Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.27
Sungeun Choi
Polish writer Olga Tokarczuk’s Primeval and Other Times(1996), the most representative novel from the early period of her work, is widely considered to beautifully embody a mythological imagination. Consisting of eighty-four episodes, the novel is a unique work in that it integrates events which actually occurred in Poland into a fictional story set against the background of an imaginary village called ‘Primeval’. Notably, the word ‘primeval’, which means ‘the earliest time in history’, is used to name a place. Through the imaginary village of Primeval, Tokarczuk has created a new and distinctive world in which reality and supernatural phenomena co-exist, and unfolded mythic time with the characteristics of ‘circularity’ and ‘roundness’ within a special space. Tokarczuk reveals the robustness of the literary archetype originating from universal human sentiment through the various mythical motifs embedded in the novel. As such, Primeval is a microcosm in which reality and myth co-exist. With this novel Tokarczuk sought to emphasize the everlasting presence of myth, proving that all great novels are grounded in some kind of myth.
{"title":"A Study on Mythic Motifes in Olga Tokarczuk’s Primeval and Other Times","authors":"Sungeun Choi","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.27","url":null,"abstract":"Polish writer Olga Tokarczuk’s Primeval and Other Times(1996), the most representative novel from the early period of her work, is widely considered to beautifully embody a mythological imagination. Consisting of eighty-four episodes, the novel is a unique work in that it integrates events which actually occurred in Poland into a fictional story set against the background of an imaginary village called ‘Primeval’. Notably, the word ‘primeval’, which means ‘the earliest time in history’, is used to name a place. Through the imaginary village of Primeval, Tokarczuk has created a new and distinctive world in which reality and supernatural phenomena co-exist, and unfolded mythic time with the characteristics of ‘circularity’ and ‘roundness’ within a special space. Tokarczuk reveals the robustness of the literary archetype originating from universal human sentiment through the various mythical motifs embedded in the novel. As such, Primeval is a microcosm in which reality and myth co-exist. With this novel Tokarczuk sought to emphasize the everlasting presence of myth, proving that all great novels are grounded in some kind of myth.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133579087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.101
Yongdeog Kim
On May 1, 2014, 10 years have passed since Poland joined the European Union. In 2004 Poland joined the European Union as one of the poorest countries in Europe. Among them, serious problems in the labor market, such as extreme unemployment, were also included. The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the situation at the time of the first 10 years of joining and present the results, after examining the state of Poland’s economy and its weaknesses at the time of joining to the European Union. It will also be able to look at the losses incurred by joining to the European Union along with the gains it has brought. These include matters such as - the financial impact of becoming a membership, the consequences of the European Union’s participation in the Common Regional Policy and the New Cohesion Policy, the economic development of trade within the scope of the Single European Market, and the trends of Polish migration abroad to the Western European labor market.
{"title":"A Study on the Balance of Poland’s Membership in the European Union after 10 Years","authors":"Yongdeog Kim","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.101","url":null,"abstract":"On May 1, 2014, 10 years have passed since Poland joined the European Union. In 2004 Poland joined the European Union as one of the poorest countries in Europe. Among them, serious problems in the labor market, such as extreme unemployment, were also included. The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the situation at the time of the first 10 years of joining and present the results, after examining the state of Poland’s economy and its weaknesses at the time of joining to the European Union. It will also be able to look at the losses incurred by joining to the European Union along with the gains it has brought. These include matters such as - the financial impact of becoming a membership, the consequences of the European Union’s participation in the Common Regional Policy and the New Cohesion Policy, the economic development of trade within the scope of the Single European Market, and the trends of Polish migration abroad to the Western European labor market.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132013398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.123
SeungJo Yang
In the midst of the Cold War, the Soviet Union conducted numerous nuclear tests as part of the nuclear weapons development race. The Semipalatinsk Test Site, the most prominent nuclear testing ground operated by the Soviet Union, witnessed a total of 456 nuclear tests in the air, on the ground, and underground over a span of 40 years since 1949. As the cradle of Soviet nuclear weapons development, this site sparked a grassroots anti-nuclear movement within Kazakhstan towards the end of the Soviet era. The activities of the ‘Nevada-Semipalatinsk’, an anti-nuclear citizen group in Kazakhstan led by Olzhas Suleimenov, garnered support not only within Kazakhstan but also from the Soviet leadership and national and civil organizations worldwide, resulting in the closure of the Semipalatinsk Test Site. However, the closure of the Semipalatinsk Test Site marked not the end but rather the beginning of addressing the more fundamental issue of damages caused by radioactive materials. The Soviet Union disregarded the harms inflicted upon the residents living near the testing site and its surrounding areas during the nuclear tests. However, as a result of the nuclear tests conducted in all areas of the site, the Semipalatinsk Test Site and its adjacent region suffered severe contamination of both surface and underground water sources, leading to various health problems and the occurrence of deformities among the affected residents. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, international cooperation and independent efforts by the government of Kazakhstan were undertaken to remove the remnants of nuclear testing and radioactive contamination in the former Semipalatinsk Test Site and its surrounding areas. Based on the results of these efforts, the current government of Kazakhstan claims that the contamination caused by radioactive materials has largely disappeared and emphasizes the need for various forms of economic activities and development in the region. However, civil organizations in Kazakhstan and abroad argue that the area is still contaminated by radioactive materials, exposing a significant number of residents to associated damages.
