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An investigation of the relationship between long bone measurements and stature: Implications for estimating skeletal stature in subadults. 长骨测量与身材关系的研究:对估计亚成年人骨骼身材的影响。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03336-7
Elaine Y Chu, Kyra E Stull

The present study introduces new regression formulae that address several challenges of current subadult stature estimation methods by 1) using a large, contemporary, cross-sectional sample of subadult skeletal remains; 2) generating regression models using both lengths and breadths; 3) utilizing both linear and nonlinear regression models to accommodate the nonlinear shape of long bone growth; and 4) providing usable prediction intervals for estimating stature. Eighteen long bone measurements, stature, and age were collected from computed tomography images for a sample of individuals (n = 990) between birth and 20 years from the United States. The bivariate relationship between long bone measurements and stature was modeled using linear and nonlinear methods on an 80% training sample and evaluated on a 20% testing sample. Equations were generated using pooled-sex samples. Goodness of fit was evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and mean absolute deviation (MAD). Accuracy and precision were quantified using percent testing accuracy and Bland-Altman plots. In total, 38 stature estimation equations were created and evaluated, all achieving testing accuracies greater than 90%. Nonlinear models generated better fits compared to linear counterparts and generally produced smaller MAD (3.65 - 15.90cm). Length models generally performed better than breadth models, and a mixture of linear and nonlinear methods resulted in highest testing accuracies. Model performance was not biased by sex, age, or measurement type. A freely available, online graphical user interface is provided for immediate use of the models by practitioners in forensic anthropology and will be expanded to include bioarchaeological contexts in the future.

本研究引入了新的回归公式,通过以下方法解决了当前亚成年人身材估计方法所面临的几个挑战:1)使用大量当代亚成年人骨骼横断面样本;2)使用长度和宽度生成回归模型;3)使用线性和非线性回归模型来适应长骨生长的非线性形状;以及 4)为估计身材提供可用的预测区间。我们从计算机断层扫描图像中收集了美国出生至 20 岁个体(n = 990)的 18 项长骨测量数据、身材和年龄。使用线性和非线性方法在 80% 的训练样本上建立了长骨测量和身材之间的二元关系模型,并在 20% 的测试样本上进行了评估。方程是使用集合性别样本生成的。拟合度使用 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检验和平均绝对偏差 (MAD) 进行评估。准确度和精确度使用测试准确率百分比和布兰-阿尔特曼图进行量化。总共创建并评估了 38 个身材估计方程,所有方程的测试准确率均超过 90%。与线性模型相比,非线性模型的拟合效果更好,产生的 MAD 一般较小(3.65 - 15.90 厘米)。长度模型的表现通常优于宽度模型,线性和非线性方法混合使用的测试精度最高。模型性能不受性别、年龄或测量类型的影响。免费提供的在线图形用户界面可供法医人类学从业人员直接使用这些模型,未来还将扩展到生物考古学领域。
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引用次数: 0
Postmortem interval estimation of human skeletonized remains through luminol chemiluminescence. 通过发光酚化学发光法估算人类骸骨的死后间隔。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03343-8
Catarina Ermida, Joana Rosa, Eugénia Cunha, Maria Teresa Ferreira

Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation represents a significant challenge in the forensic sciences, particularly when dealing with human skeletal remains. A screening protocol for distinguishing possible remains of forensic interest is a crucial tool for judicial purposes. In this context, luminol chemiluminescence emerges as a promising method, with low overall costs and required time. This method is primarily used as a presumptive test, based on the understanding that the intensity of the chemiluminescence reactions decreases with an increase in the postmortem interval, thus underlining its practical implications.This research aims to expand previous research on the potential of luminol chemiluminescence, evaluating its usefulness in estimating PMI. Our sample comprised 239 human clavicles, with known PMI. The luminol solution was sprayed on each powder bone sample in a dark room, observed by the naked eye and photographed. The intensity of the chemiluminescence reaction was measured using a binary and a 5-level scale.The present results reveal that this method is a suitable tool for PMI estimation as a presumptive test, reducing time and costs in criminal investigations. The findings underscore the high sensitivity of luminol chemiluminescence for detecting recent PMI but also highlight a notable incidence of false positives. Thus, our results confirm luminol chemiluminescence as a powerful tool for dating time of death, particularly for identifying forensic relevant remains. Still, the relatively low specificity indicates that it should be complemented with additional tests for further confirmation and scientific validation of the remains' forensic relevance.

