many farms were in their second production year. We then combined the scenario with coordinated production with other louse control measures. Only measures that reduced the density of farmed salmonids in open cages in the study area resulted in reductions in salmon louse infestations to acceptable levels. This could be achieved either by stocking with larger fish to reduce exposure time or by reducing fish numbers, e.g. by producing in closed units.

寄生性鲑虱(Lepeophtheirus salmonis)是露天网箱中鲑科鱼类可持续生长的一个制约因素,近年来,这一问题已导致挪威水产养殖最密集地区的产量趋于平稳。通过所谓的 "红绿灯 "系统,在区域范围内对允许的最大生物量进行监管,根据设定的目标对洄游野生鲑鱼蜕皮后因鲑虱引起的死亡率进行评估。作为一项案例研究,我们调查了一个特定的水产养殖密集区如何充分降低虱子水平,以实现对野生鲑鱼的低影响。虚拟蜕皮后模型使用鱼类养殖场报告的鲑虱数量数据作为关键输入数据,并估算蜕皮后野生外迁大西洋鲑鱼因鲑虱引起的死亡率,对该模型输出结果的分析表明,当地养殖场的雌虱数量必须在春季减少一半,才能达到交通灯系统所暗示的目标。模拟拟议的协调生产和休耕新计划的建模结果证明是有益的,总体上减少了虱子侵扰和治疗工作。然而,在这种情况下,春季虱子数量的年际变异性增加,这意味着当许多农场进入第二个生产年时,虱子数量高得令人无法接受。然后,我们将协调生产与其他虱子控制措施相结合。只有降低研究区域开放式网箱养殖鲑鱼密度的措施才能将鲑鱼虱害降低到可接受的水平。这可以通过放养较大的鱼类以减少暴露时间,或通过减少鱼类数量(如在封闭单元中生产)来实现。
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引用次数: 0
Searching for common patterns in parasite ecology: species and host contributions to beta-diversity in helminths of South African ungulates and fleas of South American rodents 寻找寄生虫生态学中的共同模式:物种和宿主对南非有蹄类动物蠕虫和南美啮齿动物跳蚤β多样性的贡献
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.001
Ivan G. Horak , Joop Boomker , Vasily I. Grabovsky , Irina S. Khokhlova , Kerstin Junker , Juliana P. Sanchez , M. Fernanda López Berrizbeitia , Boris R. Krasnov

We searched for common patterns in parasite ecology by investigating species and host contributions to the beta-diversity of infracommunities (=assemblages of parasites harboured by a host individual) in helminths of three species of South African ungulates and fleas of 11 species of South American rodents, assuming that a comparison of patterns in distinctly different parasites and hosts would allow us to judge the generality or, at least, commonness of these patterns. We used data on species’ composition and numbers of parasites and asked whether (i) parasite species’ attributes (life cycle, transmission mode, and host specificity in helminths; possession of sclerotized combs, microhabitat preference, and host specificity in fleas) or their population structure (mean abundance and/or prevalence) and (ii) host characteristics (sex and age) affect parasite and host species’ contributions to parasite beta-diversity (SCBD and HCBD, respectively). We found that parasite species’ morphological and ecological attributes were mostly not associated with their SCBD. In contrast, parasite SCBD, in both ungulates and rodents, significantly increased with either parasite mean abundance or prevalence or both. The effect of host characteristics on HCBD was detected in a few hosts only. In general, parasite infracommunities’ beta-diversity appeared to be driven by variation in parasite species rather than the uniqueness of the assemblages harboured by individual hosts. We conclude that some ecological patterns (such as the relationships between SCBD and parasite abundance/prevalence) appear to be common and do not differ between different host-parasite associations in different geographic regions, whereas other patterns (the relationships between SCBD and parasite species’ attributes) are contingent and depend on parasite and host identities.

