Biodiesel production from waste frying oil is important in terms of effectively utilizing waste and reducing production costs. It is important that the production method of biodiesel is environmentally friendly, economical, and sustainable. For this purpose, electrochemical transesterification process with stainless steel electrodes instead of rare metal electrodes was preferred in this study for biodiesel production. In this study, where SS304 class AISI 304 stainless steel was used as an electrode, biodiesel was produced from waste frying oil by electrochemical method. An electrolyte was prepared with 8:1 molar ratio of methanol, 2% by weight distilled water, 2% THF, 0.5% NaCl and waste frying oil. The conversion efficiency and fuel properties of biodiesel produced in the electrochemical process lasting 3 hours with a reaction voltage of 20 V were determined. The results were compared with biodiesel produced by conventional methods. According to the results, a conversion efficiency of 68% was achieved in the electrochemical process. Moreover, it has been determined that biodiesel properties are compatible with EN 14214.
{"title":"Biodiesel production from waste frying oil by electrochemical method using stainless steel electrode","authors":"M. Balki","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1440793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1440793","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel production from waste frying oil is important in terms of effectively utilizing waste and reducing production costs. It is important that the production method of biodiesel is environmentally friendly, economical, and sustainable. For this purpose, electrochemical transesterification process with stainless steel electrodes instead of rare metal electrodes was preferred in this study for biodiesel production. In this study, where SS304 class AISI 304 stainless steel was used as an electrode, biodiesel was produced from waste frying oil by electrochemical method. An electrolyte was prepared with 8:1 molar ratio of methanol, 2% by weight distilled water, 2% THF, 0.5% NaCl and waste frying oil. The conversion efficiency and fuel properties of biodiesel produced in the electrochemical process lasting 3 hours with a reaction voltage of 20 V were determined. The results were compared with biodiesel produced by conventional methods. According to the results, a conversion efficiency of 68% was achieved in the electrochemical process. Moreover, it has been determined that biodiesel properties are compatible with EN 14214.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electro Micro-Mobility (EMM) has widely increased in Today‘s transportation preferences. The suspension system design based on the road profile in E-Quadricycle needs further investigation to present more optimized EMM vehicles soon. In this study, the pedal-assisted Cargo E-Quadricycle is investigated based on powertrain system modeling considering suspension system design. System modeling is applied to have an optimized suspension system design specified for Cargo E-Quadricycle to provide more comfortable driving. To achieve these targets, one-dimensional physical modeling is obtained, and the key parameters for system design are defined based on the State-space system modeling definition. In the next phase, the suspension system is constructed as a passive-controlled type with assigned suspension parameters considering natural frequency to provide driving comfort in urban transportation. Because four-wheeler Pedal-Assisted Cargo E-Quadricycles have specific vehicle kinematics and dynamics based on their own limited acceleration system and vehicle design, this study presents the suspension system design steps and remarkable dynamic concerns.
{"title":"Suspension system design for pedal-assisted cargo E-quadricycle","authors":"M. Genç","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1290044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1290044","url":null,"abstract":"Electro Micro-Mobility (EMM) has widely increased in Today‘s transportation preferences. The suspension system design based on the road profile in E-Quadricycle needs further investigation to present more optimized EMM vehicles soon. In this study, the pedal-assisted Cargo E-Quadricycle is investigated based on powertrain system modeling considering suspension system design. System modeling is applied to have an optimized suspension system design specified for Cargo E-Quadricycle to provide more comfortable driving. To achieve these targets, one-dimensional physical modeling is obtained, and the key parameters for system design are defined based on the State-space system modeling definition. In the next phase, the suspension system is constructed as a passive-controlled type with assigned suspension parameters considering natural frequency to provide driving comfort in urban transportation. Because four-wheeler Pedal-Assisted Cargo E-Quadricycles have specific vehicle kinematics and dynamics based on their own limited acceleration system and vehicle design, this study presents the suspension system design steps and remarkable dynamic concerns.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140375128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exhaust mufflers are used in automobiles to prevent the noise arising from exhaust gases resulting from internal combustion engines. With the advancement of the automotive industry, exhaust mufflers have become more complex over time to reduce noise and increase driving comfort. Within the scope of this study, exhaust muffler geometries with different geometries have been designed, and harmonic acoustic analyses have been carried out. In the analysis, the airflow speed has been accepted as 30 m/s. Acoustic pressure and transmission loss data obtained because of analyses performed with 1Pa pressure input have been evaluated. As a result of the evaluations, it has been concluded that the muffler modeled in a complex structure has been better acoustically. Although the main task of exhaust muffler is to reduce the sound level at the exit of exhaust gases, it is also important to reduce the temperature of the air in the exhaust system and have good thermal conductivity so as not to jeopardize the thermal safety of the system. For this reason, CFD thermal flow analysis has been carried out with 4 different materials using a complex design with high acoustic efficiency. Gray cast iron, stainless steel, 1020 steel, and aluminum have been used as materials. In this part of the study, it has been determined that the use of aluminum material has been better in terms of thermal efficiency.
