Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.025
T. K. Kee, C. J. Cheok, M. A. Amzar Kamarudin, Saffuan Wan Ahmad, Reni Suryanti
Peninsular Malaysia is most affected by the distant Sumatra subduction zone earthquake. Meanwhile, Eastern Malaysia was subjected to major Philippine and Indonesian earthquake. Most of the offshore platform is at Terengganu, Sabah, and Sarawak. More than 65% of the offshore platform structure exceed the range of design between 20-30 years. This research aims to determine the vulnerability and risk analysis for the existing 3-legged offshore platform under earthquake load, study the behaviors of an offshore platform under major or minor earth-quake loading, and study the dynamic characteristic of an offshore platform. SAP 2000 is use to analyses and modelling the 3-legged offshore platform. In SAP 2000, the response spectrum, time history, and free vibration will be performed. The mixed load of the platform consists of dead load, imposed load, environment loads, and earthquake load. The position of the offshore platform has referred to American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The major earthquake under off-shore platform is El-Centro and the minor is Aceh compared to time history. Based on this study, Malaysia can withstand this low seismic activity, overall joint acceleration, velocity and displacement.
{"title":"Seismic Effect of the Offshore Structure Under Different Earthquake Loadings","authors":"T. K. Kee, C. J. Cheok, M. A. Amzar Kamarudin, Saffuan Wan Ahmad, Reni Suryanti","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.025","url":null,"abstract":"Peninsular Malaysia is most affected by the distant Sumatra subduction zone earthquake. Meanwhile, Eastern Malaysia was subjected to major Philippine and Indonesian earthquake. Most of the offshore platform is at Terengganu, Sabah, and Sarawak. More than 65% of the offshore platform structure exceed the range of design between 20-30 years. This research aims to determine the vulnerability and risk analysis for the existing 3-legged offshore platform under earthquake load, study the behaviors of an offshore platform under major or minor earth-quake loading, and study the dynamic characteristic of an offshore platform. SAP 2000 is use to analyses and modelling the 3-legged offshore platform. In SAP 2000, the response spectrum, time history, and free vibration will be performed. The mixed load of the platform consists of dead load, imposed load, environment loads, and earthquake load. The position of the offshore platform has referred to American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The major earthquake under off-shore platform is El-Centro and the minor is Aceh compared to time history. Based on this study, Malaysia can withstand this low seismic activity, overall joint acceleration, velocity and displacement.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.024
Qazwan Abdullah, Nor Shahida Mohd Shah, Adeb Salh, Akram A. Almohammedi, Shipun Hamza Anuar, Bin Saeed A. B.
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is considered crucial for the development of future fifth-generation (5G) systems. However, a limitation of massive MIMO systems arises from the lack of orthogonality in the pilot sequences transmitted by users from a single cell to neighboring cells. To address this constraint, a proposed solution involves utilizing orthogonal pilot reuse sequences (PRS) and zero forced (ZF) pre-coding techniques. The primary objective of these techniques is to eradicate channel interference and improve the experience of end users who are afflicted by low-quality channels. The assessment of the channel involves evaluating its quality through channel assessment, conducting comprehensive evaluations of large-scale shutdowns, and analyzing the maximum transmission efficiency. By assigning PRS to a group of users, the proposed approach establishes lower bounds for the achievable downlink data rate (DR) and signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR). These bounds are derived by considering the number of antennas approaches infinity which helps mitigate interference. Simulation results demonstrate that the utilization of improved channel evaluation and reduced loss leads to higher DR. When comparing different precoding techniques, the ZF method outperforms maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoders in achieving a higher DR, particularly when the number of cells reaches 𝛶𝛶𝑝𝑝=7.
