The present paper dealt with the finite element analysis (FE) analyzing the taper angle design of aluminum/E-glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid tubes. This study investigated the crushing characteristics involving peak crush force (PCF), crush force efficiency (CFE) and specific energy absorption (SEA) capacity of thirty different configurations of hybrid tubes. Three types of geometries were studied numerically, including circular, square and hexagonal. The structures evaluated included circular hybrid tubes fabricated with aluminum alloy and composite. The hybrid structures were subjected to axial impact loads using a 750-kg rigid impactor with an initial velocity of 15 m/s. It was found that the crashworthiness performance increased with increasing taper angle. The SEA and CFE values of the circular hybrid tube with a 10° taper angle were high in the other square and hexagonal hybrid tubes. That hybrid structure can preferable as impact energy absorber due to the ability to withstand axial impact loads effectively.
本文对铝/ e -玻璃纤维增强聚合物杂化管的锥度角设计进行了有限元分析。研究了30种不同结构的混合动力管的破碎特性，包括峰值破碎力(PCF)、破碎力效率(CFE)和比能吸收(SEA)能力。对三种几何形状进行了数值研究，包括圆形、正方形和六边形。评估的结构包括由铝合金和复合材料制成的圆形杂化管。混合结构采用750公斤的刚性冲击器，初始速度为15米/秒，承受轴向冲击载荷。结果表明，随着锥度角的增大，耐撞性能有所提高。锥形角为10°的圆形杂化管SEA和CFE值高于其他方形和六边形杂化管。该混合动力结构能够有效地承受轴向冲击载荷，可以作为冲击能量吸收器。
{"title":"Effect of taper angle on crashworthiness performance in hybrid tubes","authors":"M. Altin","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.638953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.638953","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper dealt with the finite element analysis (FE) analyzing the taper angle design of aluminum/E-glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid tubes. This study investigated the crushing characteristics involving peak crush force (PCF), crush force efficiency (CFE) and specific energy absorption (SEA) capacity of thirty different configurations of hybrid tubes. Three types of geometries were studied numerically, including circular, square and hexagonal. The structures evaluated included circular hybrid tubes fabricated with aluminum alloy and composite. The hybrid structures were subjected to axial impact loads using a 750-kg rigid impactor with an initial velocity of 15 m/s. It was found that the crashworthiness performance increased with increasing taper angle. The SEA and CFE values of the circular hybrid tube with a 10° taper angle were high in the other square and hexagonal hybrid tubes. That hybrid structure can preferable as impact energy absorber due to the ability to withstand axial impact loads effectively.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"4 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90289752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stratification is seen as a prominent technique for improving the performance of spark ignition engines especially at part loads. Though rotary engines have high specific power, they suffer high fuel consumption and HC emission. For this reason, direct injection methods in rotary engines have been investigated since they were introduced to the market. In this study, early direct injection in a side ported rotary engine was investigated by using CFD techniques. The aim of the study is to obtain the potential of low pressure direct injection method on mixture formation process. Geometrical model of Mazda Renesis engine that were modified as a single rotor engine for research activities was used in the modeling studies. Fuel was injected directly to the chamber from present oil hole location that has less geometrical constraints than any other location of the Renesis engine. Simulations were done for 2000 rpm which is a typical part load operation point of the engine. In numerical calculations, RNG k-e model was used as the turbulence model; spray breakup was modeled by the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model. Flow pattern of intake air and fuel droplet distributions were investigated for a possibility of having rich mixture around spark plugs. The results showed that swirl-like motion of the side ported engine inhibits fuel spray to accumulate in the middle of the combustion chamber. Fuel droplets were driven to the counter side of the inlet wall by centrifugal force of the inlet air. This effect reduced as the swirl flow diminishes due to sweeping motion of the rotor. It is observed that the main flow in the chamber is converted to the tumble-like flow at middle and last part of the compression stroke.