{"title":"Numerical investigation of the thermal and acoustic effect of material variations on the exhaust muffler","authors":"H. Kepekci, Mehmet Emin Agca","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1407245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1407245","url":null,"abstract":"Exhaust mufflers are used in automobiles to prevent the noise arising from exhaust gases resulting from internal combustion engines. With the advancement of the automotive industry, exhaust mufflers have become more complex over time to reduce noise and increase driving comfort. Within the scope of this study, exhaust muffler geometries with different geometries have been designed, and harmonic acoustic analyses have been carried out. In the analysis, the airflow speed has been accepted as 30 m/s. Acoustic pressure and transmission loss data obtained because of analyses performed with 1Pa pressure input have been evaluated. As a result of the evaluations, it has been concluded that the muffler modeled in a complex structure has been better acoustically. Although the main task of exhaust muffler is to reduce the sound level at the exit of exhaust gases, it is also important to reduce the temperature of the air in the exhaust system and have good thermal conductivity so as not to jeopardize the thermal safety of the system. For this reason, CFD thermal flow analysis has been carried out with 4 different materials using a complex design with high acoustic efficiency. Gray cast iron, stainless steel, 1020 steel, and aluminum have been used as materials. In this part of the study, it has been determined that the use of aluminum material has been better in terms of thermal efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"3 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kocakulak, Nurettin Mert Boyacioğlu, Yusuf Dağoğlu, Ahmet Uyumaz, F. Aksoy, E. Arabacı
In the present study, the influences of hexane addition to gasoline were researched on performance and exhaust emissions in a SI engine. It was aimed to increase engine performance and thermal efficiency of spark ignition engine. So, a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine was operated with gasoline and gasoline/hexane fuel volumetric mixtures (H10, H20, H30 and H40) at wide opening throttle (WOT) and 4000, 3600, 3200, 2800 and 2400 rpm. It was seen that engine torque and power output decreased while SFC increased with the addition of hexane in the fuel blends. Engine torque decreased by 5.69%, 7.66%, 10.80%, 14.86% with H10, H20, H30 and H40 compared to gasoline at 2800 rpm grespectively. Thermal efficiency declined by 3.27%, 7.50%, 8.95% and 11.12% using H10, H20, H30 and H40 test fuels compared to gasoline at 2800 rpm respectively. Higher CO and HC were measured with fuel blends according to gasoline for all test fuels. CO reduced by 3.77% with H40 compared to H10 at 3200 rpm. On the contrary, CO2 increased by 16.49% with H40 compared to H10 at 3600 rpm. HC increased by about 21.26% H40 compared to H10 at 3200 rpm. Although there is no positive difference on exhaust emissions and thermal efficiency is reduced, gasoline/hexane fuel mixtures can be used without modifications in SI engines.