{"title":"The Closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site and the Anti-nuclear Activities of the Group","authors":"SeungJo Yang","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.123","url":null,"abstract":"In the midst of the Cold War, the Soviet Union conducted numerous nuclear tests as part of the nuclear weapons development race. The Semipalatinsk Test Site, the most prominent nuclear testing ground operated by the Soviet Union, witnessed a total of 456 nuclear tests in the air, on the ground, and underground over a span of 40 years since 1949. As the cradle of Soviet nuclear weapons development, this site sparked a grassroots anti-nuclear movement within Kazakhstan towards the end of the Soviet era. The activities of the ‘Nevada-Semipalatinsk’, an anti-nuclear citizen group in Kazakhstan led by Olzhas Suleimenov, garnered support not only within Kazakhstan but also from the Soviet leadership and national and civil organizations worldwide, resulting in the closure of the Semipalatinsk Test Site. However, the closure of the Semipalatinsk Test Site marked not the end but rather the beginning of addressing the more fundamental issue of damages caused by radioactive materials. The Soviet Union disregarded the harms inflicted upon the residents living near the testing site and its surrounding areas during the nuclear tests. However, as a result of the nuclear tests conducted in all areas of the site, the Semipalatinsk Test Site and its adjacent region suffered severe contamination of both surface and underground water sources, leading to various health problems and the occurrence of deformities among the affected residents. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, international cooperation and independent efforts by the government of Kazakhstan were undertaken to remove the remnants of nuclear testing and radioactive contamination in the former Semipalatinsk Test Site and its surrounding areas. Based on the results of these efforts, the current government of Kazakhstan claims that the contamination caused by radioactive materials has largely disappeared and emphasizes the need for various forms of economic activities and development in the region. However, civil organizations in Kazakhstan and abroad argue that the area is still contaminated by radioactive materials, exposing a significant number of residents to associated damages.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133891003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.192
I. Youn, Y. Melnikov
The main aim of this paper is to analyze how Russia's energy policy in the field of sustainable energy has changed over the past decades. At the same time, this article assesses the technical and economic potential based on published studies and analyzes the opportunities and limitations that the energy transition creates for Russian policymakers. For this purpose, the role and place of sustainable energy in the energy sector of Russia, the largest energy supplier in the world, whose economy is now completely dependent on the export of fossil energy resources, is analyzed in a more detailed way. The article demonstrates that the focus on technological development is the main factor for regulators when taking energy policy measures in relation to nu-clear, hydro, wind and solar energy, as well as the hydrogen economy. The paper concludes that it is highly likely that this focus will continue for the foreseeable future, but can be supplemented by intentions to keep energy prices low and achieve ambitious climate targets.