{"title":"Fuel-air mixing process of low pressure direct injection in a side ported rotary engine","authors":"O. Taskiran","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.608961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.608961","url":null,"abstract":"Stratification is seen as a prominent technique for improving the performance of spark ignition engines especially at part loads. Though rotary engines have high specific power, they suffer high fuel consumption and HC emission. For this reason, direct injection methods in rotary engines have been investigated since they were introduced to the market. In this study, early direct injection in a side ported rotary engine was investigated by using CFD techniques. The aim of the study is to obtain the potential of low pressure direct injection method on mixture formation process. Geometrical model of Mazda Renesis engine that were modified as a single rotor engine for research activities was used in the modeling studies. Fuel was injected directly to the chamber from present oil hole location that has less geometrical constraints than any other location of the Renesis engine. Simulations were done for 2000 rpm which is a typical part load operation point of the engine. In numerical calculations, RNG k-e model was used as the turbulence model; spray breakup was modeled by the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model. Flow pattern of intake air and fuel droplet distributions were investigated for a possibility of having rich mixture around spark plugs. The results showed that swirl-like motion of the side ported engine inhibits fuel spray to accumulate in the middle of the combustion chamber. Fuel droplets were driven to the counter side of the inlet wall by centrifugal force of the inlet air. This effect reduced as the swirl flow diminishes due to sweeping motion of the rotor. It is observed that the main flow in the chamber is converted to the tumble-like flow at middle and last part of the compression stroke.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":"186-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89555889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new design of the micropatch antenna for GPS applications is studied. 70 antenna iterations working around the L1 band (1575 MHz) with different sized quarter-circular slots on the patch are designed and simulated. In parallel, “design dimensional parameters (“r” slot radius and “h” substrate thickness) and antenna resonant frequencies according to parameters” are applied to curve fitting algorithm and an equation for resonance frequency is obtained based on r and h. The resonance frequency values obtained by proposed equation are compared with simulations.
{"title":"A new design micropatch antenna for GPS applications on vehicle navigation systems","authors":"Fatih Imamoglu, E. Karpat","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.571923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.571923","url":null,"abstract":"A new design of the micropatch antenna for GPS applications is studied. 70 antenna iterations working around the L1 band (1575 MHz) with different sized quarter-circular slots on the patch are designed and simulated. In parallel, “design dimensional parameters (“r” slot radius and “h” substrate thickness) and antenna resonant frequencies according to parameters” are applied to curve fitting algorithm and an equation for resonance frequency is obtained based on r and h. The resonance frequency values obtained by proposed equation are compared with simulations.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"44 1","pages":"172-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87703326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vehicle ride comfort is a function of the frequency of transmitting vibrations to passengers from road irregularities. The objective of this research is to provide a systematic method into the requirement of the passive suspension based on genetic algorithm (GA). Objective function of GA method is driver’s seat acceleration to provide driver ride comfort. The passive suspension damping coefficient and driver’s seat suspension damping coefficient have been optimized. In this paper, a vehicle with eight degrees of freedom has been simulated to achieve driver’s seat comfort. Analytical results explained by mathematical equations presented in the graphical form have been included.