在本研究中，研究了在汽油中添加正己烷对 SI 发动机性能和废气排放的影响。其目的是提高火花点火发动机的性能和热效率。因此，在宽油门（WOT）、4000、3600、3200、2800 和 2400 rpm 转速下，使用汽油和汽油/正己烷混合燃料（H10、H20、H30 和 H40）运行单缸四冲程 SI 发动机。结果表明，在混合燃料中添加正己烷后，发动机扭矩和功率输出下降，而 SFC 增加。在 2800 rpm 转速下，与汽油相比，H10、H20、H30 和 H40 的发动机扭矩分别下降了 5.69%、7.66%、10.80% 和 14.86%。在 2800 rpm 转速下，与汽油相比，使用 H10、H20、H30 和 H40 测试燃料的热效率分别下降了 3.27%、7.50%、8.95% 和 11.12%。在所有测试燃料中，与汽油相比，混合燃料测得的 CO 和 HC 都更高。在转速为 3200 rpm 时，与 H10 相比，使用 H40 时 CO 减少了 3.77%。相反，在转速为 3600 rpm 时，与 H10 相比，H40 的 CO2 增加了 16.49%。在转速为 3200 rpm 时，H40 比 H10 增加了约 21.26%。虽然在废气排放和热效率降低方面没有积极的差异，但汽油/正己烷混合燃料无需改装即可用于 SI 发动机。
{"title":"Experimental evaluation of gasoline-hexane fuel blends usage in a spark ignition engine","authors":"T. Kocakulak, Nurettin Mert Boyacioğlu, Yusuf Dağoğlu, Ahmet Uyumaz, F. Aksoy, E. Arabacı","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1382927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1382927","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the influences of hexane addition to gasoline were researched on performance and exhaust emissions in a SI engine. It was aimed to increase engine performance and thermal efficiency of spark ignition engine. So, a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine was operated with gasoline and gasoline/hexane fuel volumetric mixtures (H10, H20, H30 and H40) at wide opening throttle (WOT) and 4000, 3600, 3200, 2800 and 2400 rpm. It was seen that engine torque and power output decreased while SFC increased with the addition of hexane in the fuel blends. Engine torque decreased by 5.69%, 7.66%, 10.80%, 14.86% with H10, H20, H30 and H40 compared to gasoline at 2800 rpm grespectively. Thermal efficiency declined by 3.27%, 7.50%, 8.95% and 11.12% using H10, H20, H30 and H40 test fuels compared to gasoline at 2800 rpm respectively. Higher CO and HC were measured with fuel blends according to gasoline for all test fuels. CO reduced by 3.77% with H40 compared to H10 at 3200 rpm. On the contrary, CO2 increased by 16.49% with H40 compared to H10 at 3600 rpm. HC increased by about 21.26% H40 compared to H10 at 3200 rpm. Although there is no positive difference on exhaust emissions and thermal efficiency is reduced, gasoline/hexane fuel mixtures can be used without modifications in SI engines.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140375049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experimental study aims to investigate the effects of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (~50 nm, 99.9% trace metal basis) incorporation in polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant of a compressor included in air-conditioning (AC) system of a light duty passenger car. Observations on fuel consumption in real-world driving tests while the AC system is fully running were conducted. In order to determine the impacts of CuO nanoparticle incorporation in PAG oil, friction (pin-on-disc tribotester) and wear tests were carried out along with surface visualization analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the disc samples laser-cut from the spare AC compressor vanes. Morphology and thermal stability of the CuO nanoparticles were also investigated via SEM and thermal gravimetric (TG) analyses, respectively. Wear rate (WR), average coefficient of friction (µa) and surface roughness analyses on the specimen surfaces were conducted to procure a comprehensive knowledge about the tribological improvement of CuO nanoparticles. All analyses were repeated on the identical metal samples in PAG lubricant bath (PL) and CuO nanolubricant (NL) separately under the same conditions and average of the test results were taken into account to minimize error. The results demonstrate that reductions of 15.5% in average coefficient of friction, 33% in wear rate and 9% in average surface roughness were achieved resulting in a decrease of 7.7% in fuel consumption at designated driving conditions.
