首页 > 最新文献

International Journal of Legal Medicine最新文献

英文 中文
Technical reliability of genotyping SNPs for forensic DNA phenotyping using SNaPshot- and MPS-based assays. 基于快照和mps的法医DNA表型分析中基因分型snp的技术可靠性。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03709-6
Annica Gosch, Katja Anslinger, Jana Naue

In recent years, several countries have undergone changes in their legal framework, now explicitly allowing the analysis of genetic markers for the purpose of forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP). Consequently, laboratory workflows for the analysis of appearance informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been established in several laboratories. Currently, the HIrisPlex-S marker panel and webtool are the most widely used set of appearance informative SNP markers and statistical model used for phenotype predictions. However, many different laboratory protocols are employed for SNP genotyping, mostly using either massive parallel sequencing or single base extension technology. For the GEDNAP and TrACE proficiency tests, FDP modules were introduced in 2021 and 2023. These represented the first instances in which identical samples were analyzed by a fairly large number of laboratories, each of them employing their own laboratory-validated protocol. While mostly consistent phenotyping results were obtained, discrepant genotyping results were observed for some of the analyzed HIrisPlex-S-SNPs in BNC2, OCA2, and TYR. By performing a systematic in-silico analysis of commonly used primer sequences and sequencing the flanking regions of target SNPs in the affected samples from the collaborative exercises, we were able to identify primer binding site mutations, amplification of off-target products and overlap of SBE primers as risk factors for (analysis method-dependent) genotyping discrepancies. While the impact on phenotyping results was minor to negligible in all cases reported here, the issues uncovered by this in-depth analysis may provide a basis for improvements towards more consistent results in the future.

近年来,一些国家的法律框架发生了变化,现在明确允许为法医DNA表型(FDP)的目的分析遗传标记。因此,几个实验室已经建立了分析外观信息单核苷酸多态性(snp)的实验室工作流程。目前,HIrisPlex-S标记面板和webtool是最广泛使用的一组外观信息SNP标记和用于表型预测的统计模型。然而,许多不同的实验室方案被用于SNP基因分型,主要是使用大规模平行测序或单碱基扩展技术。对于GEDNAP和TrACE能力测试,FDP模块于2021年和2023年引入。这是第一次有相当多的实验室对相同的样品进行分析,每个实验室都采用自己的实验室验证方案。虽然获得了基本一致的表型结果,但在BNC2、OCA2和TYR中分析的一些HIrisPlex-S-SNPs的基因分型结果存在差异。通过对常用引物序列进行系统的计算机分析,并对来自合作练习的受影响样品中目标snp的侧翼区域进行测序,我们能够确定引物结合位点突变、脱靶产物扩增和SBE引物重叠是(分析方法依赖的)基因分型差异的危险因素。虽然在这里报告的所有病例中,对表型结果的影响很小,甚至可以忽略不计,但通过深入分析发现的问题可能为将来改进更一致的结果提供基础。
{"title":"Technical reliability of genotyping SNPs for forensic DNA phenotyping using SNaPshot- and MPS-based assays.","authors":"Annica Gosch, Katja Anslinger, Jana Naue","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03709-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03709-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, several countries have undergone changes in their legal framework, now explicitly allowing the analysis of genetic markers for the purpose of forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP). Consequently, laboratory workflows for the analysis of appearance informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been established in several laboratories. Currently, the HIrisPlex-S marker panel and webtool are the most widely used set of appearance informative SNP markers and statistical model used for phenotype predictions. However, many different laboratory protocols are employed for SNP genotyping, mostly using either massive parallel sequencing or single base extension technology. For the GEDNAP and TrACE proficiency tests, FDP modules were introduced in 2021 and 2023. These represented the first instances in which identical samples were analyzed by a fairly large number of laboratories, each of them employing their own laboratory-validated protocol. While mostly consistent phenotyping results were obtained, discrepant genotyping results were observed for some of the analyzed HIrisPlex-S-SNPs in BNC2, OCA2, and TYR. By performing a systematic in-silico analysis of commonly used primer sequences and sequencing the flanking regions of target SNPs in the affected samples from the collaborative exercises, we were able to identify primer binding site mutations, amplification of off-target products and overlap of SBE primers as risk factors for (analysis method-dependent) genotyping discrepancies. While the impact on phenotyping results was minor to negligible in all cases reported here, the issues uncovered by this in-depth analysis may provide a basis for improvements towards more consistent results in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychological impact of forensic autopsy work: a cross-sectional analytic study of post-traumatic stress symptoms among forensic personnel in National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi. 法医尸检工作的心理影响:德里国家首都区法医人员创伤后应激症状的横断面分析研究。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03700-1
Swapnil Choudhury, Navneet Ateriya, Satish Kumar Verma
{"title":"Psychological impact of forensic autopsy work: a cross-sectional analytic study of post-traumatic stress symptoms among forensic personnel in National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi.","authors":"Swapnil Choudhury, Navneet Ateriya, Satish Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03700-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03700-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can construction helmets save lives? Evidence from a biomechanical reconstruction of a work-related head trauma. 建筑头盔能拯救生命吗?证据来自与工作有关的头部创伤的生物力学重建。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03695-9
Natalia Lindgren, Svein Kleiven, Xiaogai Li

