Pub Date : 2017-08-18DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40355
Christina Boll, Malte Jahn, A. Lagemann
Research on the gender earnings divide so far mostly focuses on the gender gap in hourly wages, which due to its snapshot nature is unable to capture the biographical dimension of gendered pay. With the ‘gender lifetime earnings gap’ (GLEG), we introduce a new measure that fills this gap. Based on a group of 72,085 German individuals born 1950-64 from the ‘Sample of Integrated Labor Market Biographies’ (SIAB 7510), we find that at the end of the employment career, women accumulate 46.6% less earnings than men. Thus, the GLEG is more than twice as high as the current German gender pay gap. The GLEG is higher at the bottom than at the top of the earnings distribution. It most prominently widens during the period of family formation (age 25-35). Relatedly, gender differences in endowments, mainly in terms of experience and hours, account for almost two-thirds of the GLEG. For younger cohorts, family breaks tend to lose importance, whereas the role of work hours remains unchanged. Moreover, women in younger cohorts approach men with respect to employment, education and sector premiums.
{"title":"The gender lifetime earnings gap—exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective","authors":"Christina Boll, Malte Jahn, A. Lagemann","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40355","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the gender earnings divide so far mostly focuses on the gender gap in hourly wages, which due to its snapshot nature is unable to capture the biographical dimension of gendered pay. With the ‘gender lifetime earnings gap’ (GLEG), we introduce a new measure that fills this gap. Based on a group of 72,085 German individuals born 1950-64 from the ‘Sample of Integrated Labor Market Biographies’ (SIAB 7510), we find that at the end of the employment career, women accumulate 46.6% less earnings than men. Thus, the GLEG is more than twice as high as the current German gender pay gap. The GLEG is higher at the bottom than at the top of the earnings distribution. It most prominently widens during the period of family formation (age 25-35). Relatedly, gender differences in endowments, mainly in terms of experience and hours, account for almost two-thirds of the GLEG. For younger cohorts, family breaks tend to lose importance, whereas the role of work hours remains unchanged. Moreover, women in younger cohorts approach men with respect to employment, education and sector premiums.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115348064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40350
Jose Cuesta, G. Ibarra
Tunisia was showcased for a long time as an example of poverty reduction achievement and pro-poor growth. Yet, after halving its poverty rates a revolution took the world by surprise early in 2011 and since then nothing is known about its poverty levels. To fill that gap, this analysis develops and compares multiple cross-survey micro imputations (using household budgetary and labor force surveys) with macro poverty projections (based on sector GDP, unemployment and inflation). Results from both techniques are robust: poverty in post revolution Tunisia first increased in 2011 to then decrease in 2012. The magnitude of this swing oscillates between 1 and 2.3 percent points and accrues mostly from urban areas. Methods using readily available macro administrative data provide estimates of poverty levels and trends very close to those provided by analytically more sophisticated and data demanding micro imputation techniques. These findings for Tunisia provide relevant insights in data deprived contexts with serious deficiencies in the frequency and accessibility of welfare statistics.
{"title":"Comparing Cross-Survey Micro Imputation and Macro Projection Techniques: Poverty in Post Revolution Tunisia","authors":"Jose Cuesta, G. Ibarra","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40350","url":null,"abstract":"Tunisia was showcased for a long time as an example of poverty reduction achievement and pro-poor growth. Yet, after halving its poverty rates a revolution took the world by surprise early in 2011 and since then nothing is known about its poverty levels. To fill that gap, this analysis develops and compares multiple cross-survey micro imputations (using household budgetary and labor force surveys) with macro poverty projections (based on sector GDP, unemployment and inflation). Results from both techniques are robust: poverty in post revolution Tunisia first increased in 2011 to then decrease in 2012. The magnitude of this swing oscillates between 1 and 2.3 percent points and accrues mostly from urban areas. Methods using readily available macro administrative data provide estimates of poverty levels and trends very close to those provided by analytically more sophisticated and data demanding micro imputation techniques. These findings for Tunisia provide relevant insights in data deprived contexts with serious deficiencies in the frequency and accessibility of welfare statistics.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"73 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130972756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-28DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40344
Daniel Waldenström
Over the recent decades there has been a dramatic rise in top income shares in most Western countries. Several explanations have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, some pointing at the role of market-driven forces such as technology and globalization, while others emphasize the importance of political and economic institutions of taxation or changing social norms about income differences in society. This lecture presents the latest academic research about the evolution of top income and wealth positions around the Western world, what we know about the central determinants and how economic policy contributes to shaping these outcomes.
{"title":"Inequality and the super-rich","authors":"Daniel Waldenström","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40344","url":null,"abstract":"Over the recent decades there has been a dramatic rise in top income shares in most Western countries. Several explanations have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, some pointing at the role of market-driven forces such as technology and globalization, while others emphasize the importance of political and economic institutions of taxation or changing social norms about income differences in society. This lecture presents the latest academic research about the evolution of top income and wealth positions around the Western world, what we know about the central determinants and how economic policy contributes to shaping these outcomes.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121843040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40363
S. Tripathi
The present paper estimates the Regression based inequality decomposition for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12.The decomposition based regression analysis finds that household size, level of education, share of workers engaged in less productive jobs (such as, casual labour and agricultural worker), regular salary earning member of a household, higher level of land possessed by the households, and households having hired dwelling unit are responsible for the maximum share of inequality in the total inequality of the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and predicted MPCE in the both urban and rural areas.