{"title":"Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system","authors":"A. Yilmaz, Ozlem Erdem","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1376297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1376297","url":null,"abstract":"This experimental study aims to investigate the effects of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (~50 nm, 99.9% trace metal basis) incorporation in polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant of a compressor included in air-conditioning (AC) system of a light duty passenger car. Observations on fuel consumption in real-world driving tests while the AC system is fully running were conducted. In order to determine the impacts of CuO nanoparticle incorporation in PAG oil, friction (pin-on-disc tribotester) and wear tests were carried out along with surface visualization analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the disc samples laser-cut from the spare AC compressor vanes. Morphology and thermal stability of the CuO nanoparticles were also investigated via SEM and thermal gravimetric (TG) analyses, respectively. Wear rate (WR), average coefficient of friction (µa) and surface roughness analyses on the specimen surfaces were conducted to procure a comprehensive knowledge about the tribological improvement of CuO nanoparticles. All analyses were repeated on the identical metal samples in PAG lubricant bath (PL) and CuO nanolubricant (NL) separately under the same conditions and average of the test results were taken into account to minimize error. The results demonstrate that reductions of 15.5% in average coefficient of friction, 33% in wear rate and 9% in average surface roughness were achieved resulting in a decrease of 7.7% in fuel consumption at designated driving conditions.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"31 s103","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139630198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today's studies on liquid biofuels, it is observed that many of them focus on blends of single biodiesel with diesel. These studies have shown that biodiesel produced from different feedstocks exhibits similar properties to traditional diesel fuel in terms of fuel characteristics and engine performance, indicating the potential of biodiesel to replace diesel fuel. However, recent research has shown limited studies involving the blending of dual biodiesel with traditional diesel fuel. In this study, high oil content camelina plant, which has an important place in ensuring sustainability in human food production, in other words, it is not suitable for human food and has the potential to significantly increase our domestic biofuel production, and domestic waste frying oil, which significantly reduces the cost of biodiesel raw material production, were selected as biodiesel feedstock. Binary biodiesel fuels (D0C50WF50, D0C75WF25, and D0C25WF75) were obtained by mixing the biodiesel fuels produced from camelina and domestic waste frying oil by transesterification method in the ratio of 1:1 and 1:3 by volume. Binary biodiesel-diesel blend fuels were obtained by blending binary biodiesel fuels (D75C12.5WF12.5, D50C25WF25 and D25C37.5WF37.5) with conventional diesel fuel (diesel) after blending at 1:1 ratio by volume. As a result of the research, the physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, water content, calorific value, cold filter plugging point, cloud and pour point, copper strip corrosion) of the prepared binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel+diesel blend fuels were determined. The results of the analyses of the blend fuels were determined in accordance with the relevant biodiesel standards (EN 14214, ASTM D-6751) and the results were also compared with the reference fuel, diesel fuel.
{"title":"Determination of some fuel properties of binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel – diesel blend fuels obtained from camelina oil and waste frying oils","authors":"Seda Şahin, Rümeysa Ersoy, H. Mengeş","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1374662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1374662","url":null,"abstract":"In today's studies on liquid biofuels, it is observed that many of them focus on blends of single biodiesel with diesel. These studies have shown that biodiesel produced from different feedstocks exhibits similar properties to traditional diesel fuel in terms of fuel characteristics and engine performance, indicating the potential of biodiesel to replace diesel fuel. However, recent research has shown limited studies involving the blending of dual biodiesel with traditional diesel fuel. \u0000In this study, high oil content camelina plant, which has an important place in ensuring sustainability in human food production, in other words, it is not suitable for human food and has the potential to significantly increase our domestic biofuel production, and domestic waste frying oil, which significantly reduces the cost of biodiesel raw material production, were selected as biodiesel feedstock. Binary biodiesel fuels (D0C50WF50, D0C75WF25, and D0C25WF75) were obtained by mixing the biodiesel fuels produced from camelina and domestic waste frying oil by transesterification method in the ratio of 1:1 and 1:3 by volume. Binary biodiesel-diesel blend fuels were obtained by blending binary biodiesel fuels (D75C12.5WF12.5, D50C25WF25 and D25C37.5WF37.5) with conventional diesel fuel (diesel) after blending at 1:1 ratio by volume. As a result of the research, the physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, water content, calorific value, cold filter plugging point, cloud and pour point, copper strip corrosion) of the prepared binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel+diesel blend fuels were determined. The results of the analyses of the blend fuels were determined in accordance with the relevant biodiesel standards (EN 14214, ASTM D-6751) and the results were also compared with the reference fuel, diesel fuel.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":"3 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139630814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internal combustion engine vehicles provide better performance and longer-range using fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. However, fossil fuels are non-renewable and cause environmental pollution, alternative fuels such as blends of ethanol and biodiesel, hydrogen etc have been sought for these vehicles. On the other hand, some researchers prefer to design alternative vehicles such as hybrid and electrical vehicles, instead of changing the fuel type. Among the studied topics for alternative vehicles, the battery is one of the most important components, especially in electrical vehicles. Batteries are diversified with different criteria such as battery life, nominal voltage, energy density, volumetric energy density, specific power, operating temperature, and production cost. In this study, the expert perspective was utilized when selecting the battery type to be employed for the energy source through utilizing the Integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) - Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS), a multi-criteria decision-making approach. Various batteries such as Lead-acid (Pb-acid), Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), Ni-MH, Sodium Nickel Chloride (Zero Emission Battery Research Activity-ZEBRA), Lithium –Ion (Li-Ion) Battery were evaluated in terms of different criterion. Among the alternatives the Li-ion battery type is chosen as the best option and the Ni-Cd battery is the least chosen alternative.