Each year, 320 000 people die from occupational injuries. The construction sector is one of the most hazardous sectors, showing a high incidence of workplace fatalities, of which many are caused by traumatic head injuries. In this study, the efficiency of construction helmets has been investigated through an in-depth accident reconstruction of a real-world workplace head trauma, aiming to investigate causation, prevention and liabilities in an ongoing police investigation. The accident was reconstructed with a state-of-the-art subject-specific head model, used to predict the skull fracture and the brain's response to impact. The results of this study show how the skull fracture pattern was predicted with striking resemblance to the real-world fracture and how the locations of high brain strains were predicted in accordance with the victim's brain lesions. The impact scenarios were compared with the hypothetical scenario in which a construction helmet was worn during the impact. The comparison provides evidence to support that a helmet would have prevented the skull fracture, and possibly also life-threatening brain injury. This case study demonstrates how FE reconstructions can help prove causality and liability in fatal head traumas. More importantly, the findings highlight the role of safety helmets in preventing lethal head injuries and their importance in combating the globally high incidence of fatal work-related accidents.

每年有32万人死于职业伤害。建筑部门是最危险的部门之一,显示出工作场所死亡率高,其中许多是由创伤性头部受伤造成的。在本研究中,通过对真实工作场所头部创伤的深度事故重建,研究了施工头盔的效率,旨在调查正在进行的警方调查中的因果关系、预防和责任。这次事故是用最先进的头部模型重建的,用来预测颅骨骨折和大脑对撞击的反应。这项研究的结果表明,颅骨骨折的模式如何与现实世界的骨折惊人地相似,以及如何根据受害者的大脑病变预测高脑应变的位置。将这些冲击场景与在冲击过程中佩戴施工头盔的假设场景进行了比较。这一对比提供了证据,证明头盔可以防止颅骨骨折,也可能防止危及生命的脑损伤。本案例研究展示了FE重建如何有助于证明致命头部创伤的因果关系和责任。更重要的是,调查结果强调了安全帽在预防致命头部伤害方面的作用,以及它们在打击全球致命工伤事故高发方面的重要性。
{"title":"Can construction helmets save lives? Evidence from a biomechanical reconstruction of a work-related head trauma.","authors":"Natalia Lindgren, Svein Kleiven, Xiaogai Li","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03695-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03695-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Each year, 320 000 people die from occupational injuries. The construction sector is one of the most hazardous sectors, showing a high incidence of workplace fatalities, of which many are caused by traumatic head injuries. In this study, the efficiency of construction helmets has been investigated through an in-depth accident reconstruction of a real-world workplace head trauma, aiming to investigate causation, prevention and liabilities in an ongoing police investigation. The accident was reconstructed with a state-of-the-art subject-specific head model, used to predict the skull fracture and the brain's response to impact. The results of this study show how the skull fracture pattern was predicted with striking resemblance to the real-world fracture and how the locations of high brain strains were predicted in accordance with the victim's brain lesions. The impact scenarios were compared with the hypothetical scenario in which a construction helmet was worn during the impact. The comparison provides evidence to support that a helmet would have prevented the skull fracture, and possibly also life-threatening brain injury. This case study demonstrates how FE reconstructions can help prove causality and liability in fatal head traumas. More importantly, the findings highlight the role of safety helmets in preventing lethal head injuries and their importance in combating the globally high incidence of fatal work-related accidents.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145906039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Postmortem interval estimation through skeletal muscle protein degradation: a comprehensive review. 通过骨骼肌蛋白降解来估计死亡间隔:一个全面的综述。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03703-y
Arun Kori, Aswini Chandran, Moirangthem Sangita, Jayanthi Yadav

Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is a pivotal challenge in forensic science, and skeletal muscle protein degradation has emerged as a promising biochemical tool. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed for studies published between 2014 and 2024 using keywords related to PMI estimation and protein/proteomics. Of the 287 results retrieved, 81 were available as free full-text articles, and 17 met the inclusion criteria focusing on skeletal muscle protein. The most used techniques were Western blotting, followed by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Frequently studied proteins included eEF1A2, desmin, GAPDH, α-actinin, vinculin, α-tubulin, and tropomyosin. Although protein degradation in muscle tissue shows significant potential for PMI estimation, relying on a single protein or a small group of proteins is insufficient due to variability introduced by environmental, individual, and species-specific factors. The study highlights the need for long-term, semi-controlled studies using human tissue, as well as further investigation of new candidate biomarkers and the stability of established markers across diverse PMI ranges and conditions. Comparative studies between animal and human data are vital for understanding species differences and ensuring reliable extrapolation. Moving forward, interdisciplinary and methodologically standardized approaches will be critical for integrating protein-based findings into routine forensic practice and achieving a robust, multifactorial method for PMI estimation.

