Pub Date : 2019-11-27DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.13
N. K. Elnaggar, M. N. Elnaggar
It has long been thought that the alpha cells and its secretory products play an important role solely in maintaining euglycemia and preventing hypoglycemia through a contradictory action to the B cell’s insulin. The α-cell function is tightly regulated by various physiological inputs including systemic energy status, central and autonomic nervous systems, and the endocrine system. It is also an important amino acid sensor, glucagon blockade suppresses hepatic amino acid catabolism and increases the serum amino acid level. In addition to those controllers, the intra-islet microenvironment, where α-cells are located, has been recently revealed to be important in the regulation of the various cellular secretory functions including the overlapping of glucagon and insulin secretion through a precise cell-cell crosstalk. Paracrine interactions between pancreatic islet cells have been proposed as a mechanism to regulate hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis, alpha and B cells are closely positioned on the sides of their blood supply where acetylcholine acts as the paracrine communicator of signals inside the islets. Recently, it has been demonstrated that blocking acetylcholine esterase increases insulin secretion. Moreover, it has also been suggested that glucagon is not exclusively a counter-regulatory hormone that elevates blood glucose levels, in contrast it can cause hypoglycemia conditioned by the presence of intact B cells and a functional GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor). These data argue for glucagon agonism in modern management of T2DM. Alpha-cells also, have been shown to be able to trans-differentiate into β-cells only in the presence of insulin-positive cells with α-cell origin in the lineage tracing analyses, confirming the role of α-cells as a source of β-cell regeneration. The article reviews the updated knowledge about the functions of the alpha-cells and its role in the paracrine control of islet cell secretions and the future therapeutic potentials.
{"title":"Alpha-cells: Its Role as the Islet Harmonizer","authors":"N. K. Elnaggar, M. N. Elnaggar","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.13","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been thought that the alpha cells and its secretory products play an important role solely in maintaining euglycemia and preventing hypoglycemia through a contradictory action to the B cell’s insulin. The α-cell function is tightly regulated by various physiological inputs including systemic energy status, central and autonomic nervous systems, and the endocrine system. It is also an important amino acid sensor, glucagon blockade suppresses hepatic amino acid catabolism and increases the serum amino acid level. In addition to those controllers, the intra-islet microenvironment, where α-cells are located, has been recently revealed to be important in the regulation of the various cellular secretory functions including the overlapping of glucagon and insulin secretion through a precise cell-cell crosstalk. Paracrine interactions between pancreatic islet cells have been proposed as a mechanism to regulate hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis, alpha and B cells are closely positioned on the sides of their blood supply where acetylcholine acts as the paracrine communicator of signals inside the islets. Recently, it has been demonstrated that blocking acetylcholine esterase increases insulin secretion. Moreover, it has also been suggested that glucagon is not exclusively a counter-regulatory hormone that elevates blood glucose levels, in contrast it can cause hypoglycemia conditioned by the presence of intact B cells and a functional GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor). These data argue for glucagon agonism in modern management of T2DM. Alpha-cells also, have been shown to be able to trans-differentiate into β-cells only in the presence of insulin-positive cells with α-cell origin in the lineage tracing analyses, confirming the role of α-cells as a source of β-cell regeneration. The article reviews the updated knowledge about the functions of the alpha-cells and its role in the paracrine control of islet cell secretions and the future therapeutic potentials.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83081903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-12DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.12
Taher Manzary, Amir Teimouri Dereshgi, Vahideh Sadra, A. J. Fard, Leila Teimouri Dereshgi, Touba Tarvirdizadeh
Background: Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumor (TNET) is a rare clinical condition with approximate incidence rate of 2–5%. Carcinoid tumor of thymus with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is also a rare co-morbid condition. Case information: Here we report a case of a 22-year-old gentleman presented with uncommon features suggestive of CS. He was evaluated and diagnosed with ectopic Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–dependent CS due to a TNET. Results: Extensive thymectomy was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of thymic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and local and pericardial invasion. Conclusion: Thymic carcinomas may present with symptoms due to mass effect but Cushing syndrome is the most common endocrine manifestation of these tumors. Surgery is the most effective treatment of thymic carcinoma, although chemotherapy and radiotherapy also have been reported to be effective in some cases.