我们通过调查南非三种有蹄类动物的蠕虫和南美洲 11 种啮齿类动物的跳蚤中的寄生虫物种和宿主对次级群落(=宿主个体寄生的寄生虫集合体)β-多样性的贡献,寻找寄生虫生态学中的共同模式,假定对截然不同的寄生虫和宿主的模式进行比较将使我们能够判断这些模式的普遍性或至少是共同性。我们使用了关于寄生虫物种组成和数量的数据,并询问:(i) 寄生虫物种的属性(蠕虫的生命周期、传播方式和宿主特异性;跳蚤的硬质栉、微生境偏好和宿主特异性)或其种群结构(平均丰度和/或流行率)以及 (ii) 宿主特征(性别和年龄)是否会影响寄生虫和宿主物种对寄生虫贝塔多样性(SCBD 和 HCBD)的贡献。我们发现,寄生虫物种的形态和生态属性大多与其 SCBD 无关。相反,有蹄类和啮齿类动物的寄生虫 SCBD 会随着寄生虫平均丰度或流行率或两者的增加而显著增加。宿主特征对寄生虫繁殖力的影响仅在少数宿主身上有所体现。总的来说,寄生虫次群落的贝塔多样性似乎是由寄生虫种类的变化而非单个宿主所寄生的寄生虫群落的独特性所驱动的。我们的结论是,某些生态模式(如SCBD与寄生虫丰度/流行率之间的关系)似乎是共同的,在不同地理区域的不同宿主-寄生虫关联之间没有差异,而其他模式(SCBD与寄生虫物种属性之间的关系)则是偶然的,取决于寄生虫和宿主的特性。
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引用次数: 0
Enigmatic host-mite relationships: Unraveling the distribution of quill mites on Birds-of-Paradise 神秘的寄主-螨虫关系:揭开翮螨在天堂鸟身上的分布之谜
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.007
Maciej Skoracki , Markus Unsoeld , Jakub Z. Kosicki , Roland R. Melzer , Stefan Friedrich , Bozena Sikora

Mites of the family Syringophilidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata: Cheyletoidea) are permanent and obligatory parasites of birds. This study presents an analysis of mite material collected from 22 avian species belonging to the family Paradisaeidae (Passeriformes), revealing the presence of four mite species belonging to four genera: Syringophiloidus attenboroughi n. sp., Peristerophila regiusi n. comb., Picobia frankei, and Gunabopicobia garylarsoni. In the present work, the genus Neoperisterophila is synonymized with the genus Peristerophila. While the genera Syringophiloidus and Picobia were expectedly found on paradisaeid birds, given their prevalence in passerines, the presence of Peristerophila and Gunabopicobia was intriguing, suggesting potential host-switching events. The specificity of these mites varies, with some showing occurrence on hosts of closely related genera and others infesting phylogenetically distant hosts. Notably, the distribution of specific mite species on the Birds-of-Paradise appears to be influenced by both long coevolutionary histories and incidental contacts between often unrelated or intergeneric hybrid species of paradisaeid birds. Furthermore, our research of 104 specimens from 22 Birds-of-Paradise species shows generally low infestation rates across the studied species, suggesting a nuanced interaction between these mites and their avian hosts. Additionally, our network analysis provides a deeper understanding of these host-parasite interactions, revealing a high level of specialization and complexity in these ecological relationships.

恙螨科螨属(螨形目:原螨科:恙螨属)是鸟类的永久性和强制性寄生虫。本研究分析了从属于鹦鹉螺科(Passeriformes)的 22 种鸟类身上采集的螨类材料,发现了属于四个属的四个螨种:n. sp.属、n. comb.属、Ⅳ属和Ⅴ属。 在本研究中,Ⅳ属与Ⅴ属同名。鉴于螨属和属在雀形目鸟类中的普遍存在,在天堂鸟身上发现这两个属是意料之中的事。这些螨虫的特异性各不相同,有些出现在近亲属的寄主上,有些则侵扰系统发育上较远的寄主。值得注意的是,天堂鸟上特定螨类的分布似乎受到了长期共同进化史以及天堂鸟中通常不相关或属间杂交物种之间偶然接触的影响。此外,我们对来自 22 个天堂鸟物种的 104 份标本进行的研究表明,所研究物种的螨虫感染率普遍较低,这表明这些螨虫与其鸟类宿主之间存在着微妙的相互作用。此外,我们的网络分析对这些寄主与寄生虫之间的相互作用有了更深入的了解,揭示了这些生态关系的高度专业化和复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the impact of epidemiological and clinical factors on the progression of canine leishmaniosis by statistical and whole genome analyses: from breed predisposition to comorbidities 通过统计和全基因组分析探讨流行病学和临床因素对犬利什曼病进展的影响:从品种易感性到合并症
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.006
Carolina R. Sanz , Juliana Sarquis , María Ángeles Daza , Guadalupe Miró