尸检间隔(PMI)估计是法医科学的关键挑战,骨骼肌蛋白降解已成为一种有前途的生化工具。在本次综述中,我们使用PMI估计和蛋白质/蛋白质组学相关的关键词,对PubMed 2014 - 2024年间发表的研究进行了全面的文献检索。在检索到的287篇结果中,81篇为免费全文文章,17篇符合骨骼肌蛋白的纳入标准。最常用的技术是Western blotting,其次是质谱法和免疫组织化学。经常研究的蛋白包括eEF1A2、desmin、GAPDH、α-肌动蛋白、血管蛋白、α-微管蛋白和原肌球蛋白。尽管肌肉组织中的蛋白质降解在PMI估计中显示出巨大的潜力,但由于环境、个体和物种特异性因素引入的可变性,依赖于单一蛋白质或一小群蛋白质是不够的。该研究强调了使用人体组织进行长期、半对照研究的必要性,以及进一步研究新的候选生物标志物和在不同PMI范围和条件下已建立的标志物的稳定性。动物和人类数据之间的比较研究对于了解物种差异和确保可靠的外推至关重要。展望未来,跨学科和方法标准化的方法对于将基于蛋白质的发现整合到常规法医实践中,并实现一个可靠的、多因素的PMI估计方法至关重要。
{"title":"Postmortem interval estimation through skeletal muscle protein degradation: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Arun Kori, Aswini Chandran, Moirangthem Sangita, Jayanthi Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03703-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03703-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is a pivotal challenge in forensic science, and skeletal muscle protein degradation has emerged as a promising biochemical tool. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed for studies published between 2014 and 2024 using keywords related to PMI estimation and protein/proteomics. Of the 287 results retrieved, 81 were available as free full-text articles, and 17 met the inclusion criteria focusing on skeletal muscle protein. The most used techniques were Western blotting, followed by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Frequently studied proteins included eEF1A2, desmin, GAPDH, α-actinin, vinculin, α-tubulin, and tropomyosin. Although protein degradation in muscle tissue shows significant potential for PMI estimation, relying on a single protein or a small group of proteins is insufficient due to variability introduced by environmental, individual, and species-specific factors. The study highlights the need for long-term, semi-controlled studies using human tissue, as well as further investigation of new candidate biomarkers and the stability of established markers across diverse PMI ranges and conditions. Comparative studies between animal and human data are vital for understanding species differences and ensuring reliable extrapolation. Moving forward, interdisciplinary and methodologically standardized approaches will be critical for integrating protein-based findings into routine forensic practice and achieving a robust, multifactorial method for PMI estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forensic maceration - A comparative analysis of literature and practical application. 法医浸渍——文献与实际应用的比较分析。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03684-y
Melissa Kirbach, Caroline Kohlt, Wilma Ludvigsson Möller, Markus Alexander Rothschild, Anja Petaros

In forensic practice, the removal of soft tissue is sometimes required to allow for a more accurate skeletal analysis. One of the preferred skeletal processing methods is maceration, the softening of tissue by soaking in water. Despite being widely mentioned in forensic literature, there is still a lack of comprehensive data on how and which maceration methods are applied in daily forensic practice, especially as maceration can be carried out by different forensic professionals and in diverse forensic settings. The aim of this study was to review the published literature on forensic use of maceration and conduct an international survey to compare the practices used with those described in the literature, with special attention on the effects on tool marks and material traces analyses on bone. The literature review, conducted on 27 articles that met the study's inclusion criteria, showed that maceration has been a topic of research and methodological development over the years. Warm water maceration and detergent-based methods were recognized as preferred for practical use, even though no maceration method is without limitations. Survey responses from 57 laboratories and institutes from 19 different countries indicated that while most used methods align with literature recommendations, some practices considered aggressive remain in use. Additionally, it was observed that there is a significant lack of standardization, and maceration is often not included in standard operating procedures (SOPs), which can affect the consistency, efficiency and reproducibility of the methods used, which is something that should be addressed in future.