{"title":"Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumour Results Cushing’s Syndrome","authors":"Taher Manzary, Amir Teimouri Dereshgi, Vahideh Sadra, A. J. Fard, Leila Teimouri Dereshgi, Touba Tarvirdizadeh","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumor (TNET) is a rare clinical condition with approximate incidence rate of 2–5%. Carcinoid tumor of thymus with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is also a rare co-morbid condition. Case information: Here we report a case of a 22-year-old gentleman presented with uncommon features suggestive of CS. He was evaluated and diagnosed with ectopic Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–dependent CS due to a TNET. Results: Extensive thymectomy was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of thymic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and local and pericardial invasion. Conclusion: Thymic carcinomas may present with symptoms due to mass effect but Cushing syndrome is the most common endocrine manifestation of these tumors. Surgery is the most effective treatment of thymic carcinoma, although chemotherapy and radiotherapy also have been reported to be effective in some cases.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89514578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.11
Amadi Joy Adaku Chibuzo, Asinobi Chinagorom Onyemaechi, Okeke Phenomena Ngozi, Ndukwu Sylvia Ogechi, Nwachukwu Chijioke Nnaemeka, Edward Uzoamaka
Chemical and mineral bioavailability composition of indigenous vegetable sauces: implication for type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated. Vegetables and ingredients for sauce preparation were purchased from Relief market Owerri, Imo State. The vegetables were used in preparation of okra sauce, African spinach sauce and lettuce sauce. It was oven-dried at 50°C for 14 hours. The sauces were analyzed for proximate, minerals, vitamin, antinutrient while mineral to antinutrient ratios was calculated using standard methods. Statistical analysis using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) was used to determine one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to separate the means while Turkey test model was used to test significant difference. P-value at 0.05 was considered significant. Significant difference was observed only in dietary fibre (p<0.05). Mineral composition showed significant (p<0.05) differences in African spinach sauce for sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc and manganese and only highest in phosphorus for lettuce sauce. Tannin was significantly highest in lettuce sauce and African spinach sauce, for phytate and oxalate in African spinach sauce. All the minerals studied showed high bioavailability. Vitamin composition was significantly (p<0.05) different among the vegetable sauces in all the water soluble vitamin studied but was only significant (p<0.05) for vitamin D for all the fat soluble vitamins in okra sauce. Consumption of these vegetable sauces should be encouraged especially among the type 2 diabetic subjects.
本地蔬菜酱的化学和矿物生物利用度组成:对2型糖尿病的意义进行了评估。制作酱汁的蔬菜和配料是从伊莫州的奥韦里救济市场购买的。这些蔬菜被用于制作秋葵酱、非洲菠菜酱和生菜酱。在50°C下烘干14小时。对酱汁进行了近似值、矿物质、维生素、抗营养素的分析，并采用标准方法计算了矿物质与抗营养素的比值。采用SPSS (Statistical Product for Service Solution)进行统计分析，采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)分离均数，采用土耳其检验模型检验显著性差异。p值0.05被认为是显著的。只有膳食纤维含量差异显著(p<0.05)。非洲菠菜酱中钠、钙、镁、钾、铁、锌、锰的矿物质组成差异显著(p<0.05)，生菜酱中磷含量最高。单宁含量以生菜酱和非洲菠菜酱最高，植酸盐和草酸盐以非洲菠菜酱最高。所研究的矿物质均显示出较高的生物利用度。各蔬菜酱料中水溶性维生素的维生素组成差异显著(p<0.05)，而秋葵酱料中脂溶性维生素的维生素D组成差异显著(p<0.05)。应鼓励食用这些蔬菜酱汁，尤其是2型糖尿病患者。
{"title":"Chemical and Mineral Bio-availability Composition of Indigenous Vegetable Sauces: Implication for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"Amadi Joy Adaku Chibuzo, Asinobi Chinagorom Onyemaechi, Okeke Phenomena Ngozi, Ndukwu Sylvia Ogechi, Nwachukwu Chijioke Nnaemeka, Edward Uzoamaka","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190404.11","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical and mineral bioavailability composition of indigenous vegetable sauces: implication for type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated. Vegetables and ingredients for sauce preparation were purchased from Relief market Owerri, Imo State. The vegetables were used in preparation of okra sauce, African spinach sauce and lettuce sauce. It was oven-dried at 50°C for 14 hours. The sauces were analyzed for proximate, minerals, vitamin, antinutrient while mineral to antinutrient ratios was calculated using standard methods. Statistical analysis using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) was used to determine one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to separate the means while Turkey test model was used to test significant difference. P-value at 0.05 was considered significant. Significant difference was observed only in dietary fibre (p<0.05). Mineral composition showed significant (p<0.05) differences in African spinach sauce for sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc and manganese and only highest in phosphorus for lettuce sauce. Tannin was significantly highest in lettuce sauce and African spinach sauce, for phytate and oxalate in African spinach sauce. All the minerals studied showed high bioavailability. Vitamin composition was significantly (p<0.05) different among the vegetable sauces in all the water soluble vitamin studied but was only significant (p<0.05) for vitamin D for all the fat soluble vitamins in okra sauce. Consumption of these vegetable sauces should be encouraged especially among the type 2 diabetic subjects.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78996386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-05DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.13
Theuri Alice Wairimu, Makokha O Anselimo, K. Florence