{"title":"Source of Inequality in Consumption Expenditure in India: A Regression Based Inequality Decomposition Analysis","authors":"S. Tripathi","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40363","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper estimates the Regression based inequality decomposition for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12.The decomposition based regression analysis finds that household size, level of education, share of workers engaged in less productive jobs (such as, casual labour and agricultural worker), regular salary earning member of a household, higher level of land possessed by the households, and households having hired dwelling unit are responsible for the maximum share of inequality in the total inequality of the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and predicted MPCE in the both urban and rural areas.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131277194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40351
S. Thewissen, L. Kenworthy, B. Nolan, Max Roser, T. Smeeding
Income inequality has increased in a number of the rich democratic nations over the past generation. We examine whether this has reduced income growth for middleincome households. Using LIS, OECD and WID data, we show how median household incomes and income inequality have evolved between 1980 and 2013, and we analyse whether these trends are related. Growth in median incomes is negatively associated with changes in the Gini but not with changes in top income shares. Economic growth is strongly associated with growth in median incomes, although it does not seem to fully transmit.
{"title":"Rising Income Inequality and Living Standards in OECD Countries: How Does the Middle Fare?","authors":"S. Thewissen, L. Kenworthy, B. Nolan, Max Roser, T. Smeeding","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40351","url":null,"abstract":"Income inequality has increased in a number of the rich democratic nations over the past generation. We examine whether this has reduced income growth for middleincome households. Using LIS, OECD and WID data, we show how median household incomes and income inequality have evolved between 1980 and 2013, and we analyse whether these trends are related. Growth in median incomes is negatively associated with changes in the Gini but not with changes in top income shares. Economic growth is strongly associated with growth in median incomes, although it does not seem to fully transmit.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114852017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-18DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.39749
P. Mukhopadhaya
Book review: Widening Income Distribution in Post-Handover Hong Kong, Hon-Kwong Lui. London and New York: Routledge, 2013, 161 pages, ISBN 978-0-415-51780-5 (hardcover) $160, ISBN 978-0-203-36615-8 (e-book) $160.
{"title":"Widening Income Distribution in Post-Handover Hong Kong","authors":"P. Mukhopadhaya","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.39749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.39749","url":null,"abstract":"Book review: Widening Income Distribution in Post-Handover Hong Kong, Hon-Kwong Lui. London and New York: Routledge, 2013, 161 pages, ISBN 978-0-415-51780-5 (hardcover) $160, ISBN 978-0-203-36615-8 (e-book) $160.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127286706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-18DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.39748
Charles van Marrewijk
{"title":"Growing Income Inequalities: Economic Analyses","authors":"Charles van Marrewijk","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.39748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.39748","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128053593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-22DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23283
O. Hamouda
Recent findings using traditional regression methods show that children’s school savings is associated with higher math scores. We build on this research by using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Moreover, we suggest children’s school savings may have a stronger association with children’s math scores than either household wealth or children’s savings that is not designated for school. We find children with school savings have higher math scores than those without school savings. Further, we find evidence that children’s school savings mediates the relationship between household wealth and math scores. Policy implications for children living in low-wealth households discussed.
{"title":"Raising Math Scores among Children in Low-Wealth Households: Potential Benefit of Children’s School Savings","authors":"O. Hamouda","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23283","url":null,"abstract":"Recent findings using traditional regression methods show that children’s school savings is associated with higher math scores. We build on this research by using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Moreover, we suggest children’s school savings may have a stronger association with children’s math scores than either household wealth or children’s savings that is not designated for school. We find children with school savings have higher math scores than those without school savings. Further, we find evidence that children’s school savings mediates the relationship between household wealth and math scores. Policy implications for children living in low-wealth households discussed.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128093749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-22DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.19664
A. Sáez
The bilateral treaty on free mobility between the European Union and Switzerland has adversely affected native private sector low-skilled workers in the lower range of the earnings distribution. If cross-border commuters’ wages are prioritised over the local wages, the (pre-bilateral agreement) wage distribution between cross-border employees and local ones will intersect. This paper considers the statistical methods that can be used to test for this form of spatial interaction affecting the evolution of regional unemployment. Numerical simulations suggest that recently developed tests for distribution-crossing are powerful even when the two distributions under study are fairly similar, and that these tests can be usefully combined with more standard quantile tests to characterise unskilled occupational wages at the bottom. We apply this approach to unemployment data in Geneva and find that workforce participation among the local low-skilled workers was lower than that of low-qualified cross-border commuters.
{"title":"The impact of cross-border commuters on occupational wages: Comparison of some nonparametric tests and their application to unemployment in Geneva","authors":"A. Sáez","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.19664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.19664","url":null,"abstract":"The bilateral treaty on free mobility between the European Union and Switzerland has adversely affected native private sector low-skilled workers in the lower range of the earnings distribution. If cross-border commuters’ wages are prioritised over the local wages, the (pre-bilateral agreement) wage distribution between cross-border employees and local ones will intersect. This paper considers the statistical methods that can be used to test for this form of spatial interaction affecting the evolution of regional unemployment. Numerical simulations suggest that recently developed tests for distribution-crossing are powerful even when the two distributions under study are fairly similar, and that these tests can be usefully combined with more standard quantile tests to characterise unskilled occupational wages at the bottom. We apply this approach to unemployment data in Geneva and find that workforce participation among the local low-skilled workers was lower than that of low-qualified cross-border commuters.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115082079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.38675
Nathalie Chusseau, Joël Hellier
--
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{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue: Inequality, Skill, and Globalisation","authors":"Nathalie Chusseau, Joël Hellier","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.38675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.38675","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>--</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134383828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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