在法医实践中,有时需要去除软组织以进行更准确的骨骼分析。首选的骨骼加工方法之一是浸渍,通过浸泡在水中软化组织。尽管在法医文献中被广泛提及,但仍然缺乏关于在日常法医实践中如何以及哪些浸渍方法应用的综合数据,特别是浸渍可以由不同的法医专业人员在不同的法医环境中进行。本研究的目的是回顾已发表的关于浸渍法法医应用的文献,并进行一项国际调查,将所使用的做法与文献中描述的做法进行比较,特别关注对工具痕迹和骨头上的物质痕迹分析的影响。这项文献综述对27篇符合研究纳入标准的文章进行了分析,结果表明,浸渍多年来一直是研究和方法发展的一个主题。尽管没有一种浸渍方法是没有限制的,但温水浸渍和基于洗涤剂的方法被认为是实际使用的首选方法。来自19个不同国家的57个实验室和研究所的调查反馈表明,虽然大多数使用的方法与文献建议一致,但一些被认为具有侵略性的做法仍在使用。此外,据观察,标准化程度严重缺乏,浸渍通常不包括在标准操作程序(sop)中,这可能会影响所使用方法的一致性、效率和可重复性,这是将来应该解决的问题。
{"title":"Forensic maceration - A comparative analysis of literature and practical application.","authors":"Melissa Kirbach, Caroline Kohlt, Wilma Ludvigsson Möller, Markus Alexander Rothschild, Anja Petaros","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03684-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03684-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In forensic practice, the removal of soft tissue is sometimes required to allow for a more accurate skeletal analysis. One of the preferred skeletal processing methods is maceration, the softening of tissue by soaking in water. Despite being widely mentioned in forensic literature, there is still a lack of comprehensive data on how and which maceration methods are applied in daily forensic practice, especially as maceration can be carried out by different forensic professionals and in diverse forensic settings. The aim of this study was to review the published literature on forensic use of maceration and conduct an international survey to compare the practices used with those described in the literature, with special attention on the effects on tool marks and material traces analyses on bone. The literature review, conducted on 27 articles that met the study's inclusion criteria, showed that maceration has been a topic of research and methodological development over the years. Warm water maceration and detergent-based methods were recognized as preferred for practical use, even though no maceration method is without limitations. Survey responses from 57 laboratories and institutes from 19 different countries indicated that while most used methods align with literature recommendations, some practices considered aggressive remain in use. Additionally, it was observed that there is a significant lack of standardization, and maceration is often not included in standard operating procedures (SOPs), which can affect the consistency, efficiency and reproducibility of the methods used, which is something that should be addressed in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A biomechanical framework for skeletal injury analysis in upright falls: integrating stress propagation, fracture risk modeling, and injury clustering. 直立跌倒骨骼损伤分析的生物力学框架:整合应力传播、骨折风险建模和损伤聚类。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03697-7
Yuan Hongmin, Gao Shuhui, Wei Zhibin

Utilizing the Finite Element Method and the Total HUman Model for Safety model, simulations were conducted of adult subjects landing with both feet on a hard surface from various heights. The biomechanical response was deconstructed using stress analysis, binary logistic regression, and hierarchical clustering based on Jaccard distance. The simulations revealed a stress propagation mechanism and a longitudinal axial distribution of stress concentrations. Fracture risk exhibited two distinct modes: a "stepwise response" in primary load-bearers (e.g., feet, spine) and a "graded response" in secondary structures (e.g., fibular ends). Logistic regression quantified the height-dependent fracture risk for the fibular ends (OR = 1.682), skull (OR = 1.576), and pelvis (OR = 1.236). The hierarchical cluster analysis of injury patterns corresponds to distinct biomechanical phases: the localized injury phase involving local dissipation, the stress propagation phase characterized by axial transmission, and the systemic injury phase marked by comprehensive damage. This study establishes a comprehensive "mechanism-risk-pattern" biomechanical framework that effectively explains the progression of skeletal trauma during falls. This framework provides a powerful tool for hypothesis generation in forensic case analysis. Extensive experimental findings indicate that threshold settings influence model outcomes, making direct quantitative application to case evidence inadvisable before model optimization. The core contribution of this study lies in proposing this interpretive paradigm, which reveals the systemic nature of skeletal injury and provides a structured pathway for deciphering complex trauma.