There is an increasing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Kenya. This is despite the implementations of various interventions to prevent and manage the condition. Despite increasing use of mobile phone communication in Kenya, this technology has not been utilized in management of T2DM, though it has been applied in other countries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of using mobile phone communication on the morbidity and health seeking behavior of T2DM patients. The study was conducted among 138 patients attending the diabetes clinic at Kitui County Referral Hospital. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio economic characteristics, morbidity status and health seeking behavior at the baseline and after mobile phone based intervention. There was a greater decline in morbidity in the experimental group (35.8% to 22.4%) compared to the control group (31% to 29.6%). The difference between groups was significant (OR=0.48; 95% CI= 0.27-0.85), p<0.05). The proportion of respondents with controlled blood pressure (BP) increased in experimental group (44.8% to 49.3%) compared to a reduction in the control group (53.5% to 47.9%). The effect of the intervention was significant (p<0.05). Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) increased from 32.8% to 41.8% in experimental group while it reduced from 39.4% to 31% in control group. The effect of the intervention was statistically significant (p<0.05). This study concludes that use of mobile phone communication led to significant decrease in morbidity prevalence and an increase in the proportion of T2DM patients that carried out self-monitoring of blood glucose in T2DM patients while it did not have a significant effect on glycemic control, diabetes clinic attendance and monitoring of feet health.
{"title":"Effect of Using Mobile Phone Communication on Morbidity and Health Seeking Behavior of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Kitui County Referral Hospital, Kenya","authors":"Theuri Alice Wairimu, Makokha O Anselimo, K. Florence","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.13","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Kenya. This is despite the implementations of various interventions to prevent and manage the condition. Despite increasing use of mobile phone communication in Kenya, this technology has not been utilized in management of T2DM, though it has been applied in other countries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of using mobile phone communication on the morbidity and health seeking behavior of T2DM patients. The study was conducted among 138 patients attending the diabetes clinic at Kitui County Referral Hospital. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio economic characteristics, morbidity status and health seeking behavior at the baseline and after mobile phone based intervention. There was a greater decline in morbidity in the experimental group (35.8% to 22.4%) compared to the control group (31% to 29.6%). The difference between groups was significant (OR=0.48; 95% CI= 0.27-0.85), p<0.05). The proportion of respondents with controlled blood pressure (BP) increased in experimental group (44.8% to 49.3%) compared to a reduction in the control group (53.5% to 47.9%). The effect of the intervention was significant (p<0.05). Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) increased from 32.8% to 41.8% in experimental group while it reduced from 39.4% to 31% in control group. The effect of the intervention was statistically significant (p<0.05). This study concludes that use of mobile phone communication led to significant decrease in morbidity prevalence and an increase in the proportion of T2DM patients that carried out self-monitoring of blood glucose in T2DM patients while it did not have a significant effect on glycemic control, diabetes clinic attendance and monitoring of feet health.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83033371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-04DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.12
Rajesh Jain, S. Olejas, Lee Sam Goo, N. Bhavatharinin, Ashish S. Dengra, R. Shoghli, S. Davey, Rachna Jain
OGTT is performed in pregnant women by measuring the plasma glucose in fasting or non-fasting after 2-hour ingesting 75 grams of glucose (Monohydrate Dextrose Anhydrous). For diagnosing gestational diabetes (GDM) Indian Guidelines (DIPSI Test) are simple and can be done easily in low resource setting where large number of pregnant women visit for ANC check-up. The severity of GDM increases because of the action of insulin is diminished (insulin resistance) due to raised hormone secretion by the placenta. Other risk factors for GDM are being elderly, increased BMI, or obesity, weight gain in pregnancy, history of diabetes in family, stillbirth or a congenital abnormality in previous deliveries. GDM has previously been considered to be transient during pregnancy and resolve after pregnancy but, pregnant women with hyperglycaemia are at higher risk of developing GDM in subsequent pregnancies and about half of the women with a history of GDM will develop type II Diabetes within five to ten years after delivery. DIPSI simple testing protocol is endorsed by the National Health Mission (GOI) Guideline on GDM, and also endorsed by the FIGO guideline on HIP for use in South Asia. This testing protocol has been followed by Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh in the region. Tamil-Nadu state and Uttar Pradesh states in India launched a Universal GDM Program in 2007 and 2016 respectively, covering all pregnancies by testing and managing GDM with MNT, Metformin and Insulin in most of health care facilities. Around 28,000 ANM have been given glucometers, strips, glucose 75 gm packets for implementation of the largest GDM program in Uttar Pradesh, India to date.