{"title":"Suspension damping optimization using genetic algorithms","authors":"A. Hemati, A. Shooshtari","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.531810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.531810","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle ride comfort is a function of the frequency of transmitting vibrations to passengers from road irregularities. The objective of this research is to provide a systematic method into the requirement of the passive suspension based on genetic algorithm (GA). Objective function of GA method is driver’s seat acceleration to provide driver ride comfort. The passive suspension damping coefficient and driver’s seat suspension damping coefficient have been optimized. In this paper, a vehicle with eight degrees of freedom has been simulated to achieve driver’s seat comfort. Analytical results explained by mathematical equations presented in the graphical form have been included.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"29 1","pages":"178-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75251680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to determine the availability of canola oil methyl ester as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and by adding canola oil methyl ester and hydrogen to diesel fuel. This study was carried out experimentally and numerically. The engine was studied at 2000 rpm speed and full load. The analyzes carried out in the AVL-FIRE ESE Diesel part. In-cylinder combustion and emission analyzes were examined experimentally by adding 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) of the canola oil methyl ester to the diesel (D100) fuel. Also, hydrogen fuel by the amount of 3% and 6% of the mass were added to diesel and biodiesel mixture fuels to eliminate some disadvantages of biodiesel fuels. The obtained findings in experimental and numerical studies were similar to each other. The similarity of these results was also validated by numerical studies using hydrogen. The boundary conditions obtained in experimental studies were determined, and the effect of hydrogen fuel on temperature, in-cylinder pressure, spray distribution and CO formation were examined numerically. In the experimental studies conducted with D100, B10 and B20 fuels, the maximum pressures in-cylinder were measured as 87 bar, 88 bar and 89.09 bar respectively. In numerical results, these values were recorded as 90.02, 90 and 93.8 bar respectively. Addition of 3% and 6% hydrogen to these three different fuel mixtures increased in-cylinder pressures and temperatures. Also, in-cylinder droplet diameters with the addition of hydrogen decreased in all test fuels. This situation led to a reduction in CO emissions.
{"title":"Investigation of combustion and emission in a DI diesel engine fueled with hydrogen-biodiesel blends","authors":"Ö. Cihan, I. Temizer","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.623898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.623898","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to determine the availability of canola oil methyl ester as an alternative fuel in diesel engines and by adding canola oil methyl ester and hydrogen to diesel fuel. This study was carried out experimentally and numerically. The engine was studied at 2000 rpm speed and full load. The analyzes carried out in the AVL-FIRE ESE Diesel part. In-cylinder combustion and emission analyzes were examined experimentally by adding 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) of the canola oil methyl ester to the diesel (D100) fuel. Also, hydrogen fuel by the amount of 3% and 6% of the mass were added to diesel and biodiesel mixture fuels to eliminate some disadvantages of biodiesel fuels. The obtained findings in experimental and numerical studies were similar to each other. The similarity of these results was also validated by numerical studies using hydrogen. The boundary conditions obtained in experimental studies were determined, and the effect of hydrogen fuel on temperature, in-cylinder pressure, spray distribution and CO formation were examined numerically. In the experimental studies conducted with D100, B10 and B20 fuels, the maximum pressures in-cylinder were measured as 87 bar, 88 bar and 89.09 bar respectively. In numerical results, these values were recorded as 90.02, 90 and 93.8 bar respectively. Addition of 3% and 6% hydrogen to these three different fuel mixtures increased in-cylinder pressures and temperatures. Also, in-cylinder droplet diameters with the addition of hydrogen decreased in all test fuels. This situation led to a reduction in CO emissions.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"4 1","pages":"150-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90589740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy is an indispensable requirement for both developed and developing societies today. However, most of the energy needs are met by fossil fuels, these resources are not renewable. Many countries are evaluating alternative sources to meet energy demand and to sustain development. In this study, oil was obtained by using Prunus avium kernels, also known as Turkish Cherry cultivated from Pozanti which is on the Taurus Mountains. Oil characterization was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and free fatty acids were determined. Oleic acid (C18:1) and Linoleic acid (C18:2) determined as 38.938 and 40.963 respectively. The free fatty acids were then evaluated using the Biodiesel Analyzer v1.2 program. The predicted results were the t otal percentage of monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 39.408, total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 41.042, Allylic Position Equivalents (APE) 121.146, Bisallylic position equivalents (BAPE) 41.220 respectively. On the other hand, L ong Chain Saturated Factor ( LCSF) is calculated as 3.624. Higher Heating Value (HHV) was calculated as 37.65Mj/kg, Cloud Point (CP) 0.099, Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) -5.091° C, Density (d) 0.838 (g/cm 3 ), Cetane Number (CN) 50.1, Iodine Value (IV) 109.878, Kinematic Viscosity 3.543, Flash Point (FP) 160.56, Saponification Value (SV) 191.354, and Oxidation Stability (OS) 5.468, respectively. As a result of this study, it was concluded that Prunus Avium kernel oil is a promising biodiesel candidate.