利用有限元法和全人体安全模型,对成人受试者双脚从不同高度在坚硬地面上着陆进行了仿真。利用应力分析、二元逻辑回归和基于Jaccard距离的分层聚类对生物力学响应进行解构。模拟结果揭示了应力的传播机制和应力集中的纵向轴向分布。骨折风险表现出两种不同的模式:主要承担者(如足部、脊柱)的“逐步反应”和次要结构(如腓骨末端)的“分级反应”。Logistic回归量化了腓骨端(OR = 1.682)、颅骨(OR = 1.576)和骨盆(OR = 1.236)与高度相关的骨折风险。损伤模式的分层聚类分析对应不同的生物力学阶段:局部损伤阶段为局部耗散阶段,应力传播阶段为轴向传递阶段,全身性损伤阶段为全面损伤阶段。本研究建立了一个全面的“机制-风险模式”生物力学框架,有效地解释了跌倒期间骨骼创伤的进展。该框架为法医案例分析中的假设生成提供了强有力的工具。大量的实验结果表明,阈值设置会影响模型结果,在模型优化之前不建议直接定量应用案例证据。本研究的核心贡献在于提出了这一解释范式,揭示了骨骼损伤的系统性本质,并为解读复杂创伤提供了结构化的途径。
{"title":"A biomechanical framework for skeletal injury analysis in upright falls: integrating stress propagation, fracture risk modeling, and injury clustering.","authors":"Yuan Hongmin, Gao Shuhui, Wei Zhibin","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03697-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03697-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Utilizing the Finite Element Method and the Total HUman Model for Safety model, simulations were conducted of adult subjects landing with both feet on a hard surface from various heights. The biomechanical response was deconstructed using stress analysis, binary logistic regression, and hierarchical clustering based on Jaccard distance. The simulations revealed a stress propagation mechanism and a longitudinal axial distribution of stress concentrations. Fracture risk exhibited two distinct modes: a \"stepwise response\" in primary load-bearers (e.g., feet, spine) and a \"graded response\" in secondary structures (e.g., fibular ends). Logistic regression quantified the height-dependent fracture risk for the fibular ends (OR = 1.682), skull (OR = 1.576), and pelvis (OR = 1.236). The hierarchical cluster analysis of injury patterns corresponds to distinct biomechanical phases: the localized injury phase involving local dissipation, the stress propagation phase characterized by axial transmission, and the systemic injury phase marked by comprehensive damage. This study establishes a comprehensive \"mechanism-risk-pattern\" biomechanical framework that effectively explains the progression of skeletal trauma during falls. This framework provides a powerful tool for hypothesis generation in forensic case analysis. Extensive experimental findings indicate that threshold settings influence model outcomes, making direct quantitative application to case evidence inadvisable before model optimization. The core contribution of this study lies in proposing this interpretive paradigm, which reveals the systemic nature of skeletal injury and provides a structured pathway for deciphering complex trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Entomological consequences and toxicological detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in necrophagous larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). 合成大麻素受体激动剂(SCRAs)对尸食性幼虫(双翅目:小蛾科)的昆虫学影响和毒理学检测。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03688-8
Chloé A K Blavier, Martin H Villet, Annette Zschiesche, Volker Auwärter, Matthias Graw, Christoph Geffert, Olwen C Groth

Forensic entomologists estimate minimum post-mortem intervals (PMImin) by measuring the development of larvae on decomposing bodies. Entomotoxicology assumes significance when the deceased had ingested drugs, as these may alter insect development and consequently the accuracy of PMImin estimations. 5F-ADB, ADB-BUTINACA, and MDMB-4en-PINACA are potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and drugs of abuse, linked to human intoxications and deaths. We investigated the impact of 5F-ADB on the development of Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae and developed a method to detect 5F-ADB, ADB-BUTINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and their metabolites in larvae by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neonate larvae were exposed to 5F-ADB concentrations that reflect those in human post-mortem specimens. At precise intervals, larvae were killed in near-boiling water, dried, and then their size measured, followed by toxicological analysis. ANOVA demonstrated that only time (= age) significantly affected larval length and mass (through growth). Drug concentrations typically found in post-mortem peripheral blood did not significantly affect larval development, suggesting that 5F-ADB in a corpse would not influence PMImin estimation with L. sericata. 5F-ADB was detected in trace amounts in larvae that were exposed to post-mortem peripheral blood concentrations. Most larvae from higher concentration treatments contained 5F-ADB levels above the limit of detection of 0.25 µg/kg, but not all samples tested positive. Post-feeding larvae mostly did not contain detectable levels of 5F-ADB, and metabolites were found in none of the larval samples. Actively feeding L. sericata larvae from a corpse may thus be useful to qualitatively identify a prior consumption of 5F-ADB by the deceased.

