Pub Date : 2014-05-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.38671
Nathalie Chusseau, Joël Hellier
Both developed and developing countries have experienced a huge globalization of their economies and an increase in within-country income inequality. We survey the literature on the globalization-inequality relationship. The extension of the North-South Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) approach by relaxing certain simplifying assumptions makes it possible to generate most of the observed facts. Production segmentation and offshoring increase inequality in developed and developing countries. Firm heterogeneity generates intra-skill group inequality. Globalization causes changes in technologies and in institutions that can foster inequality. Most of these mechanisms combine globalization with technological or/and institutional changes, which reconcile the three major explanations for the rise in inequality.
{"title":"Globalisation and Inequality: Where do we stand?","authors":"Nathalie Chusseau, Joël Hellier","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.38671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.38671","url":null,"abstract":"Both developed and developing countries have experienced a huge globalization of their economies and an increase in within-country income inequality. We survey the literature on the globalization-inequality relationship. The extension of the North-South Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) approach by relaxing certain simplifying assumptions makes it possible to generate most of the observed facts. Production segmentation and offshoring increase inequality in developed and developing countries. Firm heterogeneity generates intra-skill group inequality. Globalization causes changes in technologies and in institutions that can foster inequality. Most of these mechanisms combine globalization with technological or/and institutional changes, which reconcile the three major explanations for the rise in inequality.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132973680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.35707
P. Menchik
We study the changes in the distribution of income from 1976 to 2008 in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the nine Census Divisions, using annual data from the Current Population Survey. Most jurisdictions experienced an increase in household income inequality, although there are considerable differences in the precise patterns of disequalization. Many of the jurisdictions with the largest increases in inequality were in the Northeast, while many of the jurisdictions with small increases in inequality (or even small decreases) were in the South, the Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. In most jurisdictions, we document a pattern of divergence between the top and the middle of the income distribution, but we do not find a similar degree of divergence between the middle and bottom of the distribution. Thus the increases in overall inequality in most jurisdictions were dominated by changes in the upper half of the income distribution. Jurisdictions that started with a higher level of inequality tended to have lower rates of inequality growth. On the other hand, jurisdictions with more rapid disequalization during the first half of the period under study were not more likely to have more rapid disequalization during the second half. Our regression analysis indicates that jurisdictions with a higher proportion of high-school graduates tend to have a more equal income distribution, while jurisdictions with a higher proportion of college graduates tend to be more unequal. Jurisdictions with a relatively larger share of output from the services sector tend to experience greater inequality. A higher unemployment rate tends to add to inequality, while jurisdictions in which a relatively higher percentage of income comes from transfer payments tend to exhibit lower income inequality. JEL Codes: D63, R11, R12
{"title":"The State(s) of Inequality: Changes in Income Distribution in the U.S. States and Census Divisions, 1976-2008","authors":"P. Menchik","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.35707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.35707","url":null,"abstract":"We study the changes in the distribution of income from 1976 to 2008 in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the nine Census Divisions, using annual data from the Current Population Survey. Most jurisdictions experienced an increase in household income inequality, although there are considerable differences in the precise patterns of disequalization. Many of the jurisdictions with the largest increases in inequality were in the Northeast, while many of the jurisdictions with small increases in inequality (or even small decreases) were in the South, the Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. \u0000 In most jurisdictions, we document a pattern of divergence between the top and the middle of the income distribution, but we do not find a similar degree of divergence between the middle and bottom of the distribution. Thus the increases in overall inequality in most jurisdictions were dominated by changes in the upper half of the income distribution. \u0000 Jurisdictions that started with a higher level of inequality tended to have lower rates of inequality growth. On the other hand, jurisdictions with more rapid disequalization during the first half of the period under study were not more likely to have more rapid disequalization during the second half.\u0000Our regression analysis indicates that jurisdictions with a higher proportion of high-school graduates tend to have a more equal income distribution, while jurisdictions with a higher proportion of college graduates tend to be more unequal. Jurisdictions with a relatively larger share of output from the services sector tend to experience greater inequality. A higher unemployment rate tends to add to inequality, while jurisdictions in which a relatively higher percentage of income comes from transfer payments tend to exhibit lower income inequality. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 JEL Codes: D63, R11, R12","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123070088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.36356
P. Tõnurist, D. Pavlopoulos
This paper uses insights from labour-market segmentation theory to investigate the wage differences between part-time and full-time workers in Germany at different parts of the wage distribution. This is accomplished with the use of a quintile regression and panel data from the SOEP (1991-2008). To get more insight on the part-time wage-gap, we apply a counterfactual wage decomposition analysis. The results show that, in the lower end of the wage distribution, part-time workers receive lower returns for their labour market characteristics, indicating the segmentation of the labour market. In contrast, at the top of the wage distribution, the part-time wage gap is fully explained by the difference in the characteristics of part-timers and full-timers.