{"title":"Review of FIGO & ADA, WHO, IADPSG Guidelines for GDM for Low Resource Setting and Integration of DIPSI with MOHFW Govt of India, Guidelines","authors":"Rajesh Jain, S. Olejas, Lee Sam Goo, N. Bhavatharinin, Ashish S. Dengra, R. Shoghli, S. Davey, Rachna Jain","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.12","url":null,"abstract":"OGTT is performed in pregnant women by measuring the plasma glucose in fasting or non-fasting after 2-hour ingesting 75 grams of glucose (Monohydrate Dextrose Anhydrous). For diagnosing gestational diabetes (GDM) Indian Guidelines (DIPSI Test) are simple and can be done easily in low resource setting where large number of pregnant women visit for ANC check-up. The severity of GDM increases because of the action of insulin is diminished (insulin resistance) due to raised hormone secretion by the placenta. Other risk factors for GDM are being elderly, increased BMI, or obesity, weight gain in pregnancy, history of diabetes in family, stillbirth or a congenital abnormality in previous deliveries. GDM has previously been considered to be transient during pregnancy and resolve after pregnancy but, pregnant women with hyperglycaemia are at higher risk of developing GDM in subsequent pregnancies and about half of the women with a history of GDM will develop type II Diabetes within five to ten years after delivery. DIPSI simple testing protocol is endorsed by the National Health Mission (GOI) Guideline on GDM, and also endorsed by the FIGO guideline on HIP for use in South Asia. This testing protocol has been followed by Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh in the region. Tamil-Nadu state and Uttar Pradesh states in India launched a Universal GDM Program in 2007 and 2016 respectively, covering all pregnancies by testing and managing GDM with MNT, Metformin and Insulin in most of health care facilities. Around 28,000 ANM have been given glucometers, strips, glucose 75 gm packets for implementation of the largest GDM program in Uttar Pradesh, India to date.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90103742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-03DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.11
Dongshan Zhu, Xian Li, J. Ji, Ju-ming Lu, W. Jia, L. Ji, Puhong Zhang
This study aims to examine short-term treatment cost changes after initiating basal insulin in insulin naive patients with type 2 diabetes for 6 months in routine clinical practice. Observational Registry of Basal Insulin Treatment (ORBIT) program is a 6-month, prospective study in China. Patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled (HbA1C≥7%) by oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and willing to initiate basal insulin treatment were enrolled from 209 hospitals of eight geographic regions of China. Type and dose of BI were at the physician’s discretion and patients’ willingness. Interviews were conducted at baseline, month 3 and month 6. Daily treatment cost (including cost of OAD medication, insulin therapy, self-monitoring of blood glucose and dealing with minor hypoglycemia) of per person before and after adding BIs was evaluated. After adding on Basal insulin, the weighted mean ± standard deviation (SD) daily treatment cost for insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes increased from $1.25 ± $0.74 (baseline) to $2.57 ± $0.68 at month 6, a median (Q1, Q3) increase of 1.51 (0.38, 4.11) times over 6 months. The daily treatment cost increased with growing baseline HbA1c level and prolonged diabetes duration. The reduction in HbA1c was 2.2%, with minor hypoglycemia increased by 0.68 times/person/year. Insulin cost accounted for the highest proportion (47.9%) of costs. Our findings suggest adding-on BI therapy may increase the daily treatment cost by 1.5 times at 6 months. Early initiation of BI therapy may provide an opportunity to achieve treatment goals with low cost and low risk of hypoglycemia.