{"title":"Downlink Massive MIMO Systems: Reduction of Pilot Contamination for Channel Estimation with Perfect Knowledge of Large-Scale Fading","authors":"Qazwan Abdullah, Nor Shahida Mohd Shah, Adeb Salh, Akram A. Almohammedi, Shipun Hamza Anuar, Bin Saeed A. B.","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.024","url":null,"abstract":"Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is considered crucial for the development of future fifth-generation (5G) systems. However, a limitation of massive MIMO systems arises from the lack of orthogonality in the pilot sequences transmitted by users from a single cell to neighboring cells. To address this constraint, a proposed solution involves utilizing orthogonal pilot reuse sequences (PRS) and zero forced (ZF) pre-coding techniques. The primary objective of these techniques is to eradicate channel interference and improve the experience of end users who are afflicted by low-quality channels. The assessment of the channel involves evaluating its quality through channel assessment, conducting comprehensive evaluations of large-scale shutdowns, and analyzing the maximum transmission efficiency. By assigning PRS to a group of users, the proposed approach establishes lower bounds for the achievable downlink data rate (DR) and signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR). These bounds are derived by considering the number of antennas approaches infinity which helps mitigate interference. Simulation results demonstrate that the utilization of improved channel evaluation and reduced loss leads to higher DR. When comparing different precoding techniques, the ZF method outperforms maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoders in achieving a higher DR, particularly when the number of cells reaches 𝛶𝛶𝑝𝑝=7.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.025
Siti Amira Othman, Shahidan Radiman
Biosensors are in principle fabricated by immobilized biomaterials on a detector membrane and combining them with electrochemical equipment. The applications of enzyme-based biosensors can be explored such as in the process of gas detection, medicine, pathogen detection and detection of toxic levels of substances before and after bioremediation. In this study, H2O2 detection was performed using HRP/PANI, HRP/PPY, HRP/PT and HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layers. The HRP/PANI layer from Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy (VPSEM) image exhibited a dry surface. The HRP/PPY layer exhibited a surface with agglomerate molecules. The HRP/PT layer, on the hand, exhibited a layer surface with almost the same molecular size. This is confirmed by the higher surface roughness value for HRP/PPY compared to other layers obtained via characterization with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The increasing current response for all three layers was arranged in HRP/PANI> HRP/PT> HRP/PPY. VPSEM and AFM images exhibited surfaces with molecules being in an agglomeration state after the H2O2 detection process. In terms of current response, the response rate of H2O2on the surface of the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI electrode caused the current response obtained to be fast. The roughness value increased with time due to the reaction that took place between the surface of the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layer with H2O2. The day-based current response showed that day 1 to day 14 exhibited a uniform graph pattern but from day 21 to day 30 there was a change in the graph pattern due to the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layer undergoing degradation. The activity of the HRP enzyme was studied by looking at its absorption effect for 30 days. From day 1 to day 14, there was a difference in the overall rate of absorption. However, from day 21 to day 30, the rate of absorption remained constant which explains the slowing down of HRP activity.