{"title":"Predicted fuel characteristics of prunus avium seed oil as a candidate for biodiesel production","authors":"Aslı Abdulvahitoğlu","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.625754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.625754","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is an indispensable requirement for both developed and developing societies today. However, most of the energy needs are met by fossil fuels, these resources are not renewable. Many countries are evaluating alternative sources to meet energy demand and to sustain development. In this study, oil was obtained by using Prunus avium kernels, also known as Turkish Cherry cultivated from Pozanti which is on the Taurus Mountains. Oil characterization was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and free fatty acids were determined. Oleic acid (C18:1) and Linoleic acid (C18:2) determined as 38.938 and 40.963 respectively. The free fatty acids were then evaluated using the Biodiesel Analyzer v1.2 program. The predicted results were the t otal percentage of monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 39.408, total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 41.042, Allylic Position Equivalents (APE) 121.146, Bisallylic position equivalents (BAPE) 41.220 respectively. On the other hand, L ong Chain Saturated Factor ( LCSF) is calculated as 3.624. Higher Heating Value (HHV) was calculated as 37.65Mj/kg, Cloud Point (CP) 0.099, Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) -5.091° C, Density (d) 0.838 (g/cm 3 ), Cetane Number (CN) 50.1, Iodine Value (IV) 109.878, Kinematic Viscosity 3.543, Flash Point (FP) 160.56, Saponification Value (SV) 191.354, and Oxidation Stability (OS) 5.468, respectively. As a result of this study, it was concluded that Prunus Avium kernel oil is a promising biodiesel candidate.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"71 1","pages":"165-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85739950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, waste transformer oil (WTO) was investigated as a fuel candidate for a diesel power generator set in terms of its fuel and combustion characteristics. Kinematic viscosity, which is the most restrictive property of WTO (9.6 mm 2 /s at 40 o C), was measured on different blends with a conventional diesel fuel (in 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% by volume) in order to detect the suitable blending ratio to be used in engine without any modification, and to propose some blending strategies to optimize engine performance and emissions. The blended fuels containing WTO up to 50% with diesel by volume were found to have a viscosity which is within standard value specified for conventional diesel fuels, i.e., 2.0-4.5 mm 2 /s in EN590, and in case 60% WTO, it agrees with EN14214 (3.5-5.0 mm 2 /s) alternative diesel fuel standards. It is also found that a fuel blend containing 20% WTO and 80% diesel have a kinematic viscosity and density which are very close to conventional diesel’ values. Therefore, WTO was blended with diesel at the rate of 20% by volume and then tested in a 4-stroke and 4-cylinder diesel engine powered generator set under constant speed-variable load conditions. Measured and calculated results were compared with the results of conventional diesel tested under the same conditions. Experimental results showed that specific fuel consumption, NO x and unburned HC emissions reduced when using blended fuel instead of conventional diesel. Cylinder gas pressure was higher for blended fuels than that of conventional diesel while the start of combustion was later in the case of blended fuels.