{"title":"Cost Change After Initiating Basal Insulin for 6 Months in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Registry Study in China","authors":"Dongshan Zhu, Xian Li, J. Ji, Ju-ming Lu, W. Jia, L. Ji, Puhong Zhang","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190403.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine short-term treatment cost changes after initiating basal insulin in insulin naive patients with type 2 diabetes for 6 months in routine clinical practice. Observational Registry of Basal Insulin Treatment (ORBIT) program is a 6-month, prospective study in China. Patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled (HbA1C≥7%) by oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and willing to initiate basal insulin treatment were enrolled from 209 hospitals of eight geographic regions of China. Type and dose of BI were at the physician’s discretion and patients’ willingness. Interviews were conducted at baseline, month 3 and month 6. Daily treatment cost (including cost of OAD medication, insulin therapy, self-monitoring of blood glucose and dealing with minor hypoglycemia) of per person before and after adding BIs was evaluated. After adding on Basal insulin, the weighted mean ± standard deviation (SD) daily treatment cost for insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes increased from $1.25 ± $0.74 (baseline) to $2.57 ± $0.68 at month 6, a median (Q1, Q3) increase of 1.51 (0.38, 4.11) times over 6 months. The daily treatment cost increased with growing baseline HbA1c level and prolonged diabetes duration. The reduction in HbA1c was 2.2%, with minor hypoglycemia increased by 0.68 times/person/year. Insulin cost accounted for the highest proportion (47.9%) of costs. Our findings suggest adding-on BI therapy may increase the daily treatment cost by 1.5 times at 6 months. Early initiation of BI therapy may provide an opportunity to achieve treatment goals with low cost and low risk of hypoglycemia.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90252830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-Care Practices with the Feet of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Outpatient Follow-Up","authors":"Lilian Cristiane Gomes","doi":"10.36266/IJED/1000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36266/IJED/1000101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"6 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91433218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Okorie Pamela, Agu Francis, Ani Celestine, Alozie Ifeoma, Nworgu Choice, A. Pamela, Ugwu Princewill, Uzoigwe Jide, I. Uzoma, Ejim Nnamdi, Nwachukwu Daniel
This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Adansonia digitata leaf (ALEAD) on blood glucose level. 36 of the rats were randomly distributed into 9. Group one served as the normal control and Group 2 rats were administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were orally administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Group 6 were orally administered with metformin (150 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Groups 7, 8, and 9 were orally administered with aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. The serum concentration of glucose of all the rats in each group was determined after the 8th and 15th dose of treatment. Groups 3, 4 and 5 showed a decrease after the first week of treatment but this decrease was not significant (P>0.05). The group treated with metformin (150 mg/kg) also showed a decrease which was also not significant (P>0.05). The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis of aqueous leave extract of A. digitata indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoid and steroids. These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata possess anti-diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Adansonia digitata, anterior pituitary, wistar rats.
{"title":"The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Adansonia digitata (baobab) on diabetes mellitus and the anterior pituitary of adult male wistar rats","authors":"Okorie Pamela, Agu Francis, Ani Celestine, Alozie Ifeoma, Nworgu Choice, A. Pamela, Ugwu Princewill, Uzoigwe Jide, I. Uzoma, Ejim Nnamdi, Nwachukwu Daniel","doi":"10.5897/JDE2019.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JDE2019.0131","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of aqueous leaf extract of Adansonia digitata leaf (ALEAD) on blood glucose level. 36 of the rats were randomly distributed into 9. Group one served as the normal control and Group 2 rats were administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were orally administered with alloxan (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Group 6 were orally administered with metformin (150 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. Groups 7, 8, and 9 were orally administered with aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) once daily for 2 weeks. The serum concentration of glucose of all the rats in each group was determined after the 8th and 15th dose of treatment. Groups 3, 4 and 5 showed a decrease after the first week of treatment but this decrease was not significant (P>0.05). The group treated with metformin (150 mg/kg) also showed a decrease which was also not significant (P>0.05). The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis of aqueous leave extract of A. digitata indicated the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoid and steroids. These results suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of A. digitata possess anti-diabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Diabetes mellitus, Adansonia digitata, anterior pituitary, wistar rats.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87430817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-13DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20190402.13
Livana Ph, I. P. Sari, Hermanto
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with a system in the body, due to various factors, characterized by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidaemia, due to a lack of secretion or ineffectiveness of insulin secreted by the pancreas. Diabetes Mellitus patients should perform various management therapies for Diabetes Mellitus to prevent complications and control the stability of blood sugar levels. The therapy can have physical and psychological effects. The psychological effects that can be felt one of them are anxiety. This study aims to determine the description of anxiety levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the area of Djazariyah family doctor Kendal District. Method: quantitative descriptive method. The measuring tool used is a questionnaire of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale consisting of 42 questions. The sample was 37 respondents. Results: Most Diabetes Mellitus patients experienced mild anxiety. Discussion: Further investigators are recommended to use the modified Depression Anxiety Stress Scale questionnaire to make it easier for respondents to understand and answer questions.
