Pub Date : 2021-08-25DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40415
Asena Caner, Peder J. Pedersen
We investigate trends in income inequality for five special groups (immigrants from Turkey in Denmark and Germany, natives in the two countries and in Turkey). The migration of people with similar characteristics and motivations to countries with structural differences is similar to a natural experiment. We ask whether immigrant inequality adapts over time to inequality among natives. We find, first, that immigrants are concentrated in the lower deciles of the overall income distribution. Secondly, considering native and immigrant distributions separately, in every decile an average native is significantly richer than an average immigrant. Thirdly, inequality decompositions show that during the great recession, in Denmark inequality grew faster among immigrants than among natives. In Germany, inequality rose somewhat among natives, while it remained the same among immigrants. Therefore, we do not observe a convergence in inequality. In both countries, in 2007-2013, rising inequality among natives is the most important factor behind the rise in overall inequality. For the longer period from the 1980s to 2013 we find no convergence in inequality. Finally, compared to Turks in Turkey, immigrants in both countries have higher incomes, distributed much more equally.
{"title":"Does income distribution among immigrants adapt to host country?","authors":"Asena Caner, Peder J. Pedersen","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40415","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate trends in income inequality for five special groups (immigrants from Turkey in Denmark and Germany, natives in the two countries and in Turkey). The migration of people with similar characteristics and motivations to countries with structural differences is similar to a natural experiment. We ask whether immigrant inequality adapts over time to inequality among natives. We find, first, that immigrants are concentrated in the lower deciles of the overall income distribution. Secondly, considering native and immigrant distributions separately, in every decile an average native is significantly richer than an average immigrant. Thirdly, inequality decompositions show that during the great recession, in Denmark inequality grew faster among immigrants than among natives. In Germany, inequality rose somewhat among natives, while it remained the same among immigrants. Therefore, we do not observe a convergence in inequality. In both countries, in 2007-2013, rising inequality among natives is the most important factor behind the rise in overall inequality. For the longer period from the 1980s to 2013 we find no convergence in inequality. Finally, compared to Turks in Turkey, immigrants in both countries have higher incomes, distributed much more equally. ","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132811656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.35020
Thomas Moutos, W. Scarth
We study the distributional implications that follow from the fact that higher-income households tend to consume higher-quality goods. This is done through a two-sector model in which one sector produces vertically differentiated products, whose skill intensity is an increasing function of quality. The skilled-to-unskilled wage ratio is fixed at a level sufficiently low that some unskilled workers remain unemployed. We show that uniform technological progress increases the unemployment rate, and we consider a number of policy responses to alleviate the “plight of the less-skilled”. Political economy consequences are emphasized, as we assess each policy’s chance of receiving political support. We conclude that a budget-neutral subsidy for the employment of unskilled workers is a viable policy option.
{"title":"Distributional Implications of Unemployment-Reducing Policies","authors":"Thomas Moutos, W. Scarth","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.35020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.35020","url":null,"abstract":"We study the distributional implications that follow from the fact that higher-income households tend to consume higher-quality goods. This is done through a two-sector model in which one sector produces vertically differentiated products, whose skill intensity is an increasing function of quality. The skilled-to-unskilled wage ratio is fixed at a level sufficiently low that some unskilled workers remain unemployed. We show that uniform technological progress increases the unemployment rate, and we consider a number of policy responses to alleviate the “plight of the less-skilled”. Political economy consequences are emphasized, as we assess each policy’s chance of receiving political support. We conclude that a budget-neutral subsidy for the employment of unskilled workers is a viable policy option.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"335 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116360155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40391
Gustav Kjelsson, D. Petrie
The reporting of only relative inequalities is decreasing and other inequality invariance criteria are often being considered simultaneously. Having multiple measures with potentially different conclusions on whether inequality has increased or decreased complicates communicating what these results imply about the evolution of income inequality. To facilitate understanding this evolution, we highlight the advantage of visualizing in a single graph the relationship between changes in mean income and the development of inequality according to multiple inequality invariance criteria. Not presenting how these entities relate may mislead policy makers about the evolution of income inequality and its potential causes.
