Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410163
Hegazy Mw, Hassad O
Background: Testicular tumor is a rare tumor in men. Testicular seminoma is less aggressive than nonseminoma of germ cell tumors. Adjuvant nodal irradiation is an option of early stages I, IIA and IIB ≤ 3 cm pure seminoma disease. The aim of this study was to investigate which radiotherapy technique is better in nodal irradiation of early stage II pure seminoma, 3D-CRT or VMAT. Methods: This study was done on 5 patients with pure seminoma diagnosed at king Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; all are planned for postoperative radiation therapy with prescribed dose of 3036 Gy in 15-18 fractions according to nodal size. Results: Both techniques achieved comparable target coverage; however VMAT had better dose conformity, dose homogeneity and OARs sparingbut with exposing bigger volumes (V5) of normal tissues to lower dose of radiation while V10 and V15 are bigger in 3D-CRT. Conclusion: VMAT is one of the most common techniques used nowadays due to high therapeutic ratio comparable to the conventional technique however low integral dose (V5) is still one of the drawbacks of modern irradiation techniques which are not the case in conventional techniques.
{"title":"Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy versus Conventional Radiotherapy of Early Testicular Seminoma Irradiation: Dosimetric Study","authors":"Hegazy Mw, Hassad O","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410163","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Testicular tumor is a rare tumor in men. Testicular seminoma is less aggressive than nonseminoma of germ cell tumors. Adjuvant nodal irradiation is an option of early stages I, IIA and IIB ≤ 3 cm pure seminoma disease. The aim of this study was to investigate which radiotherapy technique is better in nodal irradiation of early stage II pure seminoma, 3D-CRT or VMAT. Methods: This study was done on 5 patients with pure seminoma diagnosed at king Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; all are planned for postoperative radiation therapy with prescribed dose of 3036 Gy in 15-18 fractions according to nodal size. Results: Both techniques achieved comparable target coverage; however VMAT had better dose conformity, dose homogeneity and OARs sparingbut with exposing bigger volumes (V5) of normal tissues to lower dose of radiation while V10 and V15 are bigger in 3D-CRT. Conclusion: VMAT is one of the most common techniques used nowadays due to high therapeutic ratio comparable to the conventional technique however low integral dose (V5) is still one of the drawbacks of modern irradiation techniques which are not the case in conventional techniques.","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87546684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410162
A. Laya, BB Koubala, KP Pathak, V. Bueno
Female Breast Cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer across the world. The present systematic review aimed to update the new insights of vitamins and provitamins to prevent and/or to treat BC. Vitamins and provitamins are natural products that have been implicated to prevent and to treat BC. However, it is still scarce and non-consensual as reported in the literature. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies through PubMed, Medline, and AMBASE up to June 27, 2021 solely on the association between vitamins (or provitamins) and BC prevention or treatment. The related grey literature also was used. The results of 127 revelant publications after exclusion of 7715 papers revealed that natural vitamins and provitamis were used to prevent or to treat BC. It has been clear evidence that vitamins and provitamins reduce the risk of BC, which acting by various mechanisms with significant inverse effect and effective use in the treatment of BC. There is no indication for publication bias found, however there was high heterogeneity among studies. Despite its limitations, our systematic review provide the most comprehensive studies updated summary evidence to date on the association betweenvitamins, provitamins and BC prevention, treatment or therapeutic issues. The natural dietary of these nutrients may be encouraged among population in order to reduce the risk of BC. Thus, we hope that our publication will help for further investigation such as a large clinical trials to confirm the findings of the present study.
{"title":"Vitamins and Provitamins Intake as New Insights to Prevent and/or to Treat breast Cancer: A Systemic Review","authors":"A. Laya, BB Koubala, KP Pathak, V. Bueno","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410162","url":null,"abstract":"Female Breast Cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer across the world. The present systematic review aimed to update the new insights of vitamins and provitamins to prevent and/or to treat BC. Vitamins and provitamins are natural products that have been implicated to prevent and to treat BC. However, it is still scarce and non-consensual as reported in the literature. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies through PubMed, Medline, and AMBASE up to June 27, 2021 solely on the association between vitamins (or provitamins) and BC prevention or treatment. The related grey literature also was used. The results of 127 revelant publications after exclusion of 7715 papers revealed that natural vitamins and provitamis were used to prevent or to treat BC. It has been clear evidence that vitamins and provitamins reduce the risk of BC, which acting by various mechanisms with significant inverse effect and effective use in the treatment of BC. There is no indication for publication bias found, however there was high heterogeneity among studies. Despite its limitations, our systematic review provide the most comprehensive studies updated summary evidence to date on the association betweenvitamins, provitamins and BC prevention, treatment or therapeutic issues. The natural dietary of these nutrients may be encouraged among population in order to reduce the risk of BC. Thus, we hope that our publication will help for further investigation such as a large clinical trials to confirm the findings of the present study.","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90950700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410161
Niakan Behzad
Spontaneous remission of leukemia is more likely to occur after anti-biotic treatment of an infection, termination of pregnancy, blood transfusion and host versus graft reaction. All have in common a drop in platelet count followed by a rise in platelet count. Spontaneous remissions of leukemia may be preceded by a low platelet count, anemia or low hemoglobulin. Also, once spontaneous remission of leukemia occurs there may be a simultaneous rise in platelet count and hemoglobulin. The drop and rise in platelet count seem to be suggestive of an acute inflammatory response and the acute inflammatory response was possibly the cause of the spontaneous remission of leukemia. It is suggested that the acute inflammatory response that has taken place was initiated while the platelet count was low. There after by passing the immune suppressive effects of the systemic inflammation induced by the leukemia. Platelets seem to be the medium of the immune-suppressive effect of the systemic inflammation induced by the leukemia. The lowering of activated platelets in patients with leukemia may allow by passing the immune-suppressive effects and tumor promoting effects of activated platelets in leukemia patients and thereafter the activation of the immune system and the removal of leukemia cells. Platelets have an immune-regulatory function effecting both innate immunity and adoptive immunity. Possibly the low blood oxygen enhanced the acute inflammatory response initiated with a low platelet count. A low Hemoglobin might have made cancer more vulnerable to an immune response since cancer cells are more dependent on iron than normal cells are. ReseaRch aRticle
{"title":"Proposed Immunology of the Spontaneous Remission of Leukemia","authors":"Niakan Behzad","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410161","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneous remission of leukemia is more likely to occur after anti-biotic treatment of an infection, termination of pregnancy, blood transfusion and host versus graft reaction. All have in common a drop in platelet count followed by a rise in platelet count. Spontaneous remissions of leukemia may be preceded by a low platelet count, anemia or low hemoglobulin. Also, once spontaneous remission of leukemia occurs there may be a simultaneous rise in platelet count and hemoglobulin. The drop and rise in platelet count seem to be suggestive of an acute inflammatory response and the acute inflammatory response was possibly the cause of the spontaneous remission of leukemia. It is suggested that the acute inflammatory response that has taken place was initiated while the platelet count was low. There after by passing the immune suppressive effects of the systemic inflammation induced by the leukemia. Platelets seem to be the medium of the immune-suppressive effect of the systemic inflammation induced by the leukemia. The lowering of activated platelets in patients with leukemia may allow by passing the immune-suppressive effects and tumor promoting effects of activated platelets in leukemia patients and thereafter the activation of the immune system and the removal of leukemia cells. Platelets have an immune-regulatory function effecting both innate immunity and adoptive immunity. Possibly the low blood oxygen enhanced the acute inflammatory response initiated with a low platelet count. A low Hemoglobin might have made cancer more vulnerable to an immune response since cancer cells are more dependent on iron than normal cells are. ReseaRch aRticle","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85812254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410158
B. Niakan
Two common factors were identified among the case reports of the prolonged spontaneous remission and regression of cancer. The prolonged spontaneous remissions of cancer may be preceded by a low blood oxygen delivery to the tumor and a short, steady or rapid malignant growth. The steady or rapid growth of primary tumor not the growth of new metastases. HypotHeses
{"title":"Proposed Biology of the Spontaneous Remission of Cancer","authors":"B. Niakan","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410158","url":null,"abstract":"Two common factors were identified among the case reports of the prolonged spontaneous remission and regression of cancer. The prolonged spontaneous remissions of cancer may be preceded by a low blood oxygen delivery to the tumor and a short, steady or rapid malignant growth. The steady or rapid growth of primary tumor not the growth of new metastases. HypotHeses","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82516494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-30DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410157
Niakan Behzad
Case Reports of the Spontaneous regression or remission of hepatocellular carcinoma was studied. Two common factors were noted among the prolonged spontaneous remission or regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Low blood oxygen and a short and steady or rapid growth of hepatocellular carcinoma before the spontaneous remission or regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. It is suggested that the rapid growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma faced with low blood oxygen has possibly resulted in the hepatocellular carcinoma becoming vulnerable to an immune response. The rapid growth of the primary tumor not the growth of new metastases. CliNiCal Case
{"title":"Proposed Biology of the Spontaneous Remission of Hepatocelluar Carcinoma","authors":"Niakan Behzad","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410157","url":null,"abstract":"Case Reports of the Spontaneous regression or remission of hepatocellular carcinoma was studied. Two common factors were noted among the prolonged spontaneous remission or regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Low blood oxygen and a short and steady or rapid growth of hepatocellular carcinoma before the spontaneous remission or regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. It is suggested that the rapid growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma faced with low blood oxygen has possibly resulted in the hepatocellular carcinoma becoming vulnerable to an immune response. The rapid growth of the primary tumor not the growth of new metastases. CliNiCal Case","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73661667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-21DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410155
Fokoue Fabrice, Derijckere I. Duran, Artigas Carlos, W. Erwin, Gebhart Géraldine, Larsimont Denis, Flamen Patrick
Since the effective start of the large vaccination campaigns against the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, case reports are rising concerning unilateral axillary lymphadenopathies highly uptaking FDG PET/CT scans. These lymphadenopathies can be a source of false positive for FDG PET/CT in a post-vaccination context. We report here the case of a 59-year-old womanfor whom a FDG PET/CT has been performed as part of the initial extension assessment of a recurrence of a left breast, 15 days after receiving her first dose of Moderna COVID 19 vaccine. Apart from the primary mammary lesion, the FDG PET CT revealed multiple unilateral axillary lymphadenopathies whose neoplastic nature was excluded after an accurate interview and confirmed after a histological examination. This case confirms the key role of a detailed interview before performing an FDG PET/CT examination to reduce false positives as much as possible.
自针对2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行的大规模疫苗接种运动有效启动以来，关于FDG PET/CT扫描高度占位的单侧腋窝淋巴结病的病例报告不断增加。这些淋巴结病变可能是疫苗接种后FDG PET/CT假阳性的来源。我们在此报告一名59岁女性的病例，在接受第一剂现代COVID - 19疫苗15天后，她进行了FDG PET/CT检查，作为左乳房复发的初步扩展评估的一部分。除原发乳腺病变外，FDG PET CT显示多发单侧腋窝淋巴结病变，经准确访视排除肿瘤性质，经组织学检查证实。该病例证实了在进行FDG PET/CT检查之前进行详细访谈的关键作用，以尽可能减少假阳性。
{"title":"COVID-19 Post-Vaccinal Lymphadenopathy Mimicking Lymph Node Metastases from Breast Neoplasia","authors":"Fokoue Fabrice, Derijckere I. Duran, Artigas Carlos, W. Erwin, Gebhart Géraldine, Larsimont Denis, Flamen Patrick","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410155","url":null,"abstract":"Since the effective start of the large vaccination campaigns against the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, case reports are rising concerning unilateral axillary lymphadenopathies highly uptaking FDG PET/CT scans. These lymphadenopathies can be a source of false positive for FDG PET/CT in a post-vaccination context. We report here the case of a 59-year-old womanfor whom a FDG PET/CT has been performed as part of the initial extension assessment of a recurrence of a left breast, 15 days after receiving her first dose of Moderna COVID 19 vaccine. Apart from the primary mammary lesion, the FDG PET CT revealed multiple unilateral axillary lymphadenopathies whose neoplastic nature was excluded after an accurate interview and confirmed after a histological examination. This case confirms the key role of a detailed interview before performing an FDG PET/CT examination to reduce false positives as much as possible.","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83111991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410153
Ruggeri Carlos S, F. Eduardo, Lorea Agustina, Gonzalez Gabriel Rondón, Riveros Carolina
Purpose: Melanomas are malignant tumors that have a poor prognosis and surgical treatment is the best option when they are resectable. In this study we determined the incidence and survival what we achieved in our population of patients treated for melanomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Material and methods: The medical records of all patients diagnosed with rhinosinusal malignant tumors at the hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires from March 1999 to December 2020 were reviewed. Patients with melanomas were selected y and we determine its incidence within malignant rhinosinusal tumors. Clinical characteristics, location, type of treatment indicated, and results were analyzed. Results: Eight patients had melanomas, five located in the paranasal sinuses, two in the nasal cavity and one in nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. The incidence of melanomas in our population of patients with rhinosinusal malignant tumors was 11.11%. Three patients were treated with surgery and radiotherapy and three with surgery only. Two were treated with palliative criteria. In the six patients treated with curative intent, the local control and specific survival were 83.33%, and 66.66% respectively. The average follow up time was 30.99 months. Conclusions: The incidence of melanomas in our population of patients with rhinosinusal malignancies was 11.11%. In patients treated with curative intention, the local control rate was 83.33%, and disease-free survival was 66.66%. The more frequently failure pattern was the appearance of distant metastases. Endonasal surgery with endoscopes alone or associated with an external approach facilitated oncological resection.
{"title":"Rhinosinusal Melanomas","authors":"Ruggeri Carlos S, F. Eduardo, Lorea Agustina, Gonzalez Gabriel Rondón, Riveros Carolina","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410153","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Melanomas are malignant tumors that have a poor prognosis and surgical treatment is the best option when they are resectable. In this study we determined the incidence and survival what we achieved in our population of patients treated for melanomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Material and methods: The medical records of all patients diagnosed with rhinosinusal malignant tumors at the hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires from March 1999 to December 2020 were reviewed. Patients with melanomas were selected y and we determine its incidence within malignant rhinosinusal tumors. Clinical characteristics, location, type of treatment indicated, and results were analyzed. Results: Eight patients had melanomas, five located in the paranasal sinuses, two in the nasal cavity and one in nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. The incidence of melanomas in our population of patients with rhinosinusal malignant tumors was 11.11%. Three patients were treated with surgery and radiotherapy and three with surgery only. Two were treated with palliative criteria. In the six patients treated with curative intent, the local control and specific survival were 83.33%, and 66.66% respectively. The average follow up time was 30.99 months. Conclusions: The incidence of melanomas in our population of patients with rhinosinusal malignancies was 11.11%. In patients treated with curative intention, the local control rate was 83.33%, and disease-free survival was 66.66%. The more frequently failure pattern was the appearance of distant metastases. Endonasal surgery with endoscopes alone or associated with an external approach facilitated oncological resection.","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87550882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-25DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410145
S. Amit, G. Sanjay, Sharda Asmita, S. Hemant, Ingle Arvind
Background: Different cells and tissues are known to exhibit varied electromagnetic, electrical and molecular properties. During the repair process, cancer cells as well as normal proliferating cells have higher transmembrane potential than healthy cells. Since the dielectric properties are frequency dependent, applying varying frequencies of current can alter the transmembrane ionic flux of any conductive cell. This, in turn, can generate heat via the joule effect. Thus, it might be possible to alter the tumor microenvironment using low frequency electric current. Methods: The present study was designed to analyze the effect of low frequency AC (Alternating Current) on molecular properties of cells and understand its effect on tissue bio-impedance. An in vitro and ex-vivo study was conducted in mouse model of mammary tumor and compared with a phantom model. Low frequency AC sinusoidal current of constant amplitude was generated by the sine wave oscillator (1-5 mA and frequency of 100 Hz) and the bio-impedance values were recorded with the help of two needle or sensing electrodes. Molecular changes were also documented from the samples subjected to low frequency current. Protein levels of Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) and beta-actin were also analyzed to evaluate any thermal effects. Additional information about genome stability and chromatin de-condensation was assessed by levels of histone Post Translational Modifications (PTMs) γH2AX and H3K9Ac, respectively. Results: An increase in tissue bio-impedance (decrease in the capacitance or conductance) value was observed with an increase in the frequency of the applied current. The bio-impedance value for normal tissue was found to be in the range 17-27 Ωk at 100 Hz (applied for a period of 1 minute) and it increased to the range of 27-37 Ωk at 1 kHz. Additionally, lower impedance value of (range 16-22 Ωk) at 100 Hz and (range 24-33 Ωk) at 1 kHz was observed for cancer tissue. At the morphological level, some cell swelling in tissue samples and cell isolates was observed at low frequency current of 100 Hz, possibly contributed by heating. An increased cell swelling, shrinkage in the cell membrane can be achieved [24]. When an electromagnetic field (DC/low frequency AC current) is applied to the cell (circuit) or cellular resistive components, lattice heat will develop due to the loss of kinetic energy by the accelerated electrons due to collision with the atoms. This is nothing but the resistance (impedance) that corresponds to an increase in lattice heat, which is irretrievable. By Joule's law, we can see that the heat energy dissipated by current (I) flowing through a resi-stor of resistance R is H = I ^ 2 * R. This energy in the crystal lattice (tissue) induces thermal movement of electrons that will be in a random direction. This randomness can be defined as entropy. The change in entropy is denoted by dS = dQ/T, where dQ is the change in heat energy between two time intervals and T is the fina
{"title":"Effect of Low Frequency Electrical Current on the Biophysical and Molecular Properties of Cancer Cells","authors":"S. Amit, G. Sanjay, Sharda Asmita, S. Hemant, Ingle Arvind","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410145","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Different cells and tissues are known to exhibit varied electromagnetic, electrical and molecular properties. During the repair process, cancer cells as well as normal proliferating cells have higher transmembrane potential than healthy cells. Since the dielectric properties are frequency dependent, applying varying frequencies of current can alter the transmembrane ionic flux of any conductive cell. This, in turn, can generate heat via the joule effect. Thus, it might be possible to alter the tumor microenvironment using low frequency electric current. Methods: The present study was designed to analyze the effect of low frequency AC (Alternating Current) on molecular properties of cells and understand its effect on tissue bio-impedance. An in vitro and ex-vivo study was conducted in mouse model of mammary tumor and compared with a phantom model. Low frequency AC sinusoidal current of constant amplitude was generated by the sine wave oscillator (1-5 mA and frequency of 100 Hz) and the bio-impedance values were recorded with the help of two needle or sensing electrodes. Molecular changes were also documented from the samples subjected to low frequency current. Protein levels of Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) and beta-actin were also analyzed to evaluate any thermal effects. Additional information about genome stability and chromatin de-condensation was assessed by levels of histone Post Translational Modifications (PTMs) γH2AX and H3K9Ac, respectively. Results: An increase in tissue bio-impedance (decrease in the capacitance or conductance) value was observed with an increase in the frequency of the applied current. The bio-impedance value for normal tissue was found to be in the range 17-27 Ωk at 100 Hz (applied for a period of 1 minute) and it increased to the range of 27-37 Ωk at 1 kHz. Additionally, lower impedance value of (range 16-22 Ωk) at 100 Hz and (range 24-33 Ωk) at 1 kHz was observed for cancer tissue. At the morphological level, some cell swelling in tissue samples and cell isolates was observed at low frequency current of 100 Hz, possibly contributed by heating. An increased cell swelling, shrinkage in the cell membrane can be achieved [24]. When an electromagnetic field (DC/low frequency AC current) is applied to the cell (circuit) or cellular resistive components, lattice heat will develop due to the loss of kinetic energy by the accelerated electrons due to collision with the atoms. This is nothing but the resistance (impedance) that corresponds to an increase in lattice heat, which is irretrievable. By Joule's law, we can see that the heat energy dissipated by current (I) flowing through a resi-stor of resistance R is H = I ^ 2 * R. This energy in the crystal lattice (tissue) induces thermal movement of electrons that will be in a random direction. This randomness can be defined as entropy. The change in entropy is denoted by dS = dQ/T, where dQ is the change in heat energy between two time intervals and T is the fina","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90528943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-30DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410144
Liu Ziyao, Jingzhe Wang, Huabiao Chen
AMD3100 (Plerixafor), a specific antagonist of CXCR4, is the most potent small molecule non-peptide inhibitor to CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 (SDF-1) expressed in a variety of tumor cells play an important role in regulating tumor biological behavior. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the environment around a tumor, comprising blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, signalling molecules and the extracellular matrix which are involved in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, immune escape and tumor eradication. Although AMD3100 has been intensively investigated in tumor biology, it remains unclear how this treatment regimen modulates immune cells in the TME, which in turn affects the antitumor efficacy of other therapies. In this review, we specifically revisit the evidence from our and others’ studies that AMD3100 acts as an immunomodulator to regulate immune responses in the TME and provide the perspective of synergy of AMD3100 with other therapeutics to prevent tumor development, progression, and metastasis. cells and promoted the conversion of Tregs into T helper-like cells in tumors. When used in combination with other therapies, AMD3100 enhanced the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-2 in CD8+ T cells. The combination treatments also facilitated the polarization of M2 macrophages into M1, decreased the proportion of MDSCs or reduced the production of the immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-6.
{"title":"CXCR4 Antagonist AMD3100 (Plerixafor) Modulates Immune Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment","authors":"Liu Ziyao, Jingzhe Wang, Huabiao Chen","doi":"10.23937/2378-3419/1410144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2378-3419/1410144","url":null,"abstract":"AMD3100 (Plerixafor), a specific antagonist of CXCR4, is the most potent small molecule non-peptide inhibitor to CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 (SDF-1) expressed in a variety of tumor cells play an important role in regulating tumor biological behavior. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the environment around a tumor, comprising blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, signalling molecules and the extracellular matrix which are involved in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, immune escape and tumor eradication. Although AMD3100 has been intensively investigated in tumor biology, it remains unclear how this treatment regimen modulates immune cells in the TME, which in turn affects the antitumor efficacy of other therapies. In this review, we specifically revisit the evidence from our and others’ studies that AMD3100 acts as an immunomodulator to regulate immune responses in the TME and provide the perspective of synergy of AMD3100 with other therapeutics to prevent tumor development, progression, and metastasis. cells and promoted the conversion of Tregs into T helper-like cells in tumors. When used in combination with other therapies, AMD3100 enhanced the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-2 in CD8+ T cells. The combination treatments also facilitated the polarization of M2 macrophages into M1, decreased the proportion of MDSCs or reduced the production of the immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-6.","PeriodicalId":13873,"journal":{"name":"International journal of cancer and clinical research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74981428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/1410154
Beshai Boulos, Rehman Shabnam, Xu Bo
Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are currently approved for treatment of advanced stage NonSmall Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients. We investigated the correlation between PD-L1 expression level in tumor cells by ImmunoHistochemical Method (IHC) to tumor histological growth patterns. Slides or scanned digital images of NSCLC cases tested for PD-L1 between December, 2016 to April, 2018 were blindly re-reviewed to confirm the PD-L1 expression and growth patterns. PD-L1 expression levels were graded as follows: < 1%, negative, 1-50%, low expression, > 50%, high expression. Total 102 cases were identified including 81 cases of adenocarcinoma and 21 cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). Variable expression was seen in SCC; 8/21 cases (38%) showed negative expression of PD-L1, 7/21 cases (33%) showed low expression, and 6/21 cases (29%) showed high expression. 4/6 total “high-expression” SCC cases (67%) demonstrated poorly differentiated/non-keratinizing pattern, while 2/6 (33%) were wellto Moderately-Differentiated/ keratinizing SCC. In wellto Moderately-Differentiated (WD to MD) adenocarcinoma, 15/30 cases (50%) showed negative expression of PD-L1, 13/30 cases (43%) showed low expression, whereas only 2/30 cases (7%) had high expression. On the other hand, moderateto poorlydifferentiated (MD to PD) adenocarcinomas, 13/51 cases (26%) showed negative expression of PD-L1, 15/51 cases (29%) showed low expression and 23/51 cases (45%) had high expression. 21/25 total "high-expression" cases (84%) demonstrated poorly-differentiated growth patterns, out of which, 7 cases (33%) had a pure solid growth pattern. A 1-year follow up showed 3 patients with partial or complete response, whose tumors had “high-expression” PD-L1.
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