{"title":"Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Biosensor Based on the Conducting Polymer Using Self-Assembly Technique","authors":"Siti Amira Othman, Shahidan Radiman","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.025","url":null,"abstract":"Biosensors are in principle fabricated by immobilized biomaterials on a detector membrane and combining them with electrochemical equipment. The applications of enzyme-based biosensors can be explored such as in the process of gas detection, medicine, pathogen detection and detection of toxic levels of substances before and after bioremediation. In this study, H2O2 detection was performed using HRP/PANI, HRP/PPY, HRP/PT and HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layers. The HRP/PANI layer from Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy (VPSEM) image exhibited a dry surface. The HRP/PPY layer exhibited a surface with agglomerate molecules. The HRP/PT layer, on the hand, exhibited a layer surface with almost the same molecular size. This is confirmed by the higher surface roughness value for HRP/PPY compared to other layers obtained via characterization with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The increasing current response for all three layers was arranged in HRP/PANI> HRP/PT> HRP/PPY. VPSEM and AFM images exhibited surfaces with molecules being in an agglomeration state after the H2O2 detection process. In terms of current response, the response rate of H2O2on the surface of the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI electrode caused the current response obtained to be fast. The roughness value increased with time due to the reaction that took place between the surface of the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layer with H2O2. The day-based current response showed that day 1 to day 14 exhibited a uniform graph pattern but from day 21 to day 30 there was a change in the graph pattern due to the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layer undergoing degradation. The activity of the HRP enzyme was studied by looking at its absorption effect for 30 days. From day 1 to day 14, there was a difference in the overall rate of absorption. However, from day 21 to day 30, the rate of absorption remained constant which explains the slowing down of HRP activity.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.024
Afiqah R. Radzi, Rahimi A. Rahman, Ahmad Rizal Alias, Saud Almutairi
A good workplace well-being environment can increase employee resilience, work engagement, project performance, and productivity, as well as reduce sick days. Research suggests that physical, psychological, and social factors are the underlying factors for a good workplace well-being However, the underlying factors for workplace well-being at construction sites may differ. This study aims to validate the relationships between underlying factors (i.e., physical, psychological, and social) and workplace well-being at construction sites. A questionnaire survey was developed from a list of factors influencing workplace well-being and distributed to construction professionals. The collected data was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validatethe relationships between the underlying factors and workplace well-being at construction sites. The analysisrevealed that physical, psychological, and social factors are also influencing workplace well-being at construction sites. Researchers and industry practitioners can use these findings to confidently establish strategies to increase workplace well-being of construction workers.
{"title":"Validating The Impact of Psychological, Physical, and Social Factors On Workplace Well-Being at Construction Sites","authors":"Afiqah R. Radzi, Rahimi A. Rahman, Ahmad Rizal Alias, Saud Almutairi","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.024","url":null,"abstract":"A good workplace well-being environment can increase employee resilience, work engagement, project performance, and productivity, as well as reduce sick days. Research suggests that physical, psychological, and social factors are the underlying factors for a good workplace well-being However, the underlying factors for workplace well-being at construction sites may differ. This study aims to validate the relationships between underlying factors (i.e., physical, psychological, and social) and workplace well-being at construction sites. A questionnaire survey was developed from a list of factors influencing workplace well-being and distributed to construction professionals. The collected data was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validatethe relationships between the underlying factors and workplace well-being at construction sites. The analysisrevealed that physical, psychological, and social factors are also influencing workplace well-being at construction sites. Researchers and industry practitioners can use these findings to confidently establish strategies to increase workplace well-being of construction workers.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.017
Joe Robert Paul G. Lucena, Orlean G. Dela Cruz
A truss is a structure that has a rigid configuration formed by an assembly of straight members connected by pins. Many roofing systems use trusses, but the wide variety of truss configurations in architecture is an advantage to creating vast arrays of aesthetics in buildings. Steel, mainly plain carbon steel designated A36, is the most used material for truss members and joint connectors. However, these members are both heavy and non-sustainable, soseveral kinds of literature recommend studying the potential of using lightweight and sustainable alternatives. This review focuses on using bamboo in truss and the potential of fiber-reinforced composite as a truss joint connector. Bamboo culms and glued-laminated bamboo (glubam) are the two types of bamboo commonly used in truss fabrication based on the review. Bamboo culms from Dendrocalamus asper exhibit a tensile strength of 340 MPa, while the glubam made of Yushania alpina has 364 MPa. Other mechanical properties of bamboo necessary for the truss analysis are not yet clearly defined, although studies used ASTM D143-09 to determine several mechanical properties of bamboo or glubam. Fiber-reinforced composite can exhibit an enormous array of varieties and still demonstrate a strength close to or even higher than steel. It is lightweight and can reach a tensile strength of 700 MPa. The researcher recommends synthesizing bamboo or glubam as truss members and fiber-reinforced composite as truss joint connectors.
