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Development of an age estimation method for the coxal bone and lumbar vertebrae obtained from post-mortem computed tomography images using a convolutional neural network. 利用卷积神经网络从死后计算机断层图像中获得的尾骨和腰椎年龄估计方法的发展。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03587-y
Kazuhiko Imaizumi, Shiori Usui, Takeshi Nagata, Hideyuki Hayakawa, Seiji Shiotani

Objectives: Age estimation plays a major role in the identification of unknown dead bodies, including skeletal remains. We present a novel age estimation method developed by applying a deep-learning network to the coxal bone and lumbar vertebrae on post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) images.

Materials and methods: The coxal bone and lumbar vertebrae were targeted in this study. Volume-rendered images of these bones from 1,229 individuals were captured and input to a convolutional neural network based on the visual geometry group 16 network. A transfer learning strategy was employed. The predictive capabilities of age estimation models were assessed by a 10-fold cross-validation procedure, with mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficients between chronological and estimated ages calculated for validation. In addition, gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was conducted to visualize the regions of interest in learning.

Results and conclusion: The estimation models created showed low MAE (range, 7.27-6.44 years) and high correlation coefficients (range, 0.84-0.91) in the validation. Aging-induced shape changes were grossly observed at the vertebral body, coxal bone surface, and other sites. The Grad-CAM results identified these as regions of interest in learning. The present method has the potential to become an age estimation tool that is routinely applied in the examination of unknown dead bodies, including skeletal remains.

目的:年龄估计在鉴定未知尸体,包括骨骼遗骸方面起着重要作用。我们提出了一种新的年龄估计方法,该方法将深度学习网络应用于死后计算机断层扫描(PMCT)图像上的尾骨和腰椎。材料和方法:本研究以尾骨和腰椎为研究对象。来自1229个人的这些骨骼的体积渲染图像被捕获并输入到基于视觉几何组16网络的卷积神经网络中。采用迁移学习策略。年龄估计模型的预测能力通过10倍交叉验证程序进行评估,计算平均绝对误差(MAE)和实际年龄与估计年龄之间的相关系数进行验证。此外,梯度加权类激活映射(Grad-CAM)被用于可视化学习兴趣区域。结果与结论:所建立的估计模型具有较低的MAE(范围为7.27 ~ 6.44年)和较高的相关系数(范围为0.84 ~ 0.91)。在椎体、尾骨表面和其他部位,可以观察到衰老引起的形状变化。Grad-CAM结果将这些区域确定为对学习感兴趣的区域。目前的方法有可能成为一种年龄估计工具,常规应用于检查未知的尸体,包括骨骼遗骸。
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引用次数: 0
Ex-situ identification of vertebral artery injuries from stab wounds through contrast-enhanced fluoroscopy and micro-CT. 对比增强透视和显微ct对刺伤椎动脉损伤的原位鉴定。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03608-w
Laura Secco, Giorgia Franchetti, Guido Viel, Paolo Fais, Filippo Pirani, Barbara Bonvicini, Anna Michielin, Silvia Damiana Visonà, Chiara Giraudo, Giovanni Cecchetto

Vertebral artery injuries (VAIs) are rarely observed in forensic practice and can result from either penetrating injuries or blunt force trauma to the neck. The identification of such injuries represents a pivotal challenge for forensic pathologists, due to the protected anatomical course of these vessels, particularly in their extracranial tract. Over the years, several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, including vessel gross examination through different dissection techniques, the water injection method and, more recently, post-mortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA), which is currently deemed the gold standard approach. However, no studies have employed contrast-enhanced radiological techniques using an ex-situ approach to investigate VAIs.The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic potential of fluoroscopy and contrast-enhanced micro-CT in detecting extracranial vertebral artery lesions via an ex-situ approach. Cervical blocks (C1-C3) from three forensic cases of neck stab wounds were collected, and fluoroscopy and contrast-enhanced micro-CT, using Barium Sulfate and Diatrizoate Sodium as contrast agents respectively, were performed. The above radiological techniques proved accurate and reliable in identifying vascular injuries, exhibiting enhanced diagnostic performance compared to conventional macroscopic examination. Fluoroscopy provides dynamic imaging, enabling real-time detection of contrast leakages, while contrast-enhanced micro-CT allows simultaneous assessment of both vascular injuries and bone fractures. Therefore, these promising techniques could serve as complementary tools to conventional diagnostic approaches, offering an accurate and comprehensive characterization of the cervical injury pattern in cases of fatal penetrating neck trauma.