死后间隔(PMI)估算是法医学中的一项重大挑战,尤其是在处理人类遗骸时。用于区分法医感兴趣的可能遗骸的筛选方案是司法目的的重要工具。在这种情况下,发光酚化学发光法是一种很有前途的方法,总体成本低,所需时间短。这种方法主要用作推定检验,因为化学发光反应的强度会随着死后间隔时间的延长而降低,从而强调了其实际意义。本研究旨在扩展之前关于鲁米诺化学发光潜力的研究,评估其在估计死后间隔时间方面的实用性。我们的样本包括 239 个已知 PMI 的人体锁骨。在暗室中将发光酚溶液喷洒在每个骨粉样本上,用肉眼观察并拍照。本研究结果表明,该方法是一种适用于推测 PMI 的工具,可减少刑事调查的时间和成本。研究结果强调了发光酚化学发光法检测近期 PMI 的高灵敏度,但也突出了假阳性的显著发生率。因此,我们的研究结果证实鲁米诺化学发光法是确定死亡时间的有力工具,特别是在鉴定法医相关遗骸时。不过,相对较低的特异性表明,该方法应辅以其他测试,以进一步确认和科学验证遗骸的法医相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of commercial targeted amplicon sequencing assays for human remains identification casework. 比较用于人类遗骸鉴定案例工作的商业定向扩增片段测序测定。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03335-8
Dennis McNevin, Jessica Watson, Kelly Grisedale, Ayusha Dahal, Corey Goodwin, Jodie Ward

Targeted amplicon sequencing (TAS) facilitates the genotyping of forensically informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using massively parallel sequencing (MPS). For human remains identification, where any extracted DNA is likely to be degraded, TAS may succeed when short tandem repeat (STR) profiling using capillary electrophoresis fails. Further, as well as yielding identity information, SNPs can provide information about ancestry, phenotype, kinship and paternal lineage (Y chromosome haplotypes). Two TAS platforms were compared in this study: Ion AmpliSeq™ panels coupled with Ion Torrent sequencing on an Ion GeneStudio™ S5 Plus System, manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific, and the ForenSeq® Kintelligence Kit coupled with Illumina sequencing on the MiSeq FGx® Sequencing System, manufactured by QIAGEN. Four Ion AmpliSeq™ panels (Precision ID Identity, Precision ID Ancestry, DNA Phenotyping and HID Y-SNP) share 177 SNPs with the ForenSeq® Kintelligence Kit and all five were used to profile the DNA extracted from the petrous part of the temporal bone from six skeletonised cadavers. Of the 6 × 177 = 1,062 SNP genotype comparisons, 1,055 (99%) were concordant between the Ion AmpliSeq™ panels and Kintelligence Kit. Of the seven (< 1%) non-concordant SNPs, only three of them (0.3%) would have resulted in erroneous genotypes being reported as a result of allele dropout by either assay, using our optimised relative variant frequency windows for allele calling. We conclude that both the Ion AmpliSeq™ panels and the ForenSeq® Kintelligence Kit were suitable for TAS applied to the human remains in this study.

靶向扩增片段测序(TAS)有助于利用大规模并行测序(MPS)对具有法医参考价值的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)进行基因分型。在人类遗骸鉴定中,提取的任何 DNA 都有可能降解,因此当使用毛细管电泳进行短串联重复序列 (STR) 分析失败时,TAS 可能会取得成功。此外,SNP 除了能提供身份信息外,还能提供有关祖先、表型、亲缘关系和父系血统(Y 染色体单倍型)的信息。本研究比较了两种 TAS 平台:Ion AmpliSeq™ 面板与赛默飞世尔科技公司生产的 Ion GeneStudio™ S5 Plus 系统上的 Ion Torrent 测序相结合,以及 ForenSeq® Kintelligence 套件与 QIAGEN 公司生产的 MiSeq FGx® 测序系统上的 Illumina 测序相结合。四个 Ion AmpliSeq™ 面板(Precision ID Identity、Precision ID Ancestry、DNA Phenotyping 和 HID Y-SNP)与 ForenSeq® Kintelligence 套件共享 177 个 SNPs,所有五个面板都用于对从六具骸骨尸体的颞骨岩石部分提取的 DNA 进行特征分析。在 6 × 177 = 1,062 个 SNP 基因型比较中,有 1,055 个(99%)在 Ion AmpliSeq™ 面板和 Kintelligence Kit 之间是一致的。在 7 个(
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引用次数: 0
Petrous bones versus tooth cementum for genetic analysis of aged skeletal remains. 用于老年骨骼遗骸基因分析的石质骨骼与牙骨质。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03346-5
Irena Zupanič Pajnič, Tonja Jeromelj, Tamara Leskovar