法医昆虫学家通过测量腐烂尸体上幼虫的发育来估计最小死后间隔(PMImin)。当死者摄入药物时,昆虫毒理学具有重要意义,因为这些可能会改变昆虫的发育,从而改变pmmin估计的准确性。5F-ADB、ADB-BUTINACA和MDMB-4en-PINACA是强效的合成大麻素受体激动剂和滥用药物,与人类中毒和死亡有关。研究了5F-ADB对丝光Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826)(双翅目:蛱蝶科)幼虫发育的影响,并建立了液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测5F-ADB、ADB-BUTINACA、MDMB-4en-PINACA及其代谢物的方法。新生幼虫暴露于5F-ADB浓度,反映了人类死后标本中的浓度。每隔一段精确的时间,将幼虫在接近沸水的水中杀死,晾干,然后测量它们的大小,然后进行毒理学分析。方差分析表明,只有时间(=年龄)显著影响幼虫的长度和质量(通过生长)。通常在死后外周血中发现的药物浓度对幼虫的发育没有显著影响,这表明尸体中的5F-ADB不会影响L. sericata对PMImin的估计。在暴露于死后外周血浓度的幼虫中检测到微量的5F-ADB。高浓度处理的大部分幼虫5F-ADB含量高于0.25µg/kg的检出限,但并非所有样本均呈阳性。饲喂后的幼虫大多不含有可检测到的5F-ADB水平,并且在所有幼虫样本中均未发现代谢物。因此,主动从尸体中喂养丝光l.s icata幼虫可能有助于定性地确定死者先前是否食用过5F-ADB。
{"title":"Entomological consequences and toxicological detection of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) in necrophagous larvae (Diptera: Calliphoridae).","authors":"Chloé A K Blavier, Martin H Villet, Annette Zschiesche, Volker Auwärter, Matthias Graw, Christoph Geffert, Olwen C Groth","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03688-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03688-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic entomologists estimate minimum post-mortem intervals (PMI<sub>min</sub>) by measuring the development of larvae on decomposing bodies. Entomotoxicology assumes significance when the deceased had ingested drugs, as these may alter insect development and consequently the accuracy of PMI<sub>min</sub> estimations. 5F-ADB, ADB-BUTINACA, and MDMB-4en-PINACA are potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and drugs of abuse, linked to human intoxications and deaths. We investigated the impact of 5F-ADB on the development of Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae and developed a method to detect 5F-ADB, ADB-BUTINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and their metabolites in larvae by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neonate larvae were exposed to 5F-ADB concentrations that reflect those in human post-mortem specimens. At precise intervals, larvae were killed in near-boiling water, dried, and then their size measured, followed by toxicological analysis. ANOVA demonstrated that only time (= age) significantly affected larval length and mass (through growth). Drug concentrations typically found in post-mortem peripheral blood did not significantly affect larval development, suggesting that 5F-ADB in a corpse would not influence PMI<sub>min</sub> estimation with L. sericata. 5F-ADB was detected in trace amounts in larvae that were exposed to post-mortem peripheral blood concentrations. Most larvae from higher concentration treatments contained 5F-ADB levels above the limit of detection of 0.25 µg/kg, but not all samples tested positive. Post-feeding larvae mostly did not contain detectable levels of 5F-ADB, and metabolites were found in none of the larval samples. Actively feeding L. sericata larvae from a corpse may thus be useful to qualitatively identify a prior consumption of 5F-ADB by the deceased.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forensic age estimation in the living by 0.31 Tesla low-field MRI of the distal radius. 用0.31特斯拉桡骨远端低场MRI对活着的人进行法医年龄估计。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03705-w
Christian Ottow, S Schmidt, R Schulz, L Sottmann, W Heindel, A Helfen, T Krähling, H Pfeiffer, A Schmeling, V Vieth

Objectives: Examination of the radius' distal epiphysis by means of low-field MRI in order to find a reliable method to correctly assess majority in both sexes.

Materials & methods: 650 volunteers of German nationality, evenly distributed to groups of 25 per sex and years of proven age in the age bracket of 12-24 years, were examined between 2021 and 2023 in a single center, prospective, cross-sectional setting. A 0.31 T dedicated joint scanner was used, acquiring a proton density-weighted (PDw) sequence in Dixon technique (Dixon) in coronal slice orientation yielding a fat-sensitive water-suppressed (fat-only) and a water-sensitive fat-suppressed (water-only) series. A classification was formulated for assessment and tested against the proven age. The relevant statistics were defined, the intra- and interobserver-agreements were determined, and the differences between the sexes were analyzed.

Results: The minimum age for stage 6 of the classification was found to be 18.42 years in male individuals and 17.25 years in female individuals. A Mann-Whitney-U Test implies significant sex-related differences for stage 3 (p < 0.01) and stage 4 (p < 0.01), but not for stage 2 (p < 0.162), stage 5 (p < 0.193) and stage 6 (p < 0.146). The intra- and interobserver-agreement levels were substantial.

Conclusion: When using the presented setting of a low-field 0.31 T dedicated joint scanner, acquiring PDw Dixon fat-only and water-only series of the radius' distal epiphysis and using the presented classification, majority can be determined in male but not in female individuals of our cohort. Therefore, 0.31 T low-field MRI yields similar opportunities as examinations by means of high-field MRI scanners.