椎动脉损伤(VAIs)在法医实践中很少观察到,可能是由于穿透性损伤或钝器对颈部的创伤。由于这些血管的保护解剖路线,特别是在其颅外束中,鉴定此类损伤对法医病理学家来说是一个关键的挑战。多年来,已经提出了几种方法来解决这个问题,包括通过不同的解剖技术进行血管大体检查,注水方法以及最近的死后计算机断层血管造影(PMCTA),这是目前被认为是金标准的方法。然而,目前还没有研究采用对比增强放射学技术,使用非原位入路来调查静脉血管浸润。本研究的目的是探讨透视和增强显微ct在经脱位入路检测颅外椎动脉病变中的诊断潜力。收集3例法医颈部刀伤的颈阻滞(C1-C3),分别以硫酸钡和地缕酸钠为造影剂,行x线透视和增强显微ct扫描。与传统的宏观检查相比,上述放射技术在识别血管损伤方面被证明是准确可靠的,具有更高的诊断性能。荧光透视提供动态成像,能够实时检测造影剂泄漏,而增强对比的微ct可以同时评估血管损伤和骨折。因此,这些有前途的技术可以作为传统诊断方法的补充工具,在致命的穿透性颈部创伤病例中提供准确和全面的颈椎损伤模式特征。
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引用次数: 0
The potential of mRNA markers in body fluids and personal source analysis based on the QNome nanopore sequencing. 基于QNome纳米孔测序的体液和个人来源分析mRNA标记物的潜力。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03637-5
Suyu Li, Haowen Song, Jing Liu, Liu Qin, Mengyao Zhao, Yiping Hou, Bin Cong, Zheng Wang

In forensic casework, unraveling the criminal nature of an event requires not only identifying the individual source of specific biological stains but also confirming their cellular origin. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of identifying body fluids using specific mRNA markers and linking body fluids to their donors via coding region SNPs (cSNPs) within these mRNAs. Nanopore sequencing enables the detection of more cSNPs within longer mRNA amplicons due to its long-read capability. In this proof-of-principle study, we developed a targeted mRNA nanopore sequencing panel to simultaneously infer body fluid sources and identify individuals. This panel includes 12 body fluid-specific mRNAs and two reference genes (RGs), with a total of 41 cSNPs included in these 14 mRNA transcripts. Sequencing data showed that specific mRNAs were highly expressed in peripheral blood, semen, and menstrual blood, with an average read proportion exceeding 95% (excluding RGs reads). Cross-reactivity was observed in saliva and vaginal secretions, but all body fluid samples could still be accurately clustered. Alternative alleles were detected for 16 cSNPs, and genotyping results for randomly selected samples were validated for consistency with Sanger sequencing. The system demonstrated discriminatory power (DP) ranging from 0.5645 to 0.9017, providing information about the body fluid donor. However, further research is needed to identify more specific mRNAs, introduce additional highly polymorphic cSNPs, and perform evaluations on larger populations.

在法医案件工作中,揭示事件的犯罪性质不仅需要确定特定生物污渍的个体来源,还需要确认其细胞起源。最近的研究已经证明了使用特定mRNA标记识别体液并通过这些mRNA中的编码区snp (csnp)将体液与其供体联系起来的可行性。由于其长读能力,纳米孔测序能够在更长的mRNA扩增子中检测更多的csnp。在这项原理验证研究中,我们开发了一种靶向mRNA纳米孔测序面板,同时推断体液来源并识别个体。该小组包括12个体液特异性mRNA和2个参考基因(RGs),在这14个mRNA转录物中共包含41个csnp。测序数据显示,特异性mrna在外周血、精液和经血中高度表达,平均读取比例超过95%(不包括RGs读取)。在唾液和阴道分泌物中观察到交叉反应性,但所有体液样本仍然可以准确聚类。检测到16个csnp的替代等位基因,并对随机选择的样本进行基因分型结果验证,以确保与Sanger测序的一致性。该系统的识别能力(DP)范围为0.5645 ~ 0.9017,提供了有关体液供体的信息。然而,需要进一步的研究来鉴定更多的特异性mrna,引入额外的高多态性csnp,并在更大的人群中进行评估。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of a large off-ladder allele of the D21S2055 locus during population genetics analysis. 在群体遗传学分析中发现了D21S2055位点的一个大的离梯等位基因。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03624-w
Hongqin Lin, Shuning Zhang, Dian Chen, Hong Yu, Lili Han, Li Lai