A proper sampling strategy is important to obtain sufficient DNA for successful identification of aged skeletal remains. The petrous bone is the highest DNA-yielding bone in the human body. Because DNA extraction from the petrous bone is very destructive, the demand for other DNA sources is significant. When investigating aged skeletal remains, teeth are usually preserved, and recent studies have shown that DNA in teeth can be best preserved in the dental cementum that surrounds the surface of the tooth root. To extract DNA from the surface of the tooth root, a nondestructive method without grinding was used. Petrous bones and teeth from 60 archaeological adult skeletons were analyzed. The DNA yield, degree of DNA degradation, and STR typing success were compared, and the results showed higher DNA yield and higher amplification success in petrous bones, despite higher degradation of petrous bones' DNA. The greater success of petrous bones is associated with poorly preserved DNA in a quarter of the teeth analyzed. When teeth with badly preserved DNA were excluded from the statistical analysis, no differences in the success of STR loci amplification were observed even if DNA yield was higher in petrous bones, which can be explained by greater degradation of petrous bones' DNA. When teeth are well preserved, they can be used for genetically analyzing aged skeletal remains instead of petrous bones, and a rapid nondestructive extraction method can be applied to shorten the identification process and to physically preserve the biological specimen.

正确的取样策略对于获得足够的 DNA 以成功鉴定老年遗骸非常重要。岩石骨是人体中 DNA 产量最高的骨骼。由于从岩石骨中提取 DNA 破坏性很大,因此对其他 DNA 来源的需求也很大。最近的研究表明,牙齿中的 DNA 在环绕牙根表面的牙骨质中保存得最好。为了从牙根表面提取 DNA,我们采用了一种无需研磨的无损方法。我们对 60 具考古成人骨骼中的石质骨骼和牙齿进行了分析。比较了DNA产量、DNA降解程度和STR分型成功率,结果表明,尽管石质骨的DNA降解程度较高,但石质骨的DNA产量更高,扩增成功率更高。石质骨骼的成功率较高与四分之一分析牙齿的 DNA 保存较差有关。在统计分析中剔除了DNA保存较差的牙齿后,即使石质骨骼的DNA产量更高,也没有观察到STR位点扩增成功率的差异,这可以用石质骨骼的DNA降解程度更高来解释。在牙齿保存完好的情况下,可以用它们来代替石质骨骼对老年骨骼遗骸进行基因分析,并采用快速无损提取的方法来缩短鉴定过程,同时对生物标本进行物理保存。
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引用次数: 0
T2-weighted spoiled gradient echo MRI for forensic age estimation: a study on knee growth plates. 用于法医年龄估计的 T2 加权破坏梯度回波 MRI:膝关节生长板研究。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03345-6
Oguzhan Ekizoglu, Ali Er, Elif Hocaoglu, Mustafa Bozdag, Silke Grabherr

The timing of growth plate fusion is a key indicator for age estimation and is primarily used in forensic investigations. On the other hand, non-ionizing techniques such as MRI are being developed to provide safer and more ethical evaluations in forensic casework. This study aims to evaluate the closure process of growth plates in the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses using Multiple Echo Recombined Gradient Echo (MERGE) MRI sequences and provide age estimation data based on staging methods for forensic purposes. We retrospectively analyzed 559 patients (294 males, 265 females, aged 8-25 years) diagnosed with trauma and knee pain at Tepecik Training and Research Hospital from 2016 to 2019. MRI scans were performed using a 1.5-T system with MERGE sequences and evaluated by two observers using a new staging system. Observer agreement was assessed using Cohen's κ test, yielding high agreement values (κ > 0.8). Positive correlations were found between age and ossification stages (p < 0.001). Minimum age thresholds for stages 5a and 5b of the distal femoral epiphysis were 16 and 18 years for females and 17 and 19 years for males, respectively. For the proximal tibial epiphysis, the minimum ages for stages 5a and 5b were 15 years for females and 17 years for males. The MERGE sequence provides a viable method for assessing skeletal maturity in living individuals with significant ethical advantages due to non-ionizing radiation. This study supports the potential application of the MERGE sequence in forensic age estimation, demonstrating high observer agreement and consistency. Future research should focus on comparing different sequences and populations to enhance the methodology's applicability.