{"title":"Sustainable Energy Potential and Strategy of Russia","authors":"I. Youn, Y. Melnikov","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.192","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this paper is to analyze how Russia's energy policy in the field of sustainable energy has changed over the past decades. At the same time, this article assesses the technical and economic potential based on published studies and analyzes the opportunities and limitations that the energy transition creates for Russian policymakers. For this purpose, the role and place of sustainable energy in the energy sector of Russia, the largest energy supplier in the world, whose economy is now completely dependent on the export of fossil energy resources, is analyzed in a more detailed way. The article demonstrates that the focus on technological development is the main factor for regulators when taking energy policy measures in relation to nu-clear, hydro, wind and solar energy, as well as the hydrogen economy. The paper concludes that it is highly likely that this focus will continue for the foreseeable future, but can be supplemented by intentions to keep energy prices low and achieve ambitious climate targets.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131213461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.29
T. Oum
This study aims to examine Romanian multiculturalism and multilingual policies that emerged after joining the European Union. To this end, the historical background and development process were examined, focusing on significant inflection points. In this regard, the following are discussed: first, the definition of various concepts of multiculturalism, the analysis of aspects of Romanian multiculturalism within the framework of that definition, and the analysis of multicultural characteristics of Transylvania, a region where minorities are concentrated. Second, the significant changes in multilingual policies, which are deeply related to a multicultural society, and an analysis of the current situation. The characteristics of multiculturalism in Romania are manifested by its historical background and the Process of forming minorities. It can be seen through the fundamental spirit of various laws and the Constitution that pluralism recognizing the identity of minorities existed in principle after the transition in 1989. However, the practice of this spirit had considerable friction with the nationalist forces inside Romania, and there were also several legal deficiencies. The turning point of this conflict was the Process of reorganizing laws based on the goal of incorporating into European society through EU membership. Regarding the issue of minority languages, the biggest issue of a multi-ethnic society, the rights and interests of minority languages have been legally guaranteed at a more advanced level since the enactment of related laws in 2007, but conflicts between ethnic groups still exist. Even now, improvements in the institutional part to enhance the value of a multicultural and multilingual society continue.
{"title":"Multiculturalism and Multilingual Policy in Romania: The Process for the Development of a Pluralistic Society","authors":"T. Oum","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.29","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine Romanian multiculturalism and multilingual policies that emerged after joining the European Union. To this end, the historical background and development process were examined, focusing on significant inflection points. In this regard, the following are discussed: first, the definition of various concepts of multiculturalism, the analysis of aspects of Romanian multiculturalism within the framework of that definition, and the analysis of multicultural characteristics of Transylvania, a region where minorities are concentrated. Second, the significant changes in multilingual policies, which are deeply related to a multicultural society, and an analysis of the current situation. \u0000The characteristics of multiculturalism in Romania are manifested by its historical background and the Process of forming minorities. It can be seen through the fundamental spirit of various laws and the Constitution that pluralism recognizing the identity of minorities existed in principle after the transition in 1989. However, the practice of this spirit had considerable friction with the nationalist forces inside Romania, and there were also several legal deficiencies. The turning point of this conflict was the Process of reorganizing laws based on the goal of incorporating into European society through EU membership. Regarding the issue of minority languages, the biggest issue of a multi-ethnic society, the rights and interests of minority languages have been legally guaranteed at a more advanced level since the enactment of related laws in 2007, but conflicts between ethnic groups still exist. Even now, improvements in the institutional part to enhance the value of a multicultural and multilingual society continue.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"2 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123764357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.91
Marina Biti
The notion of literacy is traced across the historical evolution of the phenomenon, and special emphasis is placed on the planes and modalities of its application. The key perspectives hereby examined are the following: 1) cognitive perspective, 2) cultural/social perspective, and 3) rhetorical perspective. While primarily focusing on the notion of digital literacy, the paper also examines the relatable notions of visual literacy, media literacy, reading literacy, and orality. The key premises, leaning on the works of Kress, Cytowic, Meyrowitz, Manovich, Jakobson, Ong, etc. are examined, revised, and used to offer different yet complementary perspectives on the meaning(s) of literacy applicable in the contemporary digital context.