{"title":"Utilizing an integrated AHP-COPRAS approach for battery selection in electric vehicles","authors":"Aslı Abdulvahi̇toğlu, Gözde EKMEKÇİ GÜÇLÜTEN","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1342516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1342516","url":null,"abstract":"Internal combustion engine vehicles provide better performance and longer-range using fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. However, fossil fuels are non-renewable and cause environmental pollution, alternative fuels such as blends of ethanol and biodiesel, hydrogen etc have been sought for these vehicles. On the other hand, some researchers prefer to design alternative vehicles such as hybrid and electrical vehicles, instead of changing the fuel type. Among the studied topics for alternative vehicles, the battery is one of the most important components, especially in electrical vehicles. Batteries are diversified with different criteria such as battery life, nominal voltage, energy density, volumetric energy density, specific power, operating temperature, and production cost. In this study, the expert perspective was utilized when selecting the battery type to be employed for the energy source through utilizing the Integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) - Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS), a multi-criteria decision-making approach. Various batteries such as Lead-acid (Pb-acid), Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), Ni-MH, Sodium Nickel Chloride (Zero Emission Battery Research Activity-ZEBRA), Lithium –Ion (Li-Ion) Battery were evaluated in terms of different criterion. Among the alternatives the Li-ion battery type is chosen as the best option and the Ni-Cd battery is the least chosen alternative.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":" 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasemin Gülteki̇n, M. Akar, Anıl Altindağ, Doğukan Duran, Umut Kumlu
Material type, chemical foaming agent, NOx level, core-back distance, and cavity temperature, being the influential parameters in an injection process, significantly affect the weight-based issues and mechanical properties of the resulting product. When the product under inspection is an automotive part, in terms of both the weight and the mechanics are considered to be of high importance. This work is carried out due to a recent task, assigned to NOVARES Engineering and R&D Departments, about the weight reduction of the vehicle underbody plastic protection part (VUPPP), which is located in the rear-lower section of the vehicles. As the core-back process is mostly applied in industry to parts with thickness values of 2.5 mm, the present work involves a challenge due to the fact that before core-back the initial thickness of VUPPP changes between 1.5-1.8 mm. In this study, prototypes are produced with recycled two different polypropylene materials from (PP1 and PP2), two different chemical foaming agents (CFA-X and CFA-Y), six different core-back distances, and two different NOx levels. Finally, laboratory tests are performed on the prototypes to evaluate the weight-based and mechanical features. Experimental data are debated in particular to outline the individual and combined effects of the influential parameters.