生长板融合的时间是估计年龄的关键指标,主要用于法医调查。另一方面,核磁共振成像等非电离技术的发展为法医案件工作提供了更安全、更符合道德规范的评估。本研究旨在使用多重回波重组梯度回波(MERGE)核磁共振成像序列评估股骨远端和胫骨近端骨骺生长板的闭合过程,并提供基于分期方法的年龄估计数据,用于法医目的。我们回顾性分析了 2016 年至 2019 年在特佩契克培训与研究医院确诊为外伤和膝关节疼痛的 559 例患者(男性 294 例,女性 265 例,年龄 8-25 岁)。核磁共振扫描使用 1.5-T 系统和 MERGE 序列进行,并由两名观察员使用新的分期系统进行评估。观察者的一致性采用 Cohen's κ 检验进行评估,结果显示一致性值很高(κ > 0.8)。年龄与骨化分期之间呈正相关(p
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引用次数: 0
Sex estimation by CT image analysis of the rib cage in a Mediterranean population. 通过对地中海地区人群的肋骨CT图像分析进行性别估计。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03349-2
Manuel Partido Navadijo, Jose Francisco Muñoz Molina, Fernando Navarro Merino, Inmaculada Alemán Aguilera

Sexual dimorphism in the human species is key to the development of sex estimation techniques in the human skeleton. This dimorphism is manifested, as in other regions of the skeleton, in the bones that constitute the thoracic cage, according to the existing bibliography. In this aspect, the study of the human skeleton through 3D images has also proved to be useful for the development and validation of sex estimation methodologies for the reconstruction of the osteobiological profile.For this purpose, a sample of 240 thoracic CT scans of adult individuals was selected from a collection of 3D images belonging to the University of Granada, provided by the Castilla-La Mancha Health Service (SESCAM). Different measurements of the thoracic bones (ribs R2 to R5 width, sternum length and width, and clavicles width) have been taken with OsiriX software, with the aim of developing discriminant functions for sex estimation.The obtained results are positive, allowing sex estimation through 3D images of the thorax with up to 89.6% accuracy through discriminant functions, which shows the usefulness of image analysis for the reconstruction of the osteobiological profile.

人类的性别二形性是人类骨骼性别估计技术发展的关键。根据现有文献,这种二态性与骨骼的其他区域一样,表现在构成胸腔的骨骼上。为此,我们从卡斯蒂利亚-拉曼恰卫生服务机构(SESCAM)提供的格拉纳达大学三维图像集中选取了 240 个成年个体的胸部 CT 扫描样本。使用 OsiriX 软件对胸部骨骼(R2 至 R5 肋骨宽度、胸骨长度和宽度以及锁骨宽度)进行了不同的测量,目的是开发用于性别估计的判别函数。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling STRs instability in a colorectal cancer FFPE sample: a case report. 揭示结直肠癌 FFPE 样本中 STRs 的不稳定性:一份病例报告。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03341-w
Giulia Soldati, Chiara Saccardo, Dario Raniero, Domenico De Leo, Stefania Turrina

In forensic genetics, sometimes formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy material taken during life is the only biological sample available for individual identification or paternity testing. In most cases, this biological tissue is characterized by the presence of tumor cells characterized by instability and loss of heterozygosity of microsatellites (MSI/LOH) compared to the DNA present in cells of normal tissue.In this case report, two FFPE samples from the same male subject were available for genetic investigation: one sample with colorectal cancer tissue and the other with normal tissue (no cancerous histopathological features). The comparison of the genetic profiles obtained from DNA extracted from the two tissues showed in the tumor tissue the presence of three genomic instability phenomena affecting FGA, CSF1P0, D21S2055 loci, located on three distinct autosomal chromosomes, and one duplication phenomenon affecting the DYS438. Therefore, due to the MSI/LOH phenomena, the genetic profile acquired from the tumor tissue was distorted and thus generated a fictitious genetic profile, not corresponding to the subject's real one (normal tissue free of tumor cells).