{"title":"Visualizing the evolution of income inequality","authors":"Gustav Kjelsson, D. Petrie","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40391","url":null,"abstract":"The reporting of only relative inequalities is decreasing and other inequality invariance criteria are often being considered simultaneously. Having multiple measures with potentially different conclusions on whether inequality has increased or decreased complicates communicating what these results imply about the evolution of income inequality. \u0000 \u0000To facilitate understanding this evolution, we highlight the advantage of visualizing in a single graph the relationship between changes in mean income and the development of inequality according to multiple inequality invariance criteria. Not presenting how these entities relate may mislead policy makers about the evolution of income inequality and its potential causes.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134496537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40438
J. Bracco, Leonardo Gasparini, Luciana Galeano, Mariela Pistorio
This article documents the level and trends of monetary inequality in developing countries based on PovcalNet data, up to the year 2015. On average, during the first half of the 2010s, in inequality declined in developing economies, although it did so at a substantially lower rate as compared to the 2000s. The current average Gini coefficient is higher than that of the early 1980s, a fact illustrative of the complex obstacles societies face in their pursuit of reducing economic inequality.
{"title":"Slowdown of monetary inequality reduction in developing countries","authors":"J. Bracco, Leonardo Gasparini, Luciana Galeano, Mariela Pistorio","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40438","url":null,"abstract":"This article documents the level and trends of monetary inequality in developing countries based on PovcalNet data, up to the year 2015. On average, during the first half of the 2010s, in inequality declined in developing economies, although it did so at a substantially lower rate as compared to the 2000s. The current average Gini coefficient is higher than that of the early 1980s, a fact illustrative of the complex obstacles societies face in their pursuit of reducing economic inequality.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121596099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40434
Bebonchu Atems, G. Shand
This paper extends research on the link between entrepreneurship and income inequality by introducing spatial considerations. Following a battery of specification tests, we model the relationship between entrepreneurship and inequality using a dynamic spatial Durbin model. Using data from the 48 continental U.S. states, we obtain strong evidence that entrepreneurship within a state not only affects inequality within that state, but has cross-state effects, as well.
{"title":"Entrepreneurship and Income Inequality: A Spatial Econometric Approach","authors":"Bebonchu Atems, G. Shand","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40434","url":null,"abstract":"This paper extends research on the link between entrepreneurship and income inequality by introducing spatial considerations. Following a battery of specification tests, we model the relationship between entrepreneurship and inequality using a dynamic spatial Durbin model. Using data from the 48 continental U.S. states, we obtain strong evidence that entrepreneurship within a state not only affects inequality within that state, but has cross-state effects, as well.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131368740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-26DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.33621
A. Sharma
Community forestry is one of the major programme that is being implemented in Nepal for last three decades. The programme with twin goals: nature conservation and poverty reduction is believed to be faring well with the first goal. The paper exclusively focuses on the impact of community forestry on income distribution and reviews relevant studies with the conclusion that community forestry has contributed in poverty reduction and intensive management expedites the whole process.
{"title":"Impact of Community Forestry on Income Distribution in Nepal: Particularly on Poor-Rich Gap","authors":"A. Sharma","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.33621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.33621","url":null,"abstract":"Community forestry is one of the major programme that is being implemented in Nepal for last three decades. The programme with twin goals: nature conservation and poverty reduction is believed to be faring well with the first goal. The paper exclusively focuses on the impact of community forestry on income distribution and reviews relevant studies with the conclusion that community forestry has contributed in poverty reduction and intensive management expedites the whole process.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123369173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-02DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40316
Eva Sierminska
Using harmonized wealth data and a decomposition approach novel to this literature, we identify differences in determinants and in the income profiles of asset and debt portfolios in European and North American countries for two age groups. Younger households’ participation decisions in assets are more responsive to income. Family structure plays a significant role in explaining cross-country differences for both cohorts. Debt participation of older households and asset participation of younger households may be particularly responsive to institutions. This could have important implications for policy setting, suggesting a scope for the promotion of asset holdings among younger households and debt holdings to facilitate consumption smoothing among older households.
{"title":"To own or not to own? Household portfolios, demographics and institutions in a cross-national perspective.","authors":"Eva Sierminska","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40316","url":null,"abstract":"Using harmonized wealth data and a decomposition approach novel to this literature, we identify differences in determinants and in the income profiles of asset and debt portfolios in European and North American countries for two age groups. Younger households’ participation decisions in assets are more responsive to income. Family structure plays a significant role in explaining cross-country differences for both cohorts. Debt participation of older households and asset participation of younger households may be particularly responsive to institutions. This could have important implications for policy setting, suggesting a scope for the promotion of asset holdings among younger households and debt holdings to facilitate \u0000consumption smoothing among older households.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129055220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-17DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40399
J. Komlos
In spite of its importance, the growth of welfare and its distribution is an underresearched topic. The usual focus is income, an intermediate product of economic activity, while welfare is the final product. Although results depend crucially on the price index used, it becomes obvious that welfare growth was substantially slower than income growth and that the middle-class quintiles fared worse. The welfare of the top 1% grew three to four times as fast as that of the 3rd quintile. With an interdependent utility function using the 5th quintile as reference, only the top quintile experienced positive welfare gains.