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a complex disease of growing importance in Europe. Clinical manifestations result from the down-modulation of the host immune response through multiple host-parasite interactions. Although several factors might influence CanL progression, this is the first known study evaluating risk factors for its different clinical stages in a large referral hospital population (n = 35.669) from an endemic area, over a 20 year period. Genome-wide scans for selection signatures were also conducted to explore the genomic component of clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection. The prevalence of CanL was 3.2% (16.7% stage I; 43.6% stage II; 32.1% stage III; 7.6% stage IV). Dog breed (crossbreed), bodyweight (<10 kg), living conditions (indoors), regular deworming treatment, and being vaccinated against Leishmania significantly decreased the transmission risk and the risk for developing severe clinical forms. Conversely, the detection of comorbidities was associated with advanced clinical forms, particularly chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, cryptorchidism, infectious tracheobronchitis and urate urolithiasis, although those did not impact the clinical outcome. Significant associations between an increased risk of severe clinical stages and findings in the anamnesis (renal or skin-related manifestations) and physical examination (ocular findings) were also detected, highlighting their diagnostic value in referred cases of CanL. Sixteen breeds were found to be significantly more susceptible to developing severe stages of leishmaniosis (e.g. Great Dane, Rottweiler, English Springer Spaniel, Boxer, American Staffordshire Terrier, Golden Retriever), while 20 breeds displayed a clinical resistantance phenotype and, thus, are more likely to mount an efficient immune response against L. infantum (e.g. Pointer, Samoyed, Spanish Mastiff, Spanish Greyhound, English Setter, Siberian Husky). Genomic analyses of these breeds retrieved 12 regions under selection, 63 candidate genes and pinpointed multiple biological pathways such as the IRE1 branch of the unfolded protein response, which could play a critical role in clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection.

犬利什曼病(CanL)是一种复杂的疾病,在欧洲的重要性与日俱增。通过宿主与寄生虫之间的多重相互作用,宿主的免疫反应发生下调,从而导致临床表现。尽管有多种因素可能会影响卡氏锥虫病的发展,但这是第一项已知的研究,它评估了流行地区大型转诊医院人群(= 35.669)在 20 年间不同临床阶段的风险因素。研究还对选择特征进行了全基因组扫描,以探索临床感染易感性的基因组成分。CanL的发病率为3.2%(16.7%为I期;43.6%为II期;32.1%为III期;7.6%为IV期)。狗的品种(杂交)、体重(小于 10 千克)、生活条件(室内)、定期驱虫治疗和接种疫苗都能显著降低传播风险和出现严重临床症状的风险。相反,合并症的发现与晚期临床症状有关,特别是慢性肾病、肿瘤、隐睾症、感染性气管支气管炎和尿酸盐性尿路结石,尽管这些疾病对临床结果没有影响。此外,还发现严重临床阶段风险的增加与病史(肾脏或皮肤相关表现)和体格检查(眼部检查结果)结果之间存在显著关联,这凸显了它们在 CanL 转诊病例中的诊断价值。研究发现,16 个品种(如大丹犬、罗威纳犬、英国史宾格猎犬、拳师犬、美国斯塔福德郡梗犬、金毛寻回猎犬)更易患利什曼病的严重阶段,而 20 个品种(如尖吻犬、萨摩耶犬、西班牙獒犬、西班牙灰猎犬、英国赛特犬、西伯利亚哈士奇犬)表现出临床抵抗表型,因此更有可能对其产生有效的免疫反应。对这些品种的基因组分析检索出了 12 个选择区域、63 个候选基因,并确定了多种生物通路,如未折叠蛋白反应的 IRE1 分支,这些通路可能在临床感染易感性中发挥关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in human cases in five Finnish hospital districts during 2021: first findings of Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) in Finland 2021 年芬兰五个医院区人类病例中隐孢子虫属的分子特征:芬兰首次发现 Mortiferum 隐孢子虫(花斑隐孢子虫基因型 I
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.002
Tessa Häkkänen , Ruska Rimhanen-Finne , Jenni Antikainen , Eeva Ruotsalainen , Anni Vainio