目的:利用低场MRI检查桡骨远端骨骺,以寻找一种可靠的方法来正确评估大多数男性和女性。材料与方法:在2021年至2023年期间,在单中心、前瞻性、横断面设置中,对650名德国籍志愿者进行了研究,这些志愿者平均分配到每性别25人的年龄组,年龄在12-24岁之间。使用0.31 T专用关节扫描仪,在冠状层方向上获得Dixon技术(Dixon)的质子密度加权(PDw)序列,产生脂肪敏感的水抑制(仅脂肪)和水敏感的脂肪抑制(仅水)系列。制定了一种分类以供评估,并对已证实的年龄进行了测试。定义了相关的统计数据,确定了观察者内部和观察者之间的共识,并分析了性别之间的差异。结果:男性个体最低年龄为18.42岁,女性个体最低年龄为17.25岁。结论:当使用低场0.31 T专用关节扫描仪设置,获取PDw Dixon仅脂肪和仅水系列的桡骨远端骨骺并使用所提出的分类时,大多数可以在男性中确定,但不能在我们的队列中确定。因此,0.31 T低场MRI与高场MRI扫描仪的检查机会相似。
{"title":"Forensic age estimation in the living by 0.31 Tesla low-field MRI of the distal radius.","authors":"Christian Ottow, S Schmidt, R Schulz, L Sottmann, W Heindel, A Helfen, T Krähling, H Pfeiffer, A Schmeling, V Vieth","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03705-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-025-03705-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Examination of the radius' distal epiphysis by means of low-field MRI in order to find a reliable method to correctly assess majority in both sexes.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>650 volunteers of German nationality, evenly distributed to groups of 25 per sex and years of proven age in the age bracket of 12-24 years, were examined between 2021 and 2023 in a single center, prospective, cross-sectional setting. A 0.31 T dedicated joint scanner was used, acquiring a proton density-weighted (PDw) sequence in Dixon technique (Dixon) in coronal slice orientation yielding a fat-sensitive water-suppressed (fat-only) and a water-sensitive fat-suppressed (water-only) series. A classification was formulated for assessment and tested against the proven age. The relevant statistics were defined, the intra- and interobserver-agreements were determined, and the differences between the sexes were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The minimum age for stage 6 of the classification was found to be 18.42 years in male individuals and 17.25 years in female individuals. A Mann-Whitney-U Test implies significant sex-related differences for stage 3 (p < 0.01) and stage 4 (p < 0.01), but not for stage 2 (p < 0.162), stage 5 (p < 0.193) and stage 6 (p < 0.146). The intra- and interobserver-agreement levels were substantial.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When using the presented setting of a low-field 0.31 T dedicated joint scanner, acquiring PDw Dixon fat-only and water-only series of the radius' distal epiphysis and using the presented classification, majority can be determined in male but not in female individuals of our cohort. Therefore, 0.31 T low-field MRI yields similar opportunities as examinations by means of high-field MRI scanners.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Working out the manner and cause of death using medicine, marks and micro traces - Case report. 利用药物、标记和微量痕迹确定死亡方式和死因——个案报告。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03615-x
Matthias Weber, Pia Rosendahl, Sonja Siegel

This case report describes a homicide in which the victim sustained fatal blunt force trauma to the head caused by an initially unidentified weapon. In addition to soft tissue injuries to the scalp, the victim also suffered a single depressed fracture on the central calvaria located at the os frontale. During the forensic medical examination, the cause of death was determined to be a combination of exsanguination and craniocerebral trauma. However, it was not possible to clearly identify the weapon used based on the soft tissue and bone injuries. Histological analysis revealed foreign material containing iron within the wounds. In the marks examination, the cracks in the fracture of the external plate of the calvaria were compared with potential tools of the crime. Striking similarities were identified regarding the shape and size of the cracks in the bone and scratch marks in the paint coating of a weight plate of a dumbbell that was recovered at the crime scene. Further material analysis confirmed the presence of black, polyester-based coating particles within the bone fractures, chemically identical to the paint coating of the weight plate. These findings led to the identification of the weight plate as the instrument of injury, a conclusion upheld by the court. This case underscores the critical importance of interdisciplinary collaboration within forensic science. Particularly in this case involving blunt force trauma. By integrating forensic medical and histological examination, micro trace analysis and comparative marks examination, the weight plate could successfully be identified as the weapon used.

本案件报告描述了一起谋杀案,受害者头部受到致命的钝器创伤,最初是由不明武器造成的。除了头皮的软组织损伤外,受害者的颅骨中央也有一处凹陷性骨折位于额骨前部。在法医检查期间,死亡原因被确定为失血过多和颅脑外伤。然而,根据软组织和骨骼的损伤情况,无法清楚地确定使用的武器。组织学分析显示伤口内有异物含铁。在痕迹检查中,颅外板骨折处的裂缝与可能的作案工具进行了比较。骨头裂缝的形状和大小,以及在犯罪现场发现的哑铃重量板的油漆涂层上的划痕,都有惊人的相似之处。进一步的材料分析证实,在骨折处存在黑色聚酯涂层颗粒,化学成分与重量板的涂层相同。这些发现导致了重量板作为伤害工具的识别,这一结论得到了法院的支持。这个案例强调了法医学中跨学科合作的重要性。尤其是在这个有钝器外伤的案子里。通过法医学和组织学检查、微量分析和对比标记检查相结合,成功地鉴定了重量板为使用武器。
{"title":"Working out the manner and cause of death using medicine, marks and micro traces - Case report.","authors":"Matthias Weber, Pia Rosendahl, Sonja Siegel","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03615-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-025-03615-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes a homicide in which the victim sustained fatal blunt force trauma to the head caused by an initially unidentified weapon. In addition to soft tissue injuries to the scalp, the victim also suffered a single depressed fracture on the central calvaria located at the os frontale. During the forensic medical examination, the cause of death was determined to be a combination of exsanguination and craniocerebral trauma. However, it was not possible to clearly identify the weapon used based on the soft tissue and bone injuries. Histological analysis revealed foreign material containing iron within the wounds. In the marks examination, the cracks in the fracture of the external plate of the calvaria were compared with potential tools of the crime. Striking similarities were identified regarding the shape and size of the cracks in the bone and scratch marks in the paint coating of a weight plate of a dumbbell that was recovered at the crime scene. Further material analysis confirmed the presence of black, polyester-based coating particles within the bone fractures, chemically identical to the paint coating of the weight plate. These findings led to the identification of the weight plate as the instrument of injury, a conclusion upheld by the court. This case underscores the critical importance of interdisciplinary collaboration within forensic science. Particularly in this case involving blunt force trauma. By integrating forensic medical and histological examination, micro trace analysis and comparative marks examination, the weight plate could successfully be identified as the weapon used.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"239-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12808184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Case report on multilocus gene deletion and gene conversion at Y-STR loci. 多位点基因缺失及Y-STR位点基因转换病例报告。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03595-y
Xiaoting Mo, Huijie Nie, Yiyan Zhang, Yiren Yao, Lei Huang, Xingchun Zhao, Baowen Cheng

Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are pivotal tools in forensic science, such as paternity testing, male lineage tracing, and genealogical investigations. However, traditional models, such as the stepwise mutation model (SMM) fail to address more complex mutation mechanisms, such as gene deletion and gene conversion. These limitations hinderthe accuracy of lineage analyses, particularly for multi-copy loci. This study analyzed two types of Y-STR mutation abnormalities through five detailedcases, using STR typing andnext-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Biological samples from 5 father-son and father-cousin pairs were genotyped withthe Yfiler™ Platinum Kit and the Microreader™ RM-Y ID kit.The STR typing was conducted using the next-generation sequencing STRTyper Y68 Kit. A gene conversion mutation was observed at the multicopy locus DYS385ab in Case 1.The deletion of multicopy loci (DYS527ab, DYS387ab, DYF404S1, DYS464, DYS399S1, DYS626, and DYS448) within the the five male pedigree samples (father-son or uncle-nephew) pairs c region was observed in cases 2-5. This finding highlights the limitations of single-step mutation models (SMM) in analyzing multi-copy Y-STR loci and underscores the necessity of incorporating non-stepwise mutation mechanisms into forensic methodologies.This study advances understanding of Y-STR mutation dynamics, providing significant implications for forensic science and human genetics.

y染色体短串联重复序列(Y-STRs)是法医科学的关键工具,如亲子鉴定、男性谱系追踪和家谱调查。然而,传统的模型,如逐步突变模型(SMM),无法解决更复杂的突变机制,如基因缺失和基因转换。这些限制阻碍了谱系分析的准确性,特别是对于多拷贝位点。本研究通过5例详细病例,运用STR分型和下一代测序(NGS)技术分析了两种类型的Y-STR突变异常。使用Yfiler™Platinum Kit和Microreader™RM-Y ID Kit对5对父子和父子表兄妹的生物样本进行基因分型。STR分型采用新一代测序STRTyper Y68 Kit进行。在病例1的多拷贝位点DYS385ab上观察到基因转换突变。在病例2-5中,5个男性谱系样本(父子或叔侄)对c区存在多拷贝位点(DYS527ab、DYS387ab、DYF404S1、DYS464、DYS399S1、DYS626和DYS448)的缺失。这一发现突出了单步突变模型(SMM)在分析多拷贝Y-STR基因座方面的局限性,并强调了将非逐步突变机制纳入法医方法的必要性。这项研究促进了对Y-STR突变动力学的理解,为法医学和人类遗传学提供了重要的意义。
{"title":"Case report on multilocus gene deletion and gene conversion at Y-STR loci.","authors":"Xiaoting Mo, Huijie Nie, Yiyan Zhang, Yiren Yao, Lei Huang, Xingchun Zhao, Baowen Cheng","doi":"10.1007/s00414-025-03595-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00414-025-03595-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are pivotal tools in forensic science, such as paternity testing, male lineage tracing, and genealogical investigations. However, traditional models, such as the stepwise mutation model (SMM) fail to address more complex mutation mechanisms, such as gene deletion and gene conversion. These limitations hinderthe accuracy of lineage analyses, particularly for multi-copy loci. This study analyzed two types of Y-STR mutation abnormalities through five detailedcases, using STR typing andnext-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Biological samples from 5 father-son and father-cousin pairs were genotyped withthe Yfiler™ Platinum Kit and the Microreader™ RM-Y ID kit.The STR typing was conducted using the next-generation sequencing STRTyper Y68 Kit. A gene conversion mutation was observed at the multicopy locus DYS385ab in Case 1.The deletion of multicopy loci (DYS527ab, DYS387ab, DYF404S1, DYS464, DYS399S1, DYS626, and DYS448) within the the five male pedigree samples (father-son or uncle-nephew) pairs c region was observed in cases 2-5. This finding highlights the limitations of single-step mutation models (SMM) in analyzing multi-copy Y-STR loci and underscores the necessity of incorporating non-stepwise mutation mechanisms into forensic methodologies.This study advances understanding of Y-STR mutation dynamics, providing significant implications for forensic science and human genetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14071,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"189-194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Legal Medicine
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1