<p>Leukocytosis, defined as an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBC), is a common feature in hospitalized patients. The most common form of leukocytosis is the increase of neutrophilic granulocytes. A profound increase in neutrophilic granulocytes is also known as a leukemoid reaction (LR). Since the first introduction of the term “leukemoid reaction” by Krumbhaar in 1926,<span><sup>1</sup></span> its diagnosis has significantly improved when various laboratory methods were introduced to differentiate LR from malignant granulocytic proliferation. The prognosis for patients with LR relies primarily on their underlying causes; however, the mortality rate remains relatively high.<span><sup>2</sup></span> Therefore, a simple and reproducible method for the initial evaluation of blood, especially when ancillary studies are unavailable, is clinically paramount for improving patient care.</p><p>Different cutoffs have been reported in the literature for defining neutrophilic LR. Some authors have used a cutoff of 25.0 × 10<sup>9</sup> leukocytes/L<span><sup>3</sup></span>, while others have applied higher cutoffs of 40.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, or 50.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L.<span><sup>4, 5</sup></span> Regardless of the cutoff, neutrophilic LR shares similar features with profound increases in neutrophils and precursors mimicking chronic leukemia of granulocytic lineage. The increase in immature forms in LR, also known as left-shift, however, is predominantly late forms (segmented neutrophils, band neutrophils) with a minority of intermediate forms (metamyelocytes, myelocytes) and no increase in early forms (promyelocytes, blasts). In addition, neutrophilic LR is usually associated with morphologic features of “toxic changes,” including heavy cytoplasmic granules (toxic granules), Dohle bodies, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Clinical assessment of patients with potential LR relies heavily on these morphologic features.</p><p>One of the most important differential diagnoses of LR is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which may show similar findings when evaluating blood smears. CML is a stem cell neoplasm affecting all three lineages of hematopoietic cells, with the most profound proliferation in the granulocytic lineage. The patients typically present with marked granulocytosis with a predominance of neutrophilic granulocytes and precursors. Eosinophilic and basophilic lineages are also increased but to a lesser degree. CML can be differentiated from LR by several features when evaluating blood smears. CML shows a more prominent left-shift in neutrophilic granulocytes with the entire spectrum of immature forms. Eosinophils and basophils are also increased in CML. The granulocytic cells in CML typically lack the “toxic changes” commonly seen in LR.</p><p>The vast majority of CML and LR can be readily differentiated by a review of blood smears and clinical history. Occasionally, differentiating LR from CML can be challenging on blood smear review due to morph
使用 Microsoft Excel 整理数据,对范围、中位数、均值进行描述性分析,并使用 t 检验进行统计分析。P 值等于或低于 0.01 即为具有统计学意义。CML 患者的年龄从 21 岁到 83 岁不等,中位年龄为 56.5 岁。男女比例为 2.1:1。所有慢性骨髓性白血病患者均在慢性期表现为慢性骨髓性白血病。LR患者的年龄从18岁到90岁不等,中位年龄为61岁。男女比例为 1:1.4。LR的病因是感染(45%)、炎症(43%)和药物(18%)。CML 白细胞计数中位数为 86.75 × 109/L(31.0 × 109-365.1 × 109),而 LR 白细胞计数中位数为 33.5 × 109/L(25.6 × 109- 67.4 × 109)。对 CML 和 LR 病例进行的人工鉴别计数显示,CML 病例的偏骨髓细胞、髓细胞、原髓细胞、囊泡、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的百分比明显更高。然而,LR 中性粒细胞的百分比明显更高。为了评估白细胞计数在区分 LR 和慢性粒细胞性白血病方面的诊断性能,我们进行了接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析。ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.92(95% CI:0.85-0.99),显示出良好的鉴别能力。最佳临界值为 45 × 109/L,灵敏度为 0.93,特异度为 0.76,可确保识别出大多数 CML 病例。建议临床使用 45 × 109/L 的临界值来区分 LR 和 CML。然而,由于存在假阴性和假阳性结果,该临界值不能单独使用,应与所有可用的实验室结果结合使用,以进行最准确的评估。这些结果证实,CML 中的粒细胞增多倾向于更深层次的左移,中期和早期粒细胞增多。同时,LR 主要影响晚期患者,分段中性粒细胞增多。此外,在 CML 中更容易看到血泡,而在与感染和炎症相关的 LR 中始终检测不到血泡。CML 和 LR 的带状中性粒细胞计数无明显差异。正如预期的那样,嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞在 CML 中作为肿瘤群体的一部分而增加,而细菌感染和慢性疾病相关炎症通常不会影响嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞。可以预见的是,单核细胞通常不受这两种实体的影响,而且 CML 和 LR 的单核细胞计数没有明显差异。这项研究为文献提供了 CML 和 LR 中血细胞类别的数值范围和统计数据,可作为执业病理学家的有用指南,也可纳入医学教育的教科书中。该研究的局限性在于样本量较小,且主要是来自一家机构的住院患者,存在选择偏差。未来可能需要进行更大规模、多机构的研究来证实我们的发现。