{"title":"(Re)Tasking Literacy for The Digital Age","authors":"Marina Biti","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.91","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of literacy is traced across the historical evolution of the phenomenon, and special emphasis is placed on the planes and modalities of its application. The key perspectives hereby examined are the following: 1) cognitive perspective, 2) cultural/social perspective, and 3) rhetorical perspective. While primarily focusing on the notion of digital literacy, the paper also examines the relatable notions of visual literacy, media literacy, reading literacy, and orality. The key premises, leaning on the works of Kress, Cytowic, Meyrowitz, Manovich, Jakobson, Ong, etc. are examined, revised, and used to offer different yet complementary perspectives on the meaning(s) of literacy applicable in the contemporary digital context.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121951640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.3
Joonil Moon
After Ermak left the Siberian expedition in the 16th century, Russia had already reached the Sea of Okhotsk in the first half of the 17th century. In the process, an expedition led by V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov surveyed vast territories in the Priamourie region and began subjugating the territory. This expansion of Russia caused a conflict with China, which was on the way to advance, and as a result, the border line was cleared by signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. In the process, Russia lost sovereignty over the Amur River basin. Afterwards, the most important issue of Russian international politics in the Far East was the recovery of the Amur coastal region lost after the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The Russian government tried several times after 1689 to establish more precise borders with China, but the threat of cessation of trade with China made things difficult. The Amur River is the only passage from Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. However, in order to be able to connect the Siberian inland with the Pacific Ocean, ships must be able to operate in the Amur River estuary. This is because it must be able to navigate through the mouth of the Amur River in the Pacific Ocean to have a function as a transportation route. Prior to the 19th century exploration of Nevelskoy, several expeditions had concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was navigable and that Sakhalin was a peninsula. However, questioning this, the young officer Nebelskoy proceeds with an independent exploration without government permission and eventually makes a discovery that overturns his previous conclusions. This paper examines the process and contents of Nevelskoy’s Amur exploration, which has a very important meaning in Russia's advance into Siberia, and tries to derive its meaning.
{"title":"History of Russia’s Advance into Siberia: Focusing on the 1st Amur Expedition","authors":"Joonil Moon","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"After Ermak left the Siberian expedition in the 16th century, Russia had already reached the Sea of Okhotsk in the first half of the 17th century. In the process, an expedition led by V. Poyarkov and E. Khabarov surveyed vast territories in the Priamourie region and began subjugating the territory. This expansion of Russia caused a conflict with China, which was on the way to advance, and as a result, the border line was cleared by signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China in 1689. In the process, Russia lost sovereignty over the Amur River basin. Afterwards, the most important issue of Russian international politics in the Far East was the recovery of the Amur coastal region lost after the Treaty of Nerchinsk. The Russian government tried several times after 1689 to establish more precise borders with China, but the threat of cessation of trade with China made things difficult. The Amur River is the only passage from Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. However, in order to be able to connect the Siberian inland with the Pacific Ocean, ships must be able to operate in the Amur River estuary. This is because it must be able to navigate through the mouth of the Amur River in the Pacific Ocean to have a function as a transportation route. Prior to the 19th century exploration of Nevelskoy, several expeditions had concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was navigable and that Sakhalin was a peninsula. However, questioning this, the young officer Nebelskoy proceeds with an independent exploration without government permission and eventually makes a discovery that overturns his previous conclusions. This paper examines the process and contents of Nevelskoy’s Amur exploration, which has a very important meaning in Russia's advance into Siberia, and tries to derive its meaning.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121922973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.63
Sang-Dong Lee
The main elements of Hungarian primitive religion are based on Eurasian shamanism. Similarities are found in the shamanistic folk cultures of the Mansis and the Hantis, the closest relatives in the Ugric language family, and the Samoyeds in northeast Siberia. However, after the acceptance of Christianity, Hungarian shamanism gradually declined under the Christianization policy of the Hungarian national ideology. During this period, as a social class system was consolidated in Hungary, folk beliefs were practiced among the serfs and peasants, who made up the majority of the population. Shamanism continued in Hungarians’ lives as the Kumans and the Jassics, Turkic tribes with shamanistic cultures, later migrated from Central Asia to Hungary. This study analyzes Hungarian primitive religion in association with studies of shamans by investigating the role, function, and characteristics of the shaman as distinct from those of other beings with supernatural power, focusing on research on ancient Hungarian beliefs and folk beliefs after the Hungarian acceptance of Christianity, which bears close connections with research on shamans. Moreover, the shamanistic aspect of the Hungarian is examined regarding connections with primitive religion. Táltos, a figure in Hungarian folk beliefs, appeared not only in the people's daily lives but also in oral literature and folk rituals; as a valuable supernatural being. This study also examines the lyrics, content, rhythm, structure, meaning, ideology, and religious consciousness in táltos' shamanic songs. It is expected that the meaning of the structural archetypes of Hungarