Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3115-3118
Om Prakash, B. Jain, Amita Jain
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(5).3115-3118 ABSTRACT: Dengue virus is mosquito-borne virus that manifests itself in human infections with dengue fever (DF) to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DHF can lead to development of dengue shock syndrome (DSS). RNAi works by silencing the target gene expression using siRNA. Hence there arises an urgent need to design potential siRNA against the target sequence of dengue virus gene to control its replication and pathogenicity. This study is aimed to predict self-potential designed siRNA-based therapeutics that might be used for the treatment of dengue virus infection. The prediction of potential siRNA was done by using various computational tools as searching target sequences, multiple sequences alignment, secondary structure prediction, siRNA-target sequence interaction prediction and finally the evaluation of effectiveness of predicted siRNA. Ten pair of potential siRNAs were predicted and designed rationally for silencing five target genes (Capsid, CprM, NS1, NS3 and NS5) of dengue virus used in the study through RNAi technology. The outcomes of this study are ten pair of potential siRNA molecules which might be used as a potential antiviral RNA based therapeutics to suppress the dengue virus replication.
{"title":"Designing of putative siRNA to inhibit dengue virus replication","authors":"Om Prakash, B. Jain, Amita Jain","doi":"10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3115-3118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3115-3118","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(5).3115-3118 ABSTRACT: Dengue virus is mosquito-borne virus that manifests itself in human infections with dengue fever (DF) to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DHF can lead to development of dengue shock syndrome (DSS). RNAi works by silencing the target gene expression using siRNA. Hence there arises an urgent need to design potential siRNA against the target sequence of dengue virus gene to control its replication and pathogenicity. This study is aimed to predict self-potential designed siRNA-based therapeutics that might be used for the treatment of dengue virus infection. The prediction of potential siRNA was done by using various computational tools as searching target sequences, multiple sequences alignment, secondary structure prediction, siRNA-target sequence interaction prediction and finally the evaluation of effectiveness of predicted siRNA. Ten pair of potential siRNAs were predicted and designed rationally for silencing five target genes (Capsid, CprM, NS1, NS3 and NS5) of dengue virus used in the study through RNAi technology. The outcomes of this study are ten pair of potential siRNA molecules which might be used as a potential antiviral RNA based therapeutics to suppress the dengue virus replication.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86720020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3092-3099
Sreehitha, R. Sireesha, B. Sivagami, V. P. Kumar, Rajadurai Chandrasekar, M. Babu
{"title":"Simultaneous Estimation of Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir Tablets by RP- HPLC Method","authors":"Sreehitha, R. Sireesha, B. Sivagami, V. P. Kumar, Rajadurai Chandrasekar, M. Babu","doi":"10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3092-3099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3092-3099","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81755579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3110-3114
R. Mathur, Bhumika Tamrakar, A. Anita, B. Lal, Rajmani Mafidar, M. Bhowmick, J. Rathi
{"title":"Design and evaluation of Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets of an anti-hypertensive drug - Valsartan","authors":"R. Mathur, Bhumika Tamrakar, A. Anita, B. Lal, Rajmani Mafidar, M. Bhowmick, J. Rathi","doi":"10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3110-3114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3110-3114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77637724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3083-3091
Saurav Kumar, Rajwinder Kaur, R. Sharma
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(5).3083-3091 ABSTRACT: Objective: The main objective of the present study was to evolve and characterize the microspheres for colon specific target delivery of Ondansetron HCl for the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Methods: Ondansetron HCl loaded microspheres were devised by using emulsion solvent evaporation method. HPMC and Ethyl cellulose were used as polymers. Results and Discussion: The preformulation compatibility studies between drug, excipients and microsphere formulations were carried out by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimization of the process and formulation was done with respect to the different parameters like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, volume of internal phase and amount of emulsifying agent. The microspheres were filled into hard gelatin capsule shells which are sealed and coated with ethanolic solutions of ethyl cellulose and shellac. Drug release profile of microspheres was investigated in GIT pH specific media (0.1M HCl & Phosphate buffer pH 6.8). The FTIR spectra showed that no chemical interaction or changes take place during perpetration of formulations. The drug was stable in all the formulations. The process parameter modulation results showed that the production yields and particle size was decreased with increased stirring speed and increasing the volume of internal phase. Conclusion: In-vitro drug release study of all ondansetron HCl loaded microsphere formulations OF1-OF4 show the release of drug released by non-Fickian diffusion n<0.85.
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of Microspheres for Colon targeted delivery of Ondansetron","authors":"Saurav Kumar, Rajwinder Kaur, R. Sharma","doi":"10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3083-3091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3083-3091","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(5).3083-3091 ABSTRACT: Objective: The main objective of the present study was to evolve and characterize the microspheres for colon specific target delivery of Ondansetron HCl for the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Methods: Ondansetron HCl loaded microspheres were devised by using emulsion solvent evaporation method. HPMC and Ethyl cellulose were used as polymers. Results and Discussion: The preformulation compatibility studies between drug, excipients and microsphere formulations were carried out by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimization of the process and formulation was done with respect to the different parameters like drug-polymer ratio, stirring speed, volume of internal phase and amount of emulsifying agent. The microspheres were filled into hard gelatin capsule shells which are sealed and coated with ethanolic solutions of ethyl cellulose and shellac. Drug release profile of microspheres was investigated in GIT pH specific media (0.1M HCl & Phosphate buffer pH 6.8). The FTIR spectra showed that no chemical interaction or changes take place during perpetration of formulations. The drug was stable in all the formulations. The process parameter modulation results showed that the production yields and particle size was decreased with increased stirring speed and increasing the volume of internal phase. Conclusion: In-vitro drug release study of all ondansetron HCl loaded microsphere formulations OF1-OF4 show the release of drug released by non-Fickian diffusion n<0.85.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78071732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3104-3109
R. Mishra, M. Barman, Monika Singh, S. Snigdha, B. Bhardwaj, P. Saxena, Smriti Sahu
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(5).3104-3109 ABSTRACT: Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is a third-generation non-sedating antihistamine drug derived from the second generation anti-histamine cetrizine. It is H1receptorantagonist.Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by inflammation mediated by immunoglobulinE (IgE) in the membrane lining the nose after allergen exposure. Thus, formulating Levocetirizine into an orodispersible dosage form would provide fast relief. The Levocetirizine is bitter in taste so the Kyron T-134 (ion exchange resin synthetic which is inert organic polymers consist of hydrocarbon network to which ionizable groups are attached and they have the ability to exchange their labile ions for ions present in the solution with which they are in contact) was used to mask the taste and to formulate Mouth dissolving tablets using drug resin complex. The tablets were evaluated for the drug content, weight variation, water absorption ratio, wetting time, invitro disintegration, hardness, friability, thickness. All the parameters were found to be acceptable in range. The optimized formulation was disintegrated in 25 seconds and complete drug was released from tablet in10 minutes. It has been compared with marketed formulation and the drug release rate was found to be enhanced. Thus, results showed that Levocetirizine dihydrochloride was successfully formulated into Mouth Dissolving Tablets.
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of Taste Masked Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride by using Ion-Exchange Resin","authors":"R. Mishra, M. Barman, Monika Singh, S. Snigdha, B. Bhardwaj, P. Saxena, Smriti Sahu","doi":"10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3104-3109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(5).3104-3109","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(5).3104-3109 ABSTRACT: Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is a third-generation non-sedating antihistamine drug derived from the second generation anti-histamine cetrizine. It is H1receptorantagonist.Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by inflammation mediated by immunoglobulinE (IgE) in the membrane lining the nose after allergen exposure. Thus, formulating Levocetirizine into an orodispersible dosage form would provide fast relief. The Levocetirizine is bitter in taste so the Kyron T-134 (ion exchange resin synthetic which is inert organic polymers consist of hydrocarbon network to which ionizable groups are attached and they have the ability to exchange their labile ions for ions present in the solution with which they are in contact) was used to mask the taste and to formulate Mouth dissolving tablets using drug resin complex. The tablets were evaluated for the drug content, weight variation, water absorption ratio, wetting time, invitro disintegration, hardness, friability, thickness. All the parameters were found to be acceptable in range. The optimized formulation was disintegrated in 25 seconds and complete drug was released from tablet in10 minutes. It has been compared with marketed formulation and the drug release rate was found to be enhanced. Thus, results showed that Levocetirizine dihydrochloride was successfully formulated into Mouth Dissolving Tablets.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72971212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3015-3021
Sultan Ahmad, Deepak Teotia, Kapil Kumar
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(4).3015-3021 ABSTRACT: Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles in which an aqueous solution of solute is entirely enclosed by a membrane resulting from the organization of surfactant macromolecules as bilayer. The term “Niosomes” is named as because vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surfaceactive agents (non-ionic surfactants). Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The ionic drug carriers are relatively toxic and unsuitable whereas niosomal carriers are safer. Also handling and storage of niosomes require no special conditions. Niosomes proved to be a promising drug carrier and has potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. Niosomes tackle the problem of insolubility, instability, low bioavailability and rapid degradation of drugs. Present review article deals with advantages, preparations, evaluation and pharmaceutical applications of niosomes.
{"title":"Niosomes A Promising Carrier for Drug Delivery","authors":"Sultan Ahmad, Deepak Teotia, Kapil Kumar","doi":"10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3015-3021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3015-3021","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(4).3015-3021 ABSTRACT: Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles in which an aqueous solution of solute is entirely enclosed by a membrane resulting from the organization of surfactant macromolecules as bilayer. The term “Niosomes” is named as because vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surfaceactive agents (non-ionic surfactants). Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The ionic drug carriers are relatively toxic and unsuitable whereas niosomal carriers are safer. Also handling and storage of niosomes require no special conditions. Niosomes proved to be a promising drug carrier and has potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. Niosomes tackle the problem of insolubility, instability, low bioavailability and rapid degradation of drugs. Present review article deals with advantages, preparations, evaluation and pharmaceutical applications of niosomes.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"309 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79944574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3039-3049
N. Srivastava, M. Suseela, K. Toppo, R. Lawrence
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.227 8-0238.2018.7(4).3039-3049 ABSTRACT: Fresh water microalgae has drawn much attention due to their primary productivity in the water food chain of water ecosystem diversity, their biological assessment of water quality, pollution abatement capacity and as a source of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites with antimicrobial capacity etc. Distribution of fresh water microalgae of unexplored localities of some parts of central India has been investigated. A total of thirty fresh water algal samples were collected from different unexplored sites of central India. Thirty-four algal taxa comprising twenty-five genera in which eighteen unicellular, nine colonials and nine filamentous algae were identified based on microscopic observation and characters such as average filament length, colonial diameter, shape and cell dimensions. Results revealed that these microalgae belonging to three major classes Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Cyanophyceae (blue green algae). Maximum algal taxa belonged to green algae followed by bluegreen algae and diatoms. The occurrence of fresh water algae, their diversity and distribution was interpreted with water quality and its physico-chemical characteristics. The present study not only discusses the basic information of fresh water algal presence, distribution but also helps for future environmental monitoring studies.
{"title":"Fresh water Algal diversity of Central India","authors":"N. Srivastava, M. Suseela, K. Toppo, R. Lawrence","doi":"10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3039-3049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3039-3049","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.227 8-0238.2018.7(4).3039-3049 ABSTRACT: Fresh water microalgae has drawn much attention due to their primary productivity in the water food chain of water ecosystem diversity, their biological assessment of water quality, pollution abatement capacity and as a source of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites with antimicrobial capacity etc. Distribution of fresh water microalgae of unexplored localities of some parts of central India has been investigated. A total of thirty fresh water algal samples were collected from different unexplored sites of central India. Thirty-four algal taxa comprising twenty-five genera in which eighteen unicellular, nine colonials and nine filamentous algae were identified based on microscopic observation and characters such as average filament length, colonial diameter, shape and cell dimensions. Results revealed that these microalgae belonging to three major classes Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Cyanophyceae (blue green algae). Maximum algal taxa belonged to green algae followed by bluegreen algae and diatoms. The occurrence of fresh water algae, their diversity and distribution was interpreted with water quality and its physico-chemical characteristics. The present study not only discusses the basic information of fresh water algal presence, distribution but also helps for future environmental monitoring studies.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72952173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3050-3054
Ashok Kumar, N. Goyal
The aim of this investigation was to define and assess Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline framework tablets, prolonged discharge dosage form, for the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Powder blends of the drugs (Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline) and polymers (HPMC K100M and Xanthan Gum) were evaluated for loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index and angle of repose which shows satisfactory results. The direct compression method was used for the preparation of Extended-release tablets using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M), a semi-synthetic polymer, and xanthan gum(a natural polymer) in changing ratios keeping the total weight 250 mg for each tablet. The fabricated tablets were then evaluated for various physical tests like diameter, thickness, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and drug content. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory as per guidelines mentioned in the standards. The in-vitro dissolution study was carried out for 24 hours using type II dissolution apparatus. Among all the formulation, F7 shows 97.16 ±0.59 % of drug release at the end of 12 hours. This finding reveals that above a particular concentration of HPMC K100M and xanthan gum are capable of providing extended drug release from the dosage form.
{"title":"Design, Development and Evaluation of Extended Release Tablets of Anti-asthmatic Agents using various Polymers","authors":"Ashok Kumar, N. Goyal","doi":"10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3050-3054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3050-3054","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this investigation was to define and assess Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline framework tablets, prolonged discharge dosage form, for the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Powder blends of the drugs (Salbutamol sulphate and Theophylline) and polymers (HPMC K100M and Xanthan Gum) were evaluated for loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index and angle of repose which shows satisfactory results. The direct compression method was used for the preparation of Extended-release tablets using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M), a semi-synthetic polymer, and xanthan gum(a natural polymer) in changing ratios keeping the total weight 250 mg for each tablet. The fabricated tablets were then evaluated for various physical tests like diameter, thickness, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and drug content. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory as per guidelines mentioned in the standards. The in-vitro dissolution study was carried out for 24 hours using type II dissolution apparatus. Among all the formulation, F7 shows 97.16 ±0.59 % of drug release at the end of 12 hours. This finding reveals that above a particular concentration of HPMC K100M and xanthan gum are capable of providing extended drug release from the dosage form.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83907060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3030-3033
Nitin Chaudhary, N. Tyagi
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(4).3030-3033 ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The condition itself introduces a need for patient’s lifestyle adjustment to the disease and a number of everyday therapeutic and diagnostic restrictions. The main indication of diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemia in blood which is due to inappropriate pancreatic insulin secretion or low insulin-directed fostering of glucose by target cells. It is silent killer disease and affects millions of people in the world. It is estimated that in 2010 there was globally 285 million people suffering from this disease. This number is estimated to increase to 430 million in the absence of better control or cure. Different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. As the disease progresses tissue or vascular damage ensures leading to severe diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular complications and ulceration. Currently available pharmacotherapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus includes insulin and hypoglycemic agents. These drugs act by increasing the secretion of insulin form pancreas or reducing plasma glucose concentrations by increasing glucose uptake and decreasing gluconeogenesis. Comobrid mental diseases can further negatively influence the course of diabetes. They are specially depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and cognitive disorders including dementia. Various herbal drugs have been also proved effective due to their beneficial contents in treatment of diabetes. This article focuses on the causes, types, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
{"title":"Diabetes mellitus: An Overview","authors":"Nitin Chaudhary, N. Tyagi","doi":"10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3030-3033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3030-3033","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(4).3030-3033 ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The condition itself introduces a need for patient’s lifestyle adjustment to the disease and a number of everyday therapeutic and diagnostic restrictions. The main indication of diabetes mellitus is a hyperglycemia in blood which is due to inappropriate pancreatic insulin secretion or low insulin-directed fostering of glucose by target cells. It is silent killer disease and affects millions of people in the world. It is estimated that in 2010 there was globally 285 million people suffering from this disease. This number is estimated to increase to 430 million in the absence of better control or cure. Different types of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. As the disease progresses tissue or vascular damage ensures leading to severe diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular complications and ulceration. Currently available pharmacotherapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus includes insulin and hypoglycemic agents. These drugs act by increasing the secretion of insulin form pancreas or reducing plasma glucose concentrations by increasing glucose uptake and decreasing gluconeogenesis. Comobrid mental diseases can further negatively influence the course of diabetes. They are specially depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and cognitive disorders including dementia. Various herbal drugs have been also proved effective due to their beneficial contents in treatment of diabetes. This article focuses on the causes, types, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":14211,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83414063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2018.7(4).3055-3059
T. Tamilselvan, T. Kumutha, M. Priyanka, R. Bose, M. Sindhuja
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/IJRDPL.22780238.2018.7(4).3055-3059 ABSTRACT:The study objectives were to assess the incidence of polypharmacy and drug-related problems among geriatric patients. This prospective, observational study was conducted in 150 geriatric patients at Vivekanandha medical care hospital. The severities of adverse drug reactions were assessed using Naranjo scale and inappropriate medications were examined using BEER’s criteria. The highest frequency of geriatric patients with polypharmacy was from the age group of 65-70 years (65%). Most of the patients (43%) were taking 5-10 drugs. Out of 150 patients, 124(83%) patients had comorbidities and 26(17%) patients were found without comorbidity. The percentage of patients suffering from DM and HTN were found to be the highest. Antihypertensive was mostly prescribed. The major incidence of drug-drug interaction was found in the moderate category (59.50%). DRP's were assessed. The incidence of 119 drug duplications was found in 62 cases. Inappropriate prescription of drugs was found in 61 cases (101 medications). A total of 34 ADRs were found in 34 cases. From 83 case sheets, 91 medication errors were identified. The incidence of drug related problems was highest in the general medicine department. The incidence of polypharmacy and drug-related problems were high in geriatric population of general medicine department. Benzodiazepine class of drugs was the commonly prescribed inappropriate medication as per the BEER's criteria. The incidence of probable ADR was highly observed in this study.
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