{"title":"Comparison of blood cell counts in leukemoid reaction and chronic myeloid leukemia: A study using Scopio blood cell counter with statistical analysis","authors":"Alaa S. Hrizat, Jerald Z. Gong","doi":"10.1111/ijlh.14341","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ijlh.14341","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Leukocytosis, defined as an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBC), is a common feature in hospitalized patients. The most common form of leukocytosis is the increase of neutrophilic granulocytes. A profound increase in neutrophilic granulocytes is also known as a leukemoid reaction (LR). Since the first introduction of the term “leukemoid reaction” by Krumbhaar in 1926,<span><sup>1</sup></span> its diagnosis has significantly improved when various laboratory methods were introduced to differentiate LR from malignant granulocytic proliferation. The prognosis for patients with LR relies primarily on their underlying causes; however, the mortality rate remains relatively high.<span><sup>2</sup></span> Therefore, a simple and reproducible method for the initial evaluation of blood, especially when ancillary studies are unavailable, is clinically paramount for improving patient care.</p><p>Different cutoffs have been reported in the literature for defining neutrophilic LR. Some authors have used a cutoff of 25.0 × 10<sup>9</sup> leukocytes/L<span><sup>3</sup></span>, while others have applied higher cutoffs of 40.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L, or 50.0 × 10<sup>9</sup>/L.<span><sup>4, 5</sup></span> Regardless of the cutoff, neutrophilic LR shares similar features with profound increases in neutrophils and precursors mimicking chronic leukemia of granulocytic lineage. The increase in immature forms in LR, also known as left-shift, however, is predominantly late forms (segmented neutrophils, band neutrophils) with a minority of intermediate forms (metamyelocytes, myelocytes) and no increase in early forms (promyelocytes, blasts). In addition, neutrophilic LR is usually associated with morphologic features of “toxic changes,” including heavy cytoplasmic granules (toxic granules), Dohle bodies, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Clinical assessment of patients with potential LR relies heavily on these morphologic features.</p><p>One of the most important differential diagnoses of LR is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which may show similar findings when evaluating blood smears. CML is a stem cell neoplasm affecting all three lineages of hematopoietic cells, with the most profound proliferation in the granulocytic lineage. The patients typically present with marked granulocytosis with a predominance of neutrophilic granulocytes and precursors. Eosinophilic and basophilic lineages are also increased but to a lesser degree. CML can be differentiated from LR by several features when evaluating blood smears. CML shows a more prominent left-shift in neutrophilic granulocytes with the entire spectrum of immature forms. Eosinophils and basophils are also increased in CML. The granulocytic cells in CML typically lack the “toxic changes” commonly seen in LR.</p><p>The vast majority of CML and LR can be readily differentiated by a review of blood smears and clinical history. Occasionally, differentiating LR from CML can be challenging on blood smear review due to morph","PeriodicalId":14120,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Laboratory Hematology","volume":"46 6","pages":"1125-1127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijlh.14341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141617796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}