{"title":"Growth of Welfare and its Distribution in the U.S., 1979-2013","authors":"J. Komlos","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40399","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of its importance, the growth of welfare and its distribution is an underresearched topic. The usual focus is income, an intermediate product of economic activity, while welfare is the final product. Although results depend crucially on the price index used, it becomes obvious that welfare growth was substantially slower than income growth and that the middle-class quintiles fared worse. The welfare of the top 1% grew three to four times as fast as that of the 3rd quintile. With an interdependent utility function using the 5th quintile as reference, only the top quintile experienced positive welfare gains.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131334310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40427
A. Gaentzsch, Gabriela Zapata Román
We analyse intergenerational persistence in income and education in Chile and Peru for birth cohorts from the early 1950s to 1990. Both countries have seen a structural expansion of education over this period and decreasing income inequality in recent decades. We impute non-observed parental income from repeated cross-sections and estimate persistence in the range of 0.63 to 0.67 in Peru and 0.66 to 0.76 in Chile for household heads of the birth cohorts 1977–1990. The analysis of educational mobility covers household heads of birth cohorts from 1953 to 1990 and relies on retrospective information. We observe an increase in absolute mobility for younger generations, which we relate to the structural expansion of education that created room at the top. In relative terms, mobility patterns remain more stable, and parental education is still a strong predictor for own educational achievement. The relationship is non-linear in both countries: persistence among very low and highly educated groups is strong, while individuals with parents of average education levels are more mobile. Upward mobility is stronger in Peru than in Chile: the chances to move from no formal education to higher education across one generation are 46 per cent, the average in Peru, compared to 20 per cent in Chile. The chances of persisting in the top across generations are also slightly higher in Peru with a factor of 3 times the average compared to 2.76 in Chile.
{"title":"More Educated, Less Mobile? Diverging Trends in Income and Education Mobility in Chile and Peru","authors":"A. Gaentzsch, Gabriela Zapata Román","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40427","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse intergenerational persistence in income and education in Chile and Peru for birth cohorts from the early 1950s to 1990. Both countries have seen a structural expansion of education over this period and decreasing income inequality in recent decades. We impute non-observed parental income from repeated cross-sections and estimate persistence in the range of 0.63 to 0.67 in Peru and 0.66 to 0.76 in Chile for household heads of the birth cohorts 1977–1990. The analysis of educational mobility covers household heads of birth cohorts from 1953 to 1990 and relies on retrospective information. We observe an increase in absolute mobility for younger generations, which we relate to the structural expansion of education that created room at the top. In relative terms, mobility patterns remain more stable, and parental education is still a strong predictor for own educational achievement. The relationship is non-linear in both countries: persistence among very low and highly educated groups is strong, while individuals with parents of average education levels are more mobile. \u0000Upward mobility is stronger in Peru than in Chile: the chances to move from no formal education to higher education across one generation are 46 per cent, the average in Peru, compared to 20 per cent in Chile. The chances of persisting in the top across generations are also slightly higher in Peru with a factor of 3 times the average compared to 2.76 in Chile.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122210782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.40370
Ebney Ayaj Rana, M. Kamal
This paper studies the determinants of income inequality in a panel of countries to provide empirical evidence to the relationship between income inequality and clientelism. Using different panel data techniques, especially group mean fully modified OLS estimator, and also allowing for control variables, cross-sectional heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, we find that in the long run, clientelism exerts a significant negative effect on income equality. The overall results of the study have implications for fiscal management strategies and political regime choice.
{"title":"Does Clientelism Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from Panel Data","authors":"Ebney Ayaj Rana, M. Kamal","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.40370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40370","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the determinants of income inequality in a panel of countries to provide empirical evidence to the relationship between income inequality and clientelism. Using different panel data techniques, especially group mean fully modified OLS estimator, and also allowing for control variables, cross-sectional heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, we find that in the long run, clientelism exerts a significant negative effect on income equality. The overall results of the study have implications for fiscal management strategies and political regime choice.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116486723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：