本文以废变压器油作为柴油发电机组的候选燃料，对其燃料特性和燃烧特性进行了研究。运动粘度是WTO最受限制的特性(在40℃时为9.6 mm 2 /s)，为了在不进行任何修改的情况下检测出适合发动机使用的混合比例，我们在不同的常规柴油混合物中(按体积计为10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90和100%)测量了运动粘度，并提出了优化发动机性能和排放的混合策略。按体积计，WTO与柴油含量高达50%的混合燃料的粘度在常规柴油规定的标准值范围内，即EN590中规定的2.0-4.5 mm 2 /s，如果WTO含量为60%，则符合EN14214 (3.5-5.0 mm 2 /s)替代柴油标准。还发现，含有20% WTO和80%柴油的混合燃料的运动粘度和密度与常规柴油的值非常接近。因此，将WTO与柴油按20%的体积比例混合，然后在一台四冲程四缸柴油机驱动的发电机组上进行恒速-变负荷条件下的试验。将实测和计算结果与常规柴油在相同条件下的试验结果进行了比较。实验结果表明，使用混合燃料替代传统柴油后，比油耗、nox和未燃烧HC排放均有所降低。混合燃料的气缸气体压力比传统柴油高，而混合燃料的燃烧开始时间较晚。
{"title":"The use of waste transformer oil as alternative fuel in a diesel power generator","authors":"A. Yildiz, Ş. Altun","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.564043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.564043","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, waste transformer oil (WTO) was investigated as a fuel candidate for a diesel power generator set in terms of its fuel and combustion characteristics. Kinematic viscosity, which is the most restrictive property of WTO (9.6 mm 2 /s at 40 o C), was measured on different blends with a conventional diesel fuel (in 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% by volume) in order to detect the suitable blending ratio to be used in engine without any modification, and to propose some blending strategies to optimize engine performance and emissions. The blended fuels containing WTO up to 50% with diesel by volume were found to have a viscosity which is within standard value specified for conventional diesel fuels, i.e., 2.0-4.5 mm 2 /s in EN590, and in case 60% WTO, it agrees with EN14214 (3.5-5.0 mm 2 /s) alternative diesel fuel standards. It is also found that a fuel blend containing 20% WTO and 80% diesel have a kinematic viscosity and density which are very close to conventional diesel’ values. Therefore, WTO was blended with diesel at the rate of 20% by volume and then tested in a 4-stroke and 4-cylinder diesel engine powered generator set under constant speed-variable load conditions. Measured and calculated results were compared with the results of conventional diesel tested under the same conditions. Experimental results showed that specific fuel consumption, NO x and unburned HC emissions reduced when using blended fuel instead of conventional diesel. Cylinder gas pressure was higher for blended fuels than that of conventional diesel while the start of combustion was later in the case of blended fuels.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83031506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motorcycle helmets are generally thought to be only protection of motorcycle drivers against head injuries as well as loud noise in traffic. While there have been several papers on noise elimination capabilities of motorcycle helmets, no controlled study has been reported to compare different types of test conditions in literature. The purpose of this study is to assess noise reduction capacities of a motorcycle helmet under different types of acoustical loadings as well as environments and to identify better test condition. Firstly, a Head & Torso simulator with and without the motorcycle helmet in a built acoustical cabinet was exposed to digitally generated sound to investigate insertion loss values. Besides, the Head & Torso simulator was fixed onto a motorcycle to simulate actual driving conditions. Sound pressure levels were captured at the ear level to obtain insertion loss values in case of motorcycle noise for different engine speeds. By comparing calculated insertion losses, it was revealed that considerable differences existed between tests for different conditions. Beneficial interpretations were deduced and thus, a practical solution was presented for accurate measurements acoustic performance of the motorcycle helmets in laboratory conditions.