{"title":"Part-Time Wage-Gap in Germany: Evidence across the Wage Distribution","authors":"P. Tõnurist, D. Pavlopoulos","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.36356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.36356","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses insights from labour-market segmentation theory to investigate the wage differences between part-time and full-time workers in Germany at different parts of the wage distribution. This is accomplished with the use of a quintile regression and panel data from the SOEP (1991-2008). To get more insight on the part-time wage-gap, we apply a counterfactual wage decomposition analysis. The results show that, in the lower end of the wage distribution, part-time workers receive lower returns for their labour market characteristics, indicating the segmentation of the labour market. In contrast, at the top of the wage distribution, the part-time wage gap is fully explained by the difference in the characteristics of part-timers and full-timers.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114806113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.30565
Ivan L. Pitt
Royalty income derived from copyrighted song-titles is often highly skewed. This skewness-- in which a relatively small number of songwriters earn relatively more royalty income than other members or affiliates in Performing Rights Organizations-- is said to follow Zipf's Law or a Pareto distribution. Skewness in royalty income can be explained, in part, by some successful songwriters having larger catalogs of songs that are performed more frequently by radio stations, television stations, and other public places such as retail outlets, bars, restaurants and clubs. The skew-t distribution model is generalized with location, skew, scale, and degrees of freedom parameters, and used to analyze royalty income when skewness and heavy-tails (outliers) are present. The multivariate log-skew-t maximum likelihood model presented here provides a better fit over other methods when the normal (Gaussian) assumptions and graphical methods may be inappropriate.}
{"title":"Power Laws and Skew Distributions: An Application to Performance Royalty Income","authors":"Ivan L. Pitt","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.30565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.30565","url":null,"abstract":"Royalty income derived from copyrighted song-titles is often highly skewed. This skewness-- in which a relatively small number of songwriters earn relatively more royalty income than other members or affiliates in Performing Rights Organizations-- is said to follow Zipf's Law or a Pareto distribution. Skewness in royalty income can be explained, in part, by some successful songwriters having larger catalogs of songs that are performed more frequently by radio stations, television stations, and other public places such as retail outlets, bars, restaurants and clubs. The skew-t distribution model is generalized with location, skew, scale, and degrees of freedom parameters, and used to analyze royalty income when skewness and heavy-tails (outliers) are present. The multivariate log-skew-t maximum likelihood model presented here provides a better fit over other methods when the normal (Gaussian) assumptions and graphical methods may be inappropriate.}","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127262320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17992
Jesús Pérez-Mayo
This paper analyses the evolution of poverty and deprivation. Besides, the study is focused on “consistent poverty”, defined as the combination of income and living conditions. In the poverty literature, other papers show high exit and re-entry rates depending on temporary income shocks. These conclusions are tested in the case of deprivation and consistent poverty by using latent and mixed Markov models. This study is based on the ECHP data for Spain (1994-2001)
{"title":"Combining the dynamics of Poverty and Deprivation","authors":"Jesús Pérez-Mayo","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17992","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the evolution of poverty and deprivation. Besides, the study is focused on “consistent poverty”, defined as the combination of income and living conditions. In the poverty literature, other papers show high exit and re-entry rates depending on temporary income shocks. These conclusions are tested in the case of deprivation and consistent poverty by using latent and mixed Markov models. \u0000This study is based on the ECHP data for Spain (1994-2001)","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127526318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-30DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.37580
G. Alves, Matías Brum, Mijail Yapor
Wage inequality has been the main driver of the rise in income inequality around the world in the last decades. The leading explanation has been the increasing returns to human capital, usually attributed to changing technology and globalization. This paper studies the rise in wage inequality in a small open economy. In contrast with popular explanations, our results highlight a strong and gradual inequalizing effect of changes in workers’ characteristics such as increased schooling and age, decline of public sector employment and contraction of employment in manufacturing in favor of services.
{"title":"Wage inequality on the rise: The role of workers’ characteristics","authors":"G. Alves, Matías Brum, Mijail Yapor","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.37580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.37580","url":null,"abstract":"Wage inequality has been the main driver of the rise in income inequality around the world in the last decades. The leading explanation has been the increasing returns to human capital, usually attributed to changing technology and globalization. This paper studies the rise in wage inequality in a small open economy. In contrast with popular explanations, our results highlight a strong and gradual inequalizing effect of changes in workers’ characteristics such as increased schooling and age, decline of public sector employment and contraction of employment in manufacturing in favor of services.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125450736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-17DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.31249
Haruhisa Nishino, Kazuhiko Kakamu, Takashi Oga
We estimate inequality including Gini coefficients using a lognormal parametric model for an investigation of persistent inequality. The asymptotic theory of selected order statistics enables us to construct a linear model based on grouped data. We extend the linear model to a dynamic model in terms of a stochastic volatility (SV) model. Using Japanese data we estimate the SV model by the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and exploit a model comparison to choose a best model, concluding that the model with SV is better fitted to the data than the model without SV. It indicates the persistent inequality.
{"title":"Bayesian estimation of Persistent Income Inequality by Lognormal Stochastic Volatility Model","authors":"Haruhisa Nishino, Kazuhiko Kakamu, Takashi Oga","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.31249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.31249","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate inequality including Gini coefficients using a lognormal parametric model for an investigation of persistent inequality. The asymptotic theory of selected order statistics enables us to construct a linear model based on grouped data. We extend the linear model to a dynamic model in terms of a stochastic volatility (SV) model. Using Japanese data we estimate the SV model by the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and exploit a model comparison to choose a best model, concluding that the model with SV is better fitted to the data than the model without SV. It indicates the persistent inequality.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"53 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114024520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.38674
Joël Hellier
To analyse in-work poverty, we build a model in which human capital and productivity varies over time with experience, time-related obsolescence and poverty. The model reveals four possible trajectories: poverty to exclusion, permanent poverty, the emergence from poverty, and finally, from poverty to non-poor worker and then back to poverty. It also generates the main traits of in-work poverty in terms of skill, age, duration, and family characteristics. Both skill-biased technical change and globalization boost in-work poverty and exclusion. When unemployment compensation is introduced, being a poor worker can be a rational choice for individuals who accept lower pay today to earn more tomorrow.
{"title":"Working Poor Trajectories","authors":"Joël Hellier","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.38674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.38674","url":null,"abstract":"To analyse in-work poverty, we build a model in which human capital and productivity varies over time with experience, time-related obsolescence and poverty. The model reveals four possible trajectories: poverty to exclusion, permanent poverty, the emergence from poverty, and finally, from poverty to non-poor worker and then back to poverty. It also generates the main traits of in-work poverty in terms of skill, age, duration, and family characteristics. Both skill-biased technical change and globalization boost in-work poverty and exclusion. When unemployment compensation is introduced, being a poor worker can be a rational choice for individuals who accept lower pay today to earn more tomorrow.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"65 1 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115883311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-30DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.31269
Deborah Reed, M. Cancian
The distribution of family income reflects the distribution of personal income and the composition of families. We develop a non-parametric measure of the impact that changes in family income relationships have on the distribution of family income. Using data from Annual Social and Economic Supplement (the March files) of the Current Population Survey (CPS) (1968-2003), we find that changes in "income sorting" account for more than half of the increase in family income inequality in the United States over the last three decades. Furthermore, income sorting accounts for an even larger share of the growing gap between middle-income and low-income families. Our results demonstrate that understanding inequality of economic well-being requires going beyond labor earnings and other income sources to examine the composition and work behavior of families.
{"title":"Rising Family Income Inequality: The Importance of Sorting","authors":"Deborah Reed, M. Cancian","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.31269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.31269","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of family income reflects the distribution of personal income and the composition of families. We develop a non-parametric measure of the impact that changes in family income relationships have on the distribution of family income. Using data from Annual Social and Economic Supplement (the March files) of the Current Population Survey (CPS) (1968-2003), we find that changes in \"income sorting\" account for more than half of the increase in family income inequality in the United States over the last three decades. Furthermore, income sorting accounts for an even larger share of the growing gap between middle-income and low-income families. Our results demonstrate that understanding inequality of economic well-being requires going beyond labor earnings and other income sources to examine the composition and work behavior of families.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134182537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-20DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.35322
P. Menchik, J. Biddle
{"title":"In Memoriam: Warren J. Samuels (1933-2011)","authors":"P. Menchik, J. Biddle","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.35322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.35322","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123244834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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