在法医遗传学中,有时生前提取的福尔马林固定石蜡包埋(FFPE)活检材料是唯一可用于个体鉴定或亲子鉴定的生物样本。在大多数情况下,这种生物组织的特点是存在肿瘤细胞,与正常组织细胞中的 DNA 相比,肿瘤细胞具有不稳定性和微卫星杂合性缺失(MSI/LOH)。在本病例报告中,有两份来自同一男性受试者的 FFPE 样本可用于基因调查:一份样本为结直肠癌组织,另一份样本为正常组织(无癌症组织病理学特征)。通过比较从两个组织中提取的 DNA 所获得的基因图谱,发现肿瘤组织中存在三个基因组不稳定现象,分别影响位于三个不同常染色体上的 FGA、CSF1P0 和 D21S2055 位点,以及一个影响 DYS438 的重复现象。因此,由于 MSI/LOH 现象,从肿瘤组织获得的基因图谱被扭曲,从而产生了一个虚构的基因图谱,与受试者的真实基因图谱(无肿瘤细胞的正常组织)不符。
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引用次数: 0
Development and evaluation of a panel of newly screened Y chromosome InDels for inferring paternal ancestry information in Southwest China. 开发和评估用于推断中国西南地区父系祖先信息的新筛选 Y 染色体 InDels 小组。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03344-7
Zefei Wang, Mengyuan Song, Qiang Lyu, Jun Ying, Qian Wu, Feng Song, XinDi Wang, Lanrui Jiang, Yuxiang Zhou, Chaoran Sun, Shuangshuang Wang, Hewen Yao, Zhirui Zhang, Xingbo Song, Haibo Luo

Y-InDels (insertions/deletions) are genetic markers which are extremely understudied. It is unknown whether this type of markers can be utilized for genetic ancestry inference. We have developed an innovative Y chromosome ancestry inference system tailored for forensic applications. This panel amplifies 21 Y chromosome loci, encompassing Y-InDels and Y-SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), utilizing the capillary electrophoresis (CE) platform. The system performed well at DNA concentrations greater than 0.125 ng/ul and produced accurate results at a 1:100 mixing ratio of male and female DNA. The Cumulative probability of matching (CPM) was between 0.95 and 0.97 in the experimental population. The system's efficacy in inferring ancestral origins was demonstrated through intercontinental population discrimination, revealing high discrimination power between African and East Asian populations. Population genetic analyses conducted on Han, Qiang and Hui populations in Southwest China, where the smallest FST value was 0.0002 between Han Chinese in Beijing (from 1000 Genomes Project) and Qiang Chinese from Sichuan (CQSC). Phylogenetic tree construction further illuminated distinct haplotypes among populations, with ethnically unique haplotypes observed in 34.6% of Hui and 7.1% of Qiang populations. K-fold cross-validation show the system's inference abilities at the intercontinental level. In addition, our investigations identified potential associations between the Y-InDel locus Y: 15,385,547 (GRCh37) and haplogroup R1a1a1b2a2- Z2124, as well as locus Y: 13,990,180 (GRCh37) and haplogroup F-M89. In conclusion, we have established a Y-chromosome inference system tailored for grassroots-level application, underscoring the value of incorporating Y-InDel markers in forensic analyses.

Y-InDels(插入/缺失)是一种研究极少的遗传标记。这类标记是否可用于遗传祖先推断尚不得而知。我们为法医应用开发了一种创新的 Y 染色体祖先推断系统。该小组利用毛细管电泳(CE)平台扩增了 21 个 Y 染色体位点,包括 Y-InDels 和 Y-SNP(单核苷酸多态性)。该系统在 DNA 浓度大于 0.125 ng/ul 时性能良好,在男女 DNA 混合比为 1:100 时结果准确。实验人群的累积匹配概率(CPM)介于 0.95 和 0.97 之间。该系统在推断祖先起源方面的功效通过洲际种群鉴别得到了证明,显示了非洲和东亚种群之间的高鉴别力。对中国西南地区的汉族、羌族和回族人群进行的人群遗传分析显示,北京汉族(来自千人基因组计划)和四川羌族(CQSC)之间的最小 FST 值为 0.0002。系统发生树的构建进一步揭示了不同人群之间不同的单倍型,在 34.6% 的回族人群和 7.1% 的羌族人群中观察到了独特的单倍型。K 倍交叉验证显示了该系统在洲际水平上的推断能力。此外,我们的研究还发现了 Y-InDel 基因座 Y: 15,385,547 (GRCh37) 与单倍群 R1a1a1b2a2- Z2124 之间的潜在联系,以及基因座 Y: 13,990,180 (GRCh37) 与单倍群 F-M89 之间的潜在联系。总之,我们建立了一个适合基层应用的 Y 染色体推断系统,强调了将 Y-InDel 标记纳入法医分析的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the binary female/male sex classification: The impact of (trans)gender on the identification of human remains. 超越二元女性/男性性别分类:跨)性别对遗骸鉴定的影响。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03348-3
L Küppers, B Gahr, S Ritz