{"title":"Experimental evaluation on noise reduction performance of a motorcycle helmet","authors":"M. S. Özer, Furkan Terzioglu, Sinem Öztürk","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.566705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.566705","url":null,"abstract":"Motorcycle helmets are generally thought to be only protection of motorcycle drivers against head injuries as well as loud noise in traffic. While there have been several papers on noise elimination capabilities of motorcycle helmets, no controlled study has been reported to compare different types of test conditions in literature. The purpose of this study is to assess noise reduction capacities of a motorcycle helmet under different types of acoustical loadings as well as environments and to identify better test condition. Firstly, a Head & Torso simulator with and without the motorcycle helmet in a built acoustical cabinet was exposed to digitally generated sound to investigate insertion loss values. Besides, the Head & Torso simulator was fixed onto a motorcycle to simulate actual driving conditions. Sound pressure levels were captured at the ear level to obtain insertion loss values in case of motorcycle noise for different engine speeds. By comparing calculated insertion losses, it was revealed that considerable differences existed between tests for different conditions. Beneficial interpretations were deduced and thus, a practical solution was presented for accurate measurements acoustic performance of the motorcycle helmets in laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87624660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experimental study focuses on unraveling the effects of compression ratio (CR) variation on performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine under various loads. The engine was fueled with 100% sunflower biodiesel (B100) and B100 with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, C 10 H 16 N 2 O 8 ) additive (B100+EDTA), separately, to determine fuel effect. Subsequent to determination of fuel properties, effects of these two fuels were compared under 3 different CRs. High hydrogen and oxygen contents, negligible chemical inactivity and high cetane number (CN) made EDTA an attractive additive for B100 in the context of engine characteristics. It was observed that, B100+EDTA depicted higher average values of 24.3%, 25.7% and 26.5% whereas they were 17.3%, 18.7% and 19.4% for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. In terms of BSFC, average B100 values were 17.3, 16.1, 14.8 (kJ/kWh) whereas 10.1, 9.2, 7.9 (kJ/kWh) for B100+EDTA under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. T e values were 265oC, 252oC and 234oC for B100+EDTA and 296oC, 281oC and 267oC for B100 at CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. CO values were 110, 103 and 96 (ppm) for B100; 82, 74 and 65 (ppm) for B100+EDTA under under in-question CRs. UHC values of 124, 115 and 98 (ppm) for B100+EDTA; 141, 134 and 119 (ppm) for B100 were obtained under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. CO 2 emission values were 4.2%, 5.7% and 6.3% (by vol.) for B100+EDTA; 3.4%, 3.9% and 5.1% for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. NO x values were 170, 192 and 210 (ppm) for B100+EDTA; 104, 126 and 137 (ppm) for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18 respectively. Smoke opacity values were 16%, 12% and 10% for B100+EDTA; 21%, 18% and 16% for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively.
本试验研究的重点是揭示在不同负荷下，压缩比(CR)变化对变压缩比(VCR)柴油机性能和排放特性的影响。分别以100%向日葵生物柴油(B100)和添加乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA, c10 H 16 N 2 O 8)添加剂(B100+EDTA)为燃料，测定发动机的燃油效果。在确定燃料性质之后，比较了这两种燃料在3种不同cr下的效果。高氢氧含量，可忽略不计的化学活性和高十六烷值(CN)使EDTA在发动机特性方面成为B100的有吸引力的添加剂。结果表明，B100+EDTA的平均含量分别为24.3%、25.7%和26.5%，而CRs为16、17和18时，B100的平均含量分别为17.3%、18.7%和19.4%。CRs为16、17和18时，B100+EDTA的平均B100值分别为17.3、16.1和14.8 (kJ/kWh)，而B100+EDTA的平均B100值分别为10.1、9.2和7.9 (kJ/kWh)。在CRs为16、17和18时，B100+EDTA的T值分别为265oC、252oC和234oC, B100的T值分别为296oC、281oC和267oC。B100的CO值分别为110、103和96 (ppm);B100+EDTA的浓度分别为82、74和65 (ppm)。B100+EDTA的UHC值分别为124、115和98 (ppm);CRs为16、17和18时，B100分别为141、134和119 (ppm)。B100+EDTA的co2排放量分别为4.2%、5.7%和6.3%(按体积计);CRs为16、17和18时，B100分别为3.4%、3.9%和5.1%。B100+EDTA的NO x值分别为170、192和210 (ppm);CRs为16、17和18时B100分别为104、126和137 (ppm)。B100+EDTA的烟不透明度值分别为16%、12%和10%;CRs为16、17和18时，B100分别为21%、18%和16%。