[Abstract] Short tandem repeat (STR) loci within the human genome are extensively utilized in forensic DNA analysis because of their high level of polymorphism. At present, the combined DNA index system (CODIS) STRs are the principal ones adopted in the majority of general-purpose forensic kits. Moreover, non-CODIS STRs can serve as valuable supplementary tools for resolving complex paternity cases, conducting evolutionary studies, and performing population genetics analyses. Along with non-CODIS STRs, unusual DNA profiles have been consistently identified, as observed with CODIS STRs. In this present study, we investigated the allelic distribution and population genetics parameters of the D21S2055 locus in a cohort of 258 unrelated individuals from Fujian Province, China. The locus exhibited significant genetic diversity, with twenty-one distinct alleles, mostly spanning a size range from 16.1 to 38. Notably, a large off-ladder allele, 57.2, which was also included in the findings. The core repeat sequence of this allele was found to be [CTAT]2CTAA[CTAT]13[TATC]3TAT[TATC]14. TACTATCTCTATAT[TATC]3TAT[TATC]14[TATC]2. The population genetic parameters, including the power of discrimination (PD), probability of paternity exclusion (PE) and polymorphic information content (PIC), were calculated as 0.9687, 0.7388, and 0.8576, respectively. In conclusion, it is essential to conduct population genetic analysis before applying non-CODIS STRs in forensic applications. Special emphasis should be placed on large off-ladder alleles that may extend beyond the designated locus region or overlap with an adjacent locus.

【摘要】人类基因组中的短串联重复序列(Short tandem repeat, STR)位点因其高度多态性而被广泛应用于法医DNA分析。目前,大多数通用法医鉴定试剂盒主要采用的是DNA综合索引系统(CODIS) str。此外,非codis STRs可以作为有价值的补充工具,用于解决复杂的父子关系案例、进行进化研究和执行种群遗传学分析。与非CODIS STRs一起,在CODIS STRs中观察到的异常DNA谱也被一致地鉴定出来。本研究对258个来自福建省的非亲缘关系个体的D21S2055位点的等位基因分布和群体遗传参数进行了研究。该位点具有明显的遗传多样性,共有21个不同的等位基因,主要分布在16.1 ~ 38的大小范围内。值得注意的是,一个大的梯子下等位基因,57.2,也包括在研究结果中。该等位基因的核心重复序列为[CTAT]2CTAA[CTAT]13[TATC]3TAT[TATC]14。TACTATCTCTATAT [TATC] 3答(TATC) 14 (TATC) 2。种群的辨别力(PD)、父系排除概率(PE)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.9687、0.7388和0.8576。总之,在将非codis STRs应用于法医应用之前,进行群体遗传分析是至关重要的。应特别强调可能超出指定位点区域或与相邻位点重叠的大型离梯等位基因。
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引用次数: 0
Ear biometrics in forensic identification: from ear similarity quantification to kinship verification driven by deep learning approaches. 法医鉴定中的耳朵生物识别:从耳朵相似性量化到深度学习方法驱动的亲属关系验证。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03636-6
Xindi Wang, Zibo Zhao, Yufei Yang, Bo Liu, Chengye Zhou, Chuanxu Wang, Haibo Luo, Feng Song

Kinship verification using biometric traits is crucial for finding missing children, rapid forensic identification, and social media analysis. Ear biometrics is gaining attention due to its uniqueness, permanence, and non-intrusiveness. However, current research on ear-based kinship verification is limited, and the factors associated with ear similarities across kinship-related individuals require to be evaluated. To fill this gap, our study developed deep learning models to quantify the similarity between ear images and conduct the kinship verification task. Two ear image datasets, namely SCED and CNKE, were collected from Chinese subjects. The SimiNet model, which utilized a pre-trained ResNet50 as its backbone, was constructed to evaluate the cosine similarity between ear image pairs. For kinship verification, the VTrans model was established by combining a pre-trained VGG16 with Transformer modules. Based on the cosine similarity, the SimiNet model obtained 93.53% accuracy and an AUC (Area Under the Curve) of 0.98 for personal verification. The similarity analysis further revealed that kinship-related individuals of the same sex displayed higher ear similarity scores. The VTrans model attained 71.17% accuracy and an AUC of 0.76 on the CNKE dataset. Heatmaps revealed that the VTrans model focused on the helix and the upper half of the ear during kinship verification. The model code has been provided in Github ( https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SimNet_VTrans-EB41 ) to facilitate refinement in future research. Our study has successfully established deep learning models for ear similarity quantification and kinship verification, providing effective tools for biometric forensic identification.

利用生物特征验证亲属关系对于寻找失踪儿童、快速法医鉴定和社交媒体分析至关重要。耳部生物识别技术因其独特性、持久性和非侵入性而备受关注。然而,目前基于耳朵的亲属关系验证研究有限,需要对亲属关系相关个体之间耳朵相似性的相关因素进行评估。为了填补这一空白,我们的研究开发了深度学习模型来量化耳朵图像之间的相似性并进行亲属关系验证任务。采集中国受试者的两组耳部图像数据,分别为SCED和CNKE。利用预训练的ResNet50作为主干,构建SimiNet模型来评估耳朵图像对之间的余弦相似度。为了验证亲缘关系,将预先训练好的VGG16与Transformer模块相结合,建立了VTrans模型。基于余弦相似度,SimiNet模型获得了93.53%的准确率和0.98的曲线下面积(AUC),用于个人验证。相似性分析进一步表明,同性亲属关系的个体表现出更高的耳朵相似性得分。在CNKE数据集上,VTrans模型的准确率为71.17%,AUC为0.76。热图显示,在亲属关系验证中,VTrans模型集中在螺旋和耳朵的上半部分。模型代码已在Github (https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SimNet_VTrans-EB41)中提供,以便在未来的研究中进行细化。本研究成功建立了耳朵相似性量化和亲属关系验证的深度学习模型,为生物特征法医鉴定提供了有效的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Tri-allelic pattern in CSF1PO: a case study. CSF1PO的三等位基因模式:个案研究。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03584-1
Noemi Argirò, Venusia Cortellini, Andrea Verzeletti

Paternity testing is a well-established application of forensic genetics, generally providing accurate results based on inheritance laws. However, in rare cases, genetic anomalies may arise, complicating the interpretation of DNA profiles and requiring careful evaluation. In this study, we describe a paternity case involving a rare tri-allelic pattern observed at the CSF1PO locus. To confirm the anomaly, genetic material from multiple family members was analysed using different kits. The pattern was consistently verified across all amplification attempts, demonstrating its reliability and its concordance with a specific individual. This case emphasises the importance of careful interpretation in genetic testing and considers the potential implications of such anomalies for DNA analysis. Furthermore, it calls for collaboration among forensic disciplines and experts to address similar findings in forensic and medical genetics.

亲子鉴定是法医遗传学的一项完善的应用,通常根据遗传规律提供准确的结果。然而,在极少数情况下,可能会出现遗传异常,使DNA谱的解释复杂化,需要仔细评估。在这项研究中,我们描述了一个在CSF1PO位点观察到的罕见的三等位基因模式的父系病例。为了证实这种异常,使用不同的试剂盒分析了来自多个家庭成员的遗传物质。这种模式在所有的放大尝试中都得到了一致的验证,证明了它的可靠性和与特定个体的一致性。这个案例强调了在基因检测中仔细解释的重要性,并考虑了这种异常对DNA分析的潜在影响。此外,它呼吁法医学科和专家之间进行合作,以解决法医和医学遗传学方面的类似发现。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of MFN2 and NCL as cardiac biomarkers for post-mortem diagnosis of atypical electrocution death. MFN2和NCL作为非典型电死尸检诊断的心脏生物标志物的鉴定
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03631-x
Fengping Yan, Yuanyuan Chen, Fu Zhang

Diagnosis of death due to electrocution is difficult when typical electric marks are absent. A valid diagnostic method based on useful biomarkers are needed for these atypical electrocution cases. Herein we utilized formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples that are archived in our forensic center to conduct label-free proteome analysis in the aim of screening differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) for diagnosis of atypical electrocution. By using cases dying from mechanical injury and drug intoxication as negative controls, a total of 1591 proteins were identified, among which 128 proteins (8.0%) were DEPs to the atypical electrocution cases. These DEPs were mainly enriched in processes involved in cellular metabolism, DNA replication and gene transcription. The vast majority of the DEPs (121/128, 94.5%) were downregulated, while the remaining DEPs were upregulated in the hearts from atypical electrocution. Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) and Nucleolin (NCL) were the top upregulated and downregulated DEPs, respectively, that showed the greatest fold-changes. Immunohistochemical staining in independent case series verified that both MFN2 and NCL altered significantly in heart specimens from atypical electrocution death. Cardiac expression of MFN2 and NCL were not affected by decedents' age, sex, or postmortem interval. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve (AUC) of the two proteins were 0.8925 and 0.9008, with diagnostic sensitivity being 87.54% and 88.89%, and specificity being 74.19% and 84.12%, respectively. Our results suggest that cardiac MFN2 and NCL are potential useful biomarkers for forensic diagnosis of atypical electrocution death.

当没有典型的电痕时,诊断触电死亡是困难的。需要一种基于有用生物标志物的有效诊断方法来诊断这些非典型触电病例。在此,我们利用法医中心存档的福尔马林固定石蜡包埋样品进行无标记蛋白质组分析,目的是筛选非典型触电诊断的差异表达蛋白(DEPs)。以机械损伤死亡病例和药物中毒死亡病例为阴性对照,共鉴定出1591个蛋白,其中非典型触电死亡病例的dep蛋白为128个(8.0%)。这些DEPs主要富集于细胞代谢、DNA复制和基因转录过程中。绝大多数DEPs(121/128, 94.5%)在非典型触电心脏中下调,而其余DEPs在非典型触电心脏中上调。Mitofusin-2 (MFN2)和Nucleolin (NCL)分别是上调幅度最大和下调幅度最大的DEPs。独立病例系列的免疫组化染色证实,非典型电死心脏标本中MFN2和NCL均发生了显著改变。心肌中MFN2和NCL的表达不受死者年龄、性别和死后时间的影响。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析显示,两种蛋白的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.8925和0.9008,诊断敏感性分别为87.54%和88.89%,特异性分别为74.19%和84.12%。我们的研究结果表明,心脏MFN2和NCL是非典型电死法医诊断的潜在有用的生物标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the compatibility of the 2D and 3D facial soft tissue depth measurement methods. 评估二维和三维面部软组织深度测量方法的兼容性。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03585-0
Gülçin Coşkun
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引用次数: 0
A preliminary study of insect, bacterial, and fungal communities associated with Sus scrofa carrion in a tropical rainforest. 热带雨林中与Sus scrofa腐肉有关的昆虫、细菌和真菌群落的初步研究。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03598-9
Nur Adilla Zaini, Tania Ivorra, Norhidayah Rosman, Hiromu Kurahashi, Chong Chin Heo

Carrion decomposition is an important component of the ecosystem and plays a significant ecological role in the food chain. During decomposition, arthropods and microorganisms help to decompose and recycle organic matter and nutrients. Although research has been conducted on microorganisms and arthropods associated with carrion across different biogeoclimatic ecoregions, no study has identified these communities from carrion placed under a tropical rainforest. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the arthropod, bacterial, and fungal communities associated with Sus scrofa Linnaeus. carrion placed in a tropical rainforest in Malaysia. Adult flies and maggots and other arthropods were collected during the forensic entomological survey. The specimens collected were killed, separated, preserved in 70% ethanol, and identified using a stereomicroscope in the laboratory. Swab samples were collected from the skin, anal, and oral cavity of the wild boar carrion. Both bacterial and fungal communities were identified using Sanger sequencing. Data on temperature and humidity were recorded with a data logger throughout the four-day experiment. The results demonstrated that the most isolated bacteria were those of uncultured_bacteria, Ignatzschineria sp. and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Acinetobacter sp., during the early stages of decomposition. Furthermore, the consistent presence of Ascomycota fungi, particularly Exophiala sp., Yarrowia sp., and Meyerozyma sp., suggests their unique occurrence specifically in the tropical rainforest. A total of 219 adult flies and about 9,200 larvae were collected from a wild boar carcass over three days, with Chrysomya pinguis and Chrysomya villeneuvi being the main species, and the latter displaying notable predatory behaviour. These results present for the first time the dominant arthropods, bacteria and fungi inhabiting the carrion in one of the oldest rainforests in the world. (Keyword: Carrion, decomposition, bacteria, fungi, arthropods, tropical rainforest, Malaysia).