The aims of the study were to characterise the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. and subtypes causing infections in Finland during 2021. This was carried out with 60 clinical samples from the hospital districts of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Vaasa, Kymenlaakso, South Karelia, and Central Finland, as well as with Finnish Infectious Diseases Register (FIDR) data. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the potential exposures related to Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) infections via interview. Species identification was carried out with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and 18S sequencing. Further typing was performed with gp60 subtyping. Over 70% of the samples were identified as Cryptosporidium parvum and 20% as C. mortiferum, which had not been identified in Finland before. Two cases of Cryptosporidium hominis were identified from patients reported to have travelled outside Europe. The C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 and the C. mortiferum subtype XIVaA20G2T1 were the most common subtypes identified. The interviewed C. mortiferum cases did not report shared exposures such as contact with wild rodents. In conclusion, C. parvum and C. mortiferum were the major causes of cryptosporidiosis in the five studied Finnish hospital districts.

这项研究的目的是确定2021年期间芬兰隐孢子虫属和亚型感染的分布特征。这项研究使用了来自赫尔辛基、乌西马(Uusimaa)、瓦萨(Vaasa)、凯门拉克索(Kymenlaakso)、南卡累利阿(South Karelia)和芬兰中部医院地区的60份临床样本,以及芬兰传染病登记册(FIDR)数据。此外,该研究还旨在通过访谈的方式,探究隐孢子虫(花栗鼠隐孢子虫基因型I)感染的潜在风险。通过实时定量 PCR(qPCR)和 18S 测序进行了物种鉴定。通过 gp60 亚型进行进一步分型。超过 70% 的样本被鉴定为副猪隐孢子虫,20% 的样本被鉴定为C. mortiferum,这两种隐孢子虫以前从未在芬兰被鉴定过。有两例人型隐孢子虫病例是从据报告曾在欧洲以外旅行的患者身上发现的。最常见的亚型为副猪嗜血杆菌亚型 IIaA15G2R1 和 C. mortiferum 亚型 XIVaA20G2T1。受访的鼠疫杆菌病例没有报告与野生啮齿动物接触等共同接触的情况。总之,在所研究的五个芬兰医院地区,隐孢子虫病的主要致病菌是副猪嗜血杆菌(C. parvum)和莫氏隐孢子虫(C. mortiferum)。
{"title":"Molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in human cases in five Finnish hospital districts during 2021: first findings of Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) in Finland","authors":"Tessa Häkkänen ,&nbsp;Ruska Rimhanen-Finne ,&nbsp;Jenni Antikainen ,&nbsp;Eeva Ruotsalainen ,&nbsp;Anni Vainio","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aims of the study were to characterise the distribution of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. and subtypes causing infections in Finland during 2021. This was carried out with 60 clinical samples from the hospital districts of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Vaasa, Kymenlaakso, South Karelia, and Central Finland, as well as with Finnish Infectious Diseases Register (FIDR) data. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the potential exposures related to <em>Cryptosporidium mortiferum</em> (<em>Cryptosporidium</em> chipmunk genotype I) infections via interview. Species identification was carried out with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and 18S sequencing. Further typing was performed with <em>gp</em>60 subtyping. Over 70% of the samples were identified as <em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> and 20% as <em>C. mortiferum</em>, which had not been identified in Finland before. Two cases of <em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em> were identified from patients reported to have travelled outside Europe. The <em>C. parvum</em> subtype IIaA15G2R1 and the <em>C. mortiferum</em> subtype XIVaA20G2T1 were the most common subtypes identified. The interviewed <em>C. mortiferum</em> cases did not report shared exposures such as contact with wild rodents. In conclusion, <em>C. parvum</em> and <em>C. mortiferum</em> were the major causes of cryptosporidiosis in the five studied Finnish hospital districts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13725,"journal":{"name":"International journal for parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020751924000134/pdfft?md5=5a2c45c0fc4306e2f28dd86fc1e52491&pid=1-s2.0-S0020751924000134-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139500201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geographic expansion of Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) due to changes in land use and cover in Brazil 巴西土地利用和植被变化导致肝吸虫(林尼厄斯,1758 年)的地理分布扩大
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.12.003
Thayany Magalhães de Almeida, Irineu Romero Neto, Yara de Oliveira Brandão, Marcelo Beltrão Molento