{"title":"Determination of effects of compression ratio variation on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with EDTA-doped sunflower biodiesel-petrodiesel","authors":"A. Yilmaz","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.593073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.593073","url":null,"abstract":"This experimental study focuses on unraveling the effects of compression ratio (CR) variation on performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine under various loads. The engine was fueled with 100% sunflower biodiesel (B100) and B100 with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, C 10 H 16 N 2 O 8 ) additive (B100+EDTA), separately, to determine fuel effect. Subsequent to determination of fuel properties, effects of these two fuels were compared under 3 different CRs. High hydrogen and oxygen contents, negligible chemical inactivity and high cetane number (CN) made EDTA an attractive additive for B100 in the context of engine characteristics. It was observed that, B100+EDTA depicted higher average values of 24.3%, 25.7% and 26.5% whereas they were 17.3%, 18.7% and 19.4% for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. In terms of BSFC, average B100 values were 17.3, 16.1, 14.8 (kJ/kWh) whereas 10.1, 9.2, 7.9 (kJ/kWh) for B100+EDTA under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. T e values were 265oC, 252oC and 234oC for B100+EDTA and 296oC, 281oC and 267oC for B100 at CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. CO values were 110, 103 and 96 (ppm) for B100; 82, 74 and 65 (ppm) for B100+EDTA under under in-question CRs. UHC values of 124, 115 and 98 (ppm) for B100+EDTA; 141, 134 and 119 (ppm) for B100 were obtained under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. CO 2 emission values were 4.2%, 5.7% and 6.3% (by vol.) for B100+EDTA; 3.4%, 3.9% and 5.1% for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively. NO x values were 170, 192 and 210 (ppm) for B100+EDTA; 104, 126 and 137 (ppm) for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18 respectively. Smoke opacity values were 16%, 12% and 10% for B100+EDTA; 21%, 18% and 16% for B100 under CRs of 16, 17 and 18, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73674269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, biodiesel was produced by converting canola oil to biodiesel by transesterification method. The obtained canola biodiesel (B 100 ) and diesel fuel (D 100 ) were tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine to investigate noise emissions. In each fuel, the engine was operated under full load and as a result of the tests, noise values were measured at a distance of 50 cm from the four different points of the test engine and compared with the use of diesel fuel. During the noise emission measurements, the engine was brought to the test conditions in TS 1231 standard and the data were taken. The experiment values have complied with TS EN 590 for diesel fuel and TS EN 14214 for canola biodiesel. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that B 100 fuel was the ideal fuel type regarding noise emissions.
本研究以菜籽油为原料，通过酯交换法制备生物柴油。得到的油菜籽生物柴油(b100)和柴油(d100)在一台单缸、四冲程、水冷柴油发动机上进行了测试，以研究噪音排放。在每一种燃料下，发动机都在满负荷运转，作为测试的结果，在距离试验发动机四个不同点50厘米的距离处测量噪声值，并与使用柴油燃料进行比较。在噪声排放测试中，将发动机带到TS 1231标准的测试条件下，并进行了数据采集。实验值符合TS EN 590柴油标准和TS EN 14214油菜籽生物柴油标准。实验结果表明，b100燃料在噪声排放方面是理想的燃料类型。
{"title":"The impacts of diesel and canola biodiesel fuels on noise emission on diesel engines","authors":"F. Aydın","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.572324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.572324","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, biodiesel was produced by converting canola oil to biodiesel by transesterification method. The obtained canola biodiesel (B 100 ) and diesel fuel (D 100 ) were tested in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine to investigate noise emissions. In each fuel, the engine was operated under full load and as a result of the tests, noise values were measured at a distance of 50 cm from the four different points of the test engine and compared with the use of diesel fuel. During the noise emission measurements, the engine was brought to the test conditions in TS 1231 standard and the data were taken. The experiment values have complied with TS EN 590 for diesel fuel and TS EN 14214 for canola biodiesel. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that B 100 fuel was the ideal fuel type regarding noise emissions.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90210424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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