腐肉分解是生态系统的重要组成部分,在食物链中起着重要的生态作用。在分解过程中,节肢动物和微生物帮助分解和循环有机物和营养物质。尽管已经对不同生物地理气候生态区与腐肉相关的微生物和节肢动物进行了研究,但没有研究从热带雨林下的腐肉中发现这些群落。因此,本研究旨在调查与林奈苏斯(Sus scrofa Linnaeus)相关的节肢动物、细菌和真菌群落。马来西亚热带雨林中的腐肉。在法医昆虫学调查中收集了成虫、蛆和其他节肢动物。收集的标本被杀死,分离,保存在70%乙醇中,并在实验室使用立体显微镜进行鉴定。采集野猪腐肉的皮肤、肛门和口腔拭子样本。细菌和真菌群落鉴定使用Sanger测序。在为期四天的实验中,用数据记录仪记录了温度和湿度的数据。结果表明,在分解初期,分离出最多的细菌是未培养细菌、伊格纳茨希纳氏杆菌和革兰氏阴性细菌,尤其是不动杆菌。此外,子囊菌科真菌的持续存在,特别是Exophiala sp., Yarrowia sp.和Meyerozyma sp.,表明它们在热带雨林中的独特存在。从一具野猪尸体上采集成蝇219只,幼虫约9200只,以平羽金蝇和绒毛金蝇为主要种类,其中绒毛金蝇表现出明显的捕食行为。这些结果首次展示了在世界上最古老的热带雨林之一的腐肉中栖息的主要节肢动物、细菌和真菌。(关键词:腐肉,分解,细菌,真菌,节肢动物,热带雨林,马来西亚)
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引用次数: 0
Comparing imaging modalities and healing criteria for the estimation of fracture age: a systematic review. 比较骨折年龄估计的成像方式和愈合标准:一项系统综述。
IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q1 MEDICINE, LEGAL Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-025-03589-w
Charlotte G Lawrence, Mark A Williams, Charlotte Primeau

The estimation of fracture age is important for both clinical and forensic purposes. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the imaging modalities currently used in clinical and forensic practice for fracture ageing, with a view to appraise technologies used, patient demographics studied in research, and the healing stages and criteria defined to estimate time since injury. After conducting a bibliographic literature search, we identified 21 suitable publications for inclusion in the review. Comparison of the literature for fracture ageing found that most research has used 2D radiography, predominantly using an antemortem paediatric population. The remaining publications used MRI, CT, histology, and macroscopy. Although the most frequent number of radiographic stages assessed was six, no two methods assessed the same combination of features. Indeed, variation in the number and definition of healing stages rendered comparison between the publications challenging. Consequently, limited work has been carried out to validate existing methods of ageing. The results therefore reiterate the need for caution in the use of radiographic modalities for forensic fracture ageing. Histology remains the undisputed gold standard, however it is a destructive and exclusively postmortem method. As such, there is need for further research to investigate the potential of additional imaging modalities such as micro-CT, with a high-resolution, 3D, and non-destructive nature. This can serve as a valuable complement to help support and navigate the challenges associated with traditional histopathological methods.

骨折年龄的估计对临床和法医都很重要。本系统综述的目的是确定目前在临床和法医实践中用于骨折老化的成像模式,以评估所使用的技术,研究中研究的患者人口统计数据,以及用于估计受伤后时间的愈合阶段和标准。在进行书目文献检索后,我们确定了21篇适合纳入综述的出版物。比较骨折老化的文献发现,大多数研究都使用二维x线摄影,主要是使用死亡前的儿科人群。其余的出版物使用MRI, CT,组织学和宏观检查。虽然评估的最常见的x线分期为6个,但没有两种方法评估相同的特征组合。事实上,治疗阶段的数量和定义的差异使得出版物之间的比较具有挑战性。因此,进行了有限的工作来验证现有的老化方法。因此,该结果重申了在法医骨折老化中使用放射成像方式时需要谨慎。组织学仍然是无可争议的金标准,然而它是一种破坏性的和专门的死后方法。因此,需要进一步研究其他成像方式的潜力,如具有高分辨率、3D和非破坏性的微型ct。这可以作为一个有价值的补充,以帮助支持和导航与传统组织病理学方法相关的挑战。
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International Journal of Legal Medicine
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