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The purpose of this study was to measure the association between years of nursing practice and knowledge of insulin therapy among nurses in Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, The Gambia. A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 127 randomly selected trained nurses. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. A total of 127 nurses participated in this study but 118 completely filled and returned the questionnaires making a total response rate of 93%. The mean years of experience of nurses was 3.86 ± 4.051 years with a minimum of 1 year (20.3%) and maximum of 23 years (0.8%). Most of the nurses were females (n = 66, 55.6%), had a diploma in nursing (n = 75, 63.6%) and working at the surgical department (n = 47, 39.8%) respectively. The majority (n = 93, 78.8%) of them had never attended an in-service training on management of diabetes. The majority of nurses rated their knowledge of diabetes as good (n = 72, 61%). Despite this self-rating, 114 (96.6%) of them would like to receive extra training on insulin therapy. Eighty-six percent (n = 102) of the nurses knew the normal range of fasting blood sugar level and 98.3% said that blood sugar level should be checked prior to administering insulin (n = 116). However, most of them did not know that a blood sugar level of less than 70 mg/dl in a diabetic patient is classified as hypoglycaemia (n = 77, 65.3%). There were significant mean differences of the nurses’ years of experience in relation to their willingness to attend an in-service training on DM management and knowledge of sign and symptoms of hypoglycaemia (p < 0.05). The majority (87.3%) and (91.5%) of the nurses practiced injection site cleaning and priming of the insulin syringe respectively. However, 33.1% (n = 39) of the nurses do not wash their hands and only 4.2% (n =5) of them reported checking for expiry date prior to giving insulin injection. In addition, 72.9% (n = 86) of the nurses reported administering insulin injection in the arm. The nurses with more than four years of practice were more knowledgeable on the requirements of effective insulin administration than those with two years or less practical experience. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for an educational intervention on diabetes and insulin therapy for the nurses in EFSTH.
{"title":"Association Between Nurses’ Years of Practice and Knowledge on Insulin Therapy at Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, the Gambia: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Tobiloba Oyejide Alex Omotosho, Haddy Tunkara-Bah, Tomilayo Felicity Omotosho, Pateh Saho","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20190402.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20190402.12","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to measure the association between years of nursing practice and knowledge of insulin therapy among nurses in Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, The Gambia. A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 127 randomly selected trained nurses. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. A total of 127 nurses participated in this study but 118 completely filled and returned the questionnaires making a total response rate of 93%. The mean years of experience of nurses was 3.86 ± 4.051 years with a minimum of 1 year (20.3%) and maximum of 23 years (0.8%). Most of the nurses were females (n = 66, 55.6%), had a diploma in nursing (n = 75, 63.6%) and working at the surgical department (n = 47, 39.8%) respectively. The majority (n = 93, 78.8%) of them had never attended an in-service training on management of diabetes. The majority of nurses rated their knowledge of diabetes as good (n = 72, 61%). Despite this self-rating, 114 (96.6%) of them would like to receive extra training on insulin therapy. Eighty-six percent (n = 102) of the nurses knew the normal range of fasting blood sugar level and 98.3% said that blood sugar level should be checked prior to administering insulin (n = 116). However, most of them did not know that a blood sugar level of less than 70 mg/dl in a diabetic patient is classified as hypoglycaemia (n = 77, 65.3%). There were significant mean differences of the nurses’ years of experience in relation to their willingness to attend an in-service training on DM management and knowledge of sign and symptoms of hypoglycaemia (p < 0.05). The majority (87.3%) and (91.5%) of the nurses practiced injection site cleaning and priming of the insulin syringe respectively. However, 33.1% (n = 39) of the nurses do not wash their hands and only 4.2% (n =5) of them reported checking for expiry date prior to giving insulin injection. In addition, 72.9% (n = 86) of the nurses reported administering insulin injection in the arm. The nurses with more than four years of practice were more knowledgeable on the requirements of effective insulin administration than those with two years or less practical experience. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for an educational intervention on diabetes and insulin therapy for the nurses in EFSTH.","PeriodicalId":13900,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84714764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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