{"title":"Investigation of the under-vehicle plastic protection parts manufactured by core-back injection process in terms of strength and weight","authors":"Yasemin Gülteki̇n, M. Akar, Anıl Altindağ, Doğukan Duran, Umut Kumlu","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1331175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1331175","url":null,"abstract":"Material type, chemical foaming agent, NOx level, core-back distance, and cavity temperature, being the influential parameters in an injection process, significantly affect the weight-based issues and mechanical properties of the resulting product. When the product under inspection is an automotive part, in terms of both the weight and the mechanics are considered to be of high importance. This work is carried out due to a recent task, assigned to NOVARES Engineering and R&D Departments, about the weight reduction of the vehicle underbody plastic protection part (VUPPP), which is located in the rear-lower section of the vehicles. As the core-back process is mostly applied in industry to parts with thickness values of 2.5 mm, the present work involves a challenge due to the fact that before core-back the initial thickness of VUPPP changes between 1.5-1.8 mm. In this study, prototypes are produced with recycled two different polypropylene materials from (PP1 and PP2), two different chemical foaming agents (CFA-X and CFA-Y), six different core-back distances, and two different NOx levels. Finally, laboratory tests are performed on the prototypes to evaluate the weight-based and mechanical features. Experimental data are debated in particular to outline the individual and combined effects of the influential parameters.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A benchmarking analysis on vehicle emissions has been performed in this study. Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) powered by electricity is taken into consideration in emission analysis. Calculations have been conducted for leading G20 countries in certain energy sources in electricity generation. According to the analysis, most optimal results are obtained in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matters (PM10 & PM2.5), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, if the vehicle is charged in France. Only Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions are calculated as to be the lowest values in Canada, compared to other countries. Emissions of an average SUV Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) powered by gasoline are also added to the comparison.
本研究对车辆排放进行了基准分析。在进行排放分析时，考虑了以电力驱动的运动型多用途车（SUV）。对 20 国集团主要国家的某些发电能源进行了计算。根据分析，如果车辆在法国充电，在挥发性有机化合物（VOC）、一氧化碳（CO）、颗粒物（PM10 和 PM2.5）、氧化硫（SOx）和二氧化碳（CO2）排放方面可获得最佳结果。与其他国家相比，加拿大只计算了最低的氮氧化物（NOx）排放量。比较中还加入了以汽油为动力的普通 SUV 内燃机汽车 (ICEV) 的排放量。
{"title":"A benchmarking analysis on electric vehicle emissions of leading countries in electricity generation by energy sources","authors":"Adem Ugurlu","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1285587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1285587","url":null,"abstract":"A benchmarking analysis on vehicle emissions has been performed in this study. Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) powered by electricity is taken into consideration in emission analysis. Calculations have been conducted for leading G20 countries in certain energy sources in electricity generation. According to the analysis, most optimal results are obtained in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matters (PM10 & PM2.5), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, if the vehicle is charged in France. Only Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions are calculated as to be the lowest values in Canada, compared to other countries. Emissions of an average SUV Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) powered by gasoline are also added to the comparison.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139138018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The weight and speed advantage of aluminum die-casting leads to its use in many parts in the automotive industry. Casting simulation programs are used, to avoid time-consuming and expensive production costs, and to design the production process. For casting production one of the most important factors is the runner design, which directly affects castability, material selection, and casting quality. With the correct design of runner systems, there will be no problem with the casting part. In this study, the final part and the runner design for the aluminum alloy valve cover were modeled in CAD, according to the empirical calculations. Furthermore, an appropriate casting method was selected for the valve cover not only according to the results of both high-pressure die-casting and sand-casting simulations but also economic calculations. The main technical parameters for selection were mold and part temperature distribution, liquid metal flow rates, cold shut possibilities, final air quantities, microporosity, and microporosity values. After the final decision, the casting part was produced with high pressure die casting by the implementation of the final runner design.
{"title":"Design and optimization of runner and gating systems, in high-pressure casting and sand casting, for an aluminum alloy valve cover","authors":"Alen Murat Kuyumcu, Yuşa Haktanir","doi":"10.18245/ijaet.1200972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1200972","url":null,"abstract":"The weight and speed advantage of aluminum die-casting leads to its use in many parts in the automotive industry. Casting simulation programs are used, to avoid time-consuming and expensive production costs, and to design the production process. For casting production one of the most important factors is the runner design, which directly affects castability, material selection, and casting quality. With the correct design of runner systems, there will be no problem with the casting part. In this study, the final part and the runner design for the aluminum alloy valve cover were modeled in CAD, according to the empirical calculations. Furthermore, an appropriate casting method was selected for the valve cover not only according to the results of both high-pressure die-casting and sand-casting simulations but also economic calculations. The main technical parameters for selection were mold and part temperature distribution, liquid metal flow rates, cold shut possibilities, final air quantities, microporosity, and microporosity values. After the final decision, the casting part was produced with high pressure die casting by the implementation of the final runner design.","PeriodicalId":13841,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139137217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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