In cases of unidentified deceased persons, sex determination is a routine task in forensic medicine. However, the binary biological sex categories 'female' and 'male' may be challenged if it is not clear whether the information in the missing persons databases refers to the biological sex or the (felt and lived) gender. An umbrella term for people who do not identify with their birth sex (which usually is the biological, chromosomal sex) is 'transgender'. In recent decades, the legal and social situation of transgender people has changed in many countries making it easier to live their felt gender more openly. This development highlights the issue of potential challenges in the postmortem identification of transgender individuals. Serious problems in corresponding cases may be rare-but they must be considered and addressed in forensic practice to minimize the risk of delayed or failed identification. The impact of (trans)gender on the identification of human remains was examined by a narrative literature review under special consideration of the prevalences of transgender identities in general populations and in the group of unidentified deceased; possible actions to avoid problems in the postmortem identification of transgender persons in forensic practice are being proposed. One can assume that 1 of 200 people in the United States, the European Union and comparable societies is transgender with an opposite-sex identification, and 2 to 3 of 100 people live outside the typical female/male binary, with numbers increasing. If legally possible, an increasing number of transgender individuals will change their name and gender in civil registration. Transgender individuals are likely to be overrepresented in suicides and in victims of homicides. Although there are no precise data on the prevalence of transgender individuals in the group of unidentified deceased, the remarkably high reported prevalence in the general population and the over-representation of transgender individuals in suicides and homicides suggest that the topic is relevant to forensic practice. An autopsy does not always provide evidence of transgender identity, for example in skeletal remains. Particularly in unsolved cases, the possibility that an unidentified person may have been transgender should be considered. Knowledge and awareness of forensic practitioners on this topic should be strengthened by research and training. Databases and data reporting should be optimized. Recording in antemortem databases should clearly distinguish between 'biological sex' and 'apparent sex /lived gender identity'. When collecting postmortem data, a clear distinction should be made between "chromosomal sex" and "sex based on morphological findings". CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable (review article).

在死者身份不明的情况下,性别鉴定是法医学的一项常规工作。然而,如果不清楚失踪人员数据库中的信息是指生理性别还是(感觉和生活中的)性别,那么 "女性 "和 "男性 "这两个二元生物性别类别可能会受到质疑。变性人 "是一个统称,指那些不认同自己出生时的性别(通常是生理性别、染色体性别)的人。近几十年来,变性人的法律和社会状况在许多国家都发生了变化,使他们更容易公开自己的性别。这一发展突显了变性人死后身份鉴定的潜在挑战问题。在相应案例中出现严重问题的情况可能很少,但在法医实践中必须考虑并解决这些问题,以最大限度地降低鉴定延迟或失败的风险。通过叙述性文献综述研究了(变性)性别对遗骸鉴定的影响,并特别考虑了变性身份在普通人群和身份不明死者群体中的普遍性;提出了在法医实践中避免变性人死后身份鉴定问题的可能行动。我们可以假定,在美国、欧盟和类似社会中,每 200 人中就有 1 人是变性人,其身份为异性,每 100 人中就有 2 至 3 人生活在典型的女性/男性二元身份之外,而且人数还在增加。如果法律允许,越来越多的变性人会在民事登记中更改姓名和性别。变性人在自杀和凶杀案受害者中的比例可能过高。虽然没有关于变性人在身份不明死者群体中的流行率的精确数据,但报告的变性人在普通人群中的流行率极高,以及变性人在自杀和凶杀案中的比例过高,都表明这一主题与法医实践相关。尸检并不总能提供变性人身份的证据,例如在遗骸中。特别是在悬案中,应考虑身份不明者可能是变性人的可能性。应通过研究和培训加强法医从业人员对这一问题的了解和认识。应优化数据库和数据报告。死前数据库的记录应明确区分 "生理性别 "和 "表面性别/生前性别认同"。在收集死后数据时,应明确区分 "染色体性别 "和 "基于形态学结果的性别"。临床试验编号:不适用(综述文章)。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: A probability model for estimating age in young individuals relative to key legal thresholds: 15, 18 or 21-year. 更正:用于估算年轻人相对于关键法定年龄的年龄的概率模型:15、18 或 21 岁。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03347-4
Nina Heldring, Ali-Reza Rezaie, André Larsson, Rebecca Gahn, Brita Zilg, Simon Camilleri, Antoine Saade, Philipp Wesp, Elias Palm, Ola Kvist
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Legal Medicine
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