{"title":"A Literature Review On the Use of Bamboo as A Truss Member and Fiber-Reinforced Polymer as A Truss Jointing Material","authors":"Joe Robert Paul G. Lucena, Orlean G. Dela Cruz","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"A truss is a structure that has a rigid configuration formed by an assembly of straight members connected by pins. Many roofing systems use trusses, but the wide variety of truss configurations in architecture is an advantage to creating vast arrays of aesthetics in buildings. Steel, mainly plain carbon steel designated A36, is the most used material for truss members and joint connectors. However, these members are both heavy and non-sustainable, soseveral kinds of literature recommend studying the potential of using lightweight and sustainable alternatives. This review focuses on using bamboo in truss and the potential of fiber-reinforced composite as a truss joint connector. Bamboo culms and glued-laminated bamboo (glubam) are the two types of bamboo commonly used in truss fabrication based on the review. Bamboo culms from Dendrocalamus asper exhibit a tensile strength of 340 MPa, while the glubam made of Yushania alpina has 364 MPa. Other mechanical properties of bamboo necessary for the truss analysis are not yet clearly defined, although studies used ASTM D143-09 to determine several mechanical properties of bamboo or glubam. Fiber-reinforced composite can exhibit an enormous array of varieties and still demonstrate a strength close to or even higher than steel. It is lightweight and can reach a tensile strength of 700 MPa. The researcher recommends synthesizing bamboo or glubam as truss members and fiber-reinforced composite as truss joint connectors.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47398824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.012
M. Malik, W. Mansor, N. E. Abdul Rashid, M. Z. Rahman
The difficulties in the communication between the deaf and normal people through sign language can be overcome by implementing deep learning in the gestures signal recognition. The use of the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) in distinguishing radar-based gesture signals of deaf sign language has not been investigated.This paper describes the recognition of gestures of deaf sign language using radar and CNN. Six gestures of deaf sign language were acquired from normal subjects using a radar system and processed. Short-time Fourier Transform wasperformed to extract the gestures features and the classification was performed using CNN. The performance of CNN was examined using two types of inputs; segmented and non-segmented spectrograms. The accuracy of recognising the gestures is higher (92.31%)using the non-segmented spectrograms compared to the segmented spectrogram. The radar-based deaf sign language could be recognised accurately using CNN without segmentation.
{"title":"Recognition of Radar-Based Deaf Sign Language Using Convolution Neural Network","authors":"M. Malik, W. Mansor, N. E. Abdul Rashid, M. Z. Rahman","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"The difficulties in the communication between the deaf and normal people through sign language can be overcome by implementing deep learning in the gestures signal recognition. The use of the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) in distinguishing radar-based gesture signals of deaf sign language has not been investigated.This paper describes the recognition of gestures of deaf sign language using radar and CNN. Six gestures of deaf sign language were acquired from normal subjects using a radar system and processed. Short-time Fourier Transform wasperformed to extract the gestures features and the classification was performed using CNN. The performance of CNN was examined using two types of inputs; segmented and non-segmented spectrograms. The accuracy of recognising the gestures is higher (92.31%)using the non-segmented spectrograms compared to the segmented spectrogram. The radar-based deaf sign language could be recognised accurately using CNN without segmentation.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44162244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.002
Nayli Nabila Azman, Mitra Mohd Addi, Amr Al-Abed
One of the most common and early symptoms of any viral infections is fever which is the reaction to a disease-specific stimulus causing the increase of human body temperature. The current common method of monitoring the human body temperature uses the application of non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) and is only limited for stationary conditions within short distances and mostly suitable for indoor premises. The available technology to detect human body temperature for longer distances uses the thermal camera which is costly and large. Thus, it is challenging to detect anyone with high body temperature innon-stationary conditions, at longer distances, especially outdoor. The paper proposes an innovation to the current practice, for a wearable non-contact temperature detector device which is portable. The wearable non-contact temperature detector embeds a thermal sensor and a microcontroller to a normal hat. It is able to detect objects with higher temperature (37.5 C)within 1 meter radius of 60° angle viewin stationary and non-stationary conditions. The wearable device communicates via Bluetooth to a mobile device to display the detected temperature and notifies the user via alert message and alarm for high temperature detection. Display of the object’s thermal image is also available with a resolution of 8 8 pixel. The wearable non-contact temperature detector is able to achieve 99% accuracy of temperature measurement for detection distance of up to 70 cm for indoor and within 20 cm for outdoor when tested with normal temperature subject and high temperature objectsand compared with the actual temperature detected via a commercial NCIT device.
{"title":"Development of an IoT Embedded Wearable Device with Non-Contact Temperature Detector for Early Detection of Fever","authors":"Nayli Nabila Azman, Mitra Mohd Addi, Amr Al-Abed","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most common and early symptoms of any viral infections is fever which is the reaction to a disease-specific stimulus causing the increase of human body temperature. The current common method of monitoring the human body temperature uses the application of non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) and is only limited for stationary conditions within short distances and mostly suitable for indoor premises. The available technology to detect human body temperature for longer distances uses the thermal camera which is costly and large. Thus, it is challenging to detect anyone with high body temperature innon-stationary conditions, at longer distances, especially outdoor. The paper proposes an innovation to the current practice, for a wearable non-contact temperature detector device which is portable. The wearable non-contact temperature detector embeds a thermal sensor and a microcontroller to a normal hat. It is able to detect objects with higher temperature (37.5 C)within 1 meter radius of 60° angle viewin stationary and non-stationary conditions. The wearable device communicates via Bluetooth to a mobile device to display the detected temperature and notifies the user via alert message and alarm for high temperature detection. Display of the object’s thermal image is also available with a resolution of 8 8 pixel. The wearable non-contact temperature detector is able to achieve 99% accuracy of temperature measurement for detection distance of up to 70 cm for indoor and within 20 cm for outdoor when tested with normal temperature subject and high temperature objectsand compared with the actual temperature detected via a commercial NCIT device.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46701175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.009
Z. Jaini, R. Rum, S. Hakim, S. N. Mokhatar
This paper presents an investigation of ultimate load, maximum deflection and failure mode of foamed concrete composite slabs (FCCS). Of interest are the effects of dry density and slab thickness. Unlike conventional composite slabs, FCCS has the advantage of eliminating the selfweight penalty and thus reducing the underlying structural members.With the advanced research in concrete technology, foamed concrete with sufficient strength propertiesto meet the requirements of standard code of practise has been successfully introduced. Foamed concrete isknown for its lightweight and versatility.In the experimental study, the slab specimens with a span of 1800 mm, a width of 840 mm and different slab thicknessesof100 mm to 150 mm were prepared for the three-point bending test. The dry density of foamed concrete is 1400 kg/m3, 1600 kg/m3, and 1800 kg/m3, which has a compressive strength of about 20 MPa to 40 MPa. Dry density and slab thickness have been observed to have significant effects on ultimate load and maximum deflection. Higher dry density of foamed concrete provides better slip resistance and thus reduces shear bond failure. On the other hand, slab specimens with a higher slab thickness tend to have better bearing capacity due to greater bending stiffness. The main failure mode is dominated by localised bending on the profiled steel deck, slip-displacement and fracture ofthe foamed concrete.
{"title":"Application of Foamed Concrete and Cold-Formed Steel Decking as Lightweight Composite Slabs: Experimental Study On Structural Behaviour","authors":"Z. Jaini, R. Rum, S. Hakim, S. N. Mokhatar","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an investigation of ultimate load, maximum deflection and failure mode of foamed concrete composite slabs (FCCS). Of interest are the effects of dry density and slab thickness. Unlike conventional composite slabs, FCCS has the advantage of eliminating the selfweight penalty and thus reducing the underlying structural members.With the advanced research in concrete technology, foamed concrete with sufficient strength propertiesto meet the requirements of standard code of practise has been successfully introduced. Foamed concrete isknown for its lightweight and versatility.In the experimental study, the slab specimens with a span of 1800 mm, a width of 840 mm and different slab thicknessesof100 mm to 150 mm were prepared for the three-point bending test. The dry density of foamed concrete is 1400 kg/m3, 1600 kg/m3, and 1800 kg/m3, which has a compressive strength of about 20 MPa to 40 MPa. Dry density and slab thickness have been observed to have significant effects on ultimate load and maximum deflection. Higher dry density of foamed concrete provides better slip resistance and thus reduces shear bond failure. On the other hand, slab specimens with a higher slab thickness tend to have better bearing capacity due to greater bending stiffness. The main failure mode is dominated by localised bending on the profiled steel deck, slip-displacement and fracture ofthe foamed concrete.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43495906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.004
S. Shuib, A. Z. Romli, Iffa Mohd Arrif, Najwa Syakirah Hamizan, N. Saeid
To secure the total hip replacement (THR) components, introduced in the 1960s, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement was used as a fixation. The cement polymerizes and becomes firm to hold the implant in place. However, the failure of cement in total hip replacement may lead to hip fractures and dislocations which is detrimental to the patient’s well-being whether in the short-term or long-term. Hence, the aim of this study is to find suitable cement mixtures for total hip replacement compromising of Young Modulus of 2.24 GPa, 0.3129 GPa, 0.03394 GPa and 0.07961 GPa, as reported from prior research. Three separate sorts of proximal cemented techniques were used to deposit the PMMA cement: 40 mm cement reduction, 80 mm cement reduction and full cement (datum). The Titanium Ti-6A1-4V (Ti-41) Charnley hip implant stem model with a Young Modulus of 100 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 was applied in the ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 software to be analyzed with the three different proximal cemented approaches for each cement mixtures. Subsequently, the total deformation and von Mises stress were simulated under various loading circumstances, including standing, walking, stair climbing and falling. Nevertheless, as shown in the results obtained, all the hip implants consider safe because their von Mises stress does not exceed the yield strength of Titanium Ti-6A1-4V, which is 0.88 GPa. Finally, it may be concluded that, in comparison to the full cement (datum) and 80 mm cement reduction with Young Modulus of 2.24 GPa, 0.3129 GPa, 0.03394 GPa and 0.07961 GPa, the most improvement in the context of total deformation and von Mises stress is the 40 mm cement reduction with Young Modulus of 2.24 GPa.
{"title":"Relationship Between Various Cement Mixture, Cement Fixation and Gait Study for Total Hip Replacement Via Finite Element Analysis (FEA)","authors":"S. Shuib, A. Z. Romli, Iffa Mohd Arrif, Najwa Syakirah Hamizan, N. Saeid","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"To secure the total hip replacement (THR) components, introduced in the 1960s, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement was used as a fixation. The cement polymerizes and becomes firm to hold the implant in place. However, the failure of cement in total hip replacement may lead to hip fractures and dislocations which is detrimental to the patient’s well-being whether in the short-term or long-term. Hence, the aim of this study is to find suitable cement mixtures for total hip replacement compromising of Young Modulus of 2.24 GPa, 0.3129 GPa, 0.03394 GPa and 0.07961 GPa, as reported from prior research. Three separate sorts of proximal cemented techniques were used to deposit the PMMA cement: 40 mm cement reduction, 80 mm cement reduction and full cement (datum). The Titanium Ti-6A1-4V (Ti-41) Charnley hip implant stem model with a Young Modulus of 100 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3 was applied in the ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 software to be analyzed with the three different proximal cemented approaches for each cement mixtures. Subsequently, the total deformation and von Mises stress were simulated under various loading circumstances, including standing, walking, stair climbing and falling. Nevertheless, as shown in the results obtained, all the hip implants consider safe because their von Mises stress does not exceed the yield strength of Titanium Ti-6A1-4V, which is 0.88 GPa. Finally, it may be concluded that, in comparison to the full cement (datum) and 80 mm cement reduction with Young Modulus of 2.24 GPa, 0.3129 GPa, 0.03394 GPa and 0.07961 GPa, the most improvement in the context of total deformation and von Mises stress is the 40 mm cement reduction with Young Modulus of 2.24 GPa.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41949728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.005
P. L. Thon, J. Than, Norliza M. Noor, Jun Han, Patrick Then
COVID-19 has beenone of the popular foci in the research community since its first outbreak in China, 2019. Radiological patternssuch as ground glass opacity (GGO) andconsolidations are often found inCT scan images ofmoderate to severe COVID-19 patients. Therefore, a deep learning model can be trained to distinguish COVID-19 patients using their CT scan images. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has been a popular choice for this type of classification task. Anotherpotential method is the use ofvisiontransformer with convolution, resulting in Convolutional Vision Transformer (ConViT), to possibly produce on par performance using less computational resources. In this study, ConViT is applied to diagnose COVID-19 cases from lung CT scan images. Particularly, we investigated the relationship of the input image pixel resolutions and the number of attention heads used in ConViT and their effects on the model’s performance.Specifically, we used 512x512, 224x224 and 128x128 pixels resolution to train the modelwith 4 (tiny), 9 (small) and 16 (base) number of attention heads used. An open access dataset consisting of 2282 COVID-19 CT images and 9776 Normal CT images from Iran is used in this study. Byusing 128x128 image pixels resolution,training using 16 attention heads, the ConViT modelhas achieved an accuracy of98.01%,sensitivity of90.83%, specificity of99.69%, positive predictive value (PPV) of95.58%, negative predictive value (NPV) of97.89%and F1-score of94.55%.The model has also achieved improvedperformance over other recent studiesthat usedthe same dataset.In conclusion, this study has shown that theConViTmodel can play a meaningful role to complement RT-PCR test on COVID-19 close contacts and patients.
{"title":"Investigation of ConViT on COVID-19 Lung Image Classification and the Effects of Image Resolution and Number of Attention Heads","authors":"P. L. Thon, J. Than, Norliza M. Noor, Jun Han, Patrick Then","doi":"10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2023.15.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has beenone of the popular foci in the research community since its first outbreak in China, 2019. Radiological patternssuch as ground glass opacity (GGO) andconsolidations are often found inCT scan images ofmoderate to severe COVID-19 patients. Therefore, a deep learning model can be trained to distinguish COVID-19 patients using their CT scan images. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has been a popular choice for this type of classification task. Anotherpotential method is the use ofvisiontransformer with convolution, resulting in Convolutional Vision Transformer (ConViT), to possibly produce on par performance using less computational resources. In this study, ConViT is applied to diagnose COVID-19 cases from lung CT scan images. Particularly, we investigated the relationship of the input image pixel resolutions and the number of attention heads used in ConViT and their effects on the model’s performance.Specifically, we used 512x512, 224x224 and 128x128 pixels resolution to train the modelwith 4 (tiny), 9 (small) and 16 (base) number of attention heads used. An open access dataset consisting of 2282 COVID-19 CT images and 9776 Normal CT images from Iran is used in this study. Byusing 128x128 image pixels resolution,training using 16 attention heads, the ConViT modelhas achieved an accuracy of98.01%,sensitivity of90.83%, specificity of99.69%, positive predictive value (PPV) of95.58%, negative predictive value (NPV) of97.89%and F1-score of94.55%.The model has also achieved improvedperformance over other recent studiesthat usedthe same dataset.In conclusion, this study has shown that theConViTmodel can play a meaningful role to complement RT-PCR test on COVID-19 close contacts and patients.","PeriodicalId":14189,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Integrated Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43418847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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