Fasciolosis is caused by parasites of the genus Fasciola, affecting animals and humans worldwide. In South America, the disease is a result of infection with Fasciola hepatica and although animal infections are more frequently reported, the full extent of the impact on human health due to underdiagnosis remains uncertain. This study analyzed changes in land use and the distribution of F. hepatica in bovine livers in Brazil over 18 years. Data on land use and land cover were collected from the Mapbiomas Project. Data on 414,481,963 slaughtered cattle and condemned livers due to F. hepatica infection were obtained from 4,433 municipalities. Joinpoint analysis was used to study the time series, and the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model was utilized to explore the behavior of F. hepatica infection. In the North, pasture areas significantly increased (P = 0.000001), while forested areas decreased (P = 0.000001). The midwestern and northern regions concentrated the highest number (>290 million) of cattle slaughtered in Brazil. More than 2 million bovine livers were infected by F. hepatica. The infected cattle originated from 194 municipalities in 2002, increasing to 747 in 2020. We consider that the changes in land use and intense cattle transportation may have caused the expansion of F. hepatica. The SIR model analyzed the spread of the disease looking at all six biomes: Caatinga, Amazon Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa. Moreover, this infection not only threatens the health of animals but is also a major concern to biodiversity and vulnerable human communities in South America. Emblematic biomes such as the Amazon basin already face challenges with logging, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, strategies for mitigating infection should include controlling illegal pasture areas, establishing health inspections of animal transport, quarantine of newly arrived animals, and livestock zoning, as well as clear One Health policies.

法氏囊病是由法氏囊属寄生虫引起的,影响世界各地的动物和人类。在南美洲,该病是由肝脏法氏囊感染所致,虽然动物感染的报道较多,但由于诊断不足而对人类健康造成的全面影响仍不确定。这项研究分析了巴西 18 年来土地利用的变化和牛肝中肝包虫病的分布情况。有关土地利用和土地覆盖的数据来自 Mapbiomas 项目。从 4,433 个城市获得了 414,481,963 头屠宰牛和因感染肝包虫病而被销毁的牛肝的数据。利用连接点分析研究时间序列,并利用易感-感染-恢复(SIR)模型探讨肝吸虫感染的行为。在北方,牧场面积显著增加(P = 0.000001),而森林面积减少(P = 0.000001)。中西部和北部地区集中了巴西数量最多的牛群(2.9 亿头)。超过 200 万头牛的肝脏受到肝吸虫感染。2002 年,受感染的牛来自 194 个城市,2020 年将增至 747 个。我们认为,土地使用的变化和密集的牛群运输可能导致了肝包虫病的蔓延。SIR 模型分析了该疾病在所有六个生物群落中的传播情况:卡廷加、亚马逊森林、塞拉多、潘塔纳尔、大西洋森林和潘帕。此外,这种传染病不仅威胁着动物的健康,也是南美洲生物多样性和脆弱人类社区的一大隐患。亚马逊流域等标志性生物群落已经面临伐木、荒漠化和生物多样性丧失等挑战。因此,减少感染的战略应包括控制非法牧场、对动物运输进行卫生检查、对新到动物进行检疫、划分畜牧区以及明确的 "一个健康 "政策。
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引用次数: 0
Laboratory and field validation of the recombinase polymerase amplification assay targeting the Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial minisatellite region (SmMIT-RPA) for snail xenomonitoring for schistosomiasis 针对曼氏血吸虫线粒体小卫星区域(SmMIT-RPA)的重组酶聚合酶扩增测定在血吸虫病钉螺异种监测中的实验室和现场验证
IF 4 2区 医学 Q1 Immunology and Microbiology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.005
Silvia Gonçalves Mesquita , Grace Gadd , Fernanda Sales Coelho , Adam Cieplinski , Aidan Emery , Elena Birgitta Lugli , Taynãna César Simões , Cristina Toscano Fonseca , Roberta Lima Caldeira , Bonnie Webster

Improvements in diagnostics for schistosomiasis in both humans and snail hosts are priorities to be able to reach the World Health Organization (WHO) goal of eliminating the disease as a public health problem by 2030. In this context, molecular isothermal amplification tests, such as Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA), are promising for use in endemic areas at the point-of-need for their accuracy, robustness, simplicity, and time-effectiveness. The developed recombinase polymerase amplification assay targeting the Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial minisatellite region (SmMIT-RPA) was used to detect S. mansoni DNA from both laboratory and field Biomphalaria snails. Laboratory snails were experimentally infected and used at one, seven, and 28 days post-exposure (dpe) to 10 S. mansoni miracidia to provide samples in the early pre-patent infection stage. Field samples of Biomphalaria spp. were collected from the Mucuri Valley and Jequitinhonha Valley regions in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, which are endemic for S. mansoni. The sensitivity and specificity of the SmMIT-RPA assay were analysed and compared with existing loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), PCR-based methods, parasitological examination of the snails, and nucleotide sequencing. The SmMIT-RPA assay was able to detect S. mansoni DNA in the experimentally infected Biomphalaria glabrata as early as one dpe to 10 miracidia. It also detected S. mansoni infections (55.5% prevalence) in the field samples with the highest accuracy (100% sensitivity and specificity) compared with the other molecular tests used as the reference. Results from this study indicate that the SmMIT-RPA assay is a good alternative test to be used for snail xenomonitoring of S. mansoni due to its high sensitivity, accuracy, and the possibility of detecting early pre-patent infection. Its simplicity and portability also make it a suitable methodology in low-resource settings.

要实现世界卫生组织(WHO)到 2030 年消除血吸虫病这一公共卫生问题的目标,必须优先改进人类和钉螺宿主的血吸虫病诊断方法。在此背景下,分子等温扩增测试(如重组酶聚合酶扩增法(RPA))因其准确性、稳健性、简便性和时效性,有望在血吸虫病流行地区的需要点使用。针对曼氏血吸虫线粒体小卫星区(SmMIT-RPA)开发的重组酶聚合酶扩增检测法被用于检测实验室和野外生物法螺中的曼氏血吸虫 DNA。实验室蜗牛经实验感染了曼氏血吸虫,并在接触 10 个曼氏血吸虫弧菌后的 1 天、7 天和 28 天(dpe)提供了早期前感染阶段的样本。从巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的 Mucuri 山谷和 Jequitinhonha 山谷采集了生物脑属的野外样本,这两个地区是曼森氏杆菌的流行区。分析了 SmMIT-RPA 检测方法的灵敏度和特异性,并与现有的环介导等温扩增(LAMP)、基于 PCR 的方法、蜗牛寄生虫学检查和核苷酸测序进行了比较。SmMIT-RPA 检测法能够检测到实验感染的光头沼泽生物(Biomphalaria glabrata)中早在 1 dpe 至 10 miracidia 的曼森氏杆菌 DNA。它还能检测出野外样本中的曼森氏杆菌感染(感染率为 55.5%),其准确性(灵敏度和特异性均为 100%)高于作为参考的其他分子检测方法。这项研究的结果表明,SmMIT-RPA 检测法灵敏度高、准确性高,而且可以检测到早期的专利前感染,因此是用于曼氏蜗牛异种监测的一种很好的替代检测方法。它的简便性和便携性也使其成为一种适用于低资源环境的方法。
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引用次数: 0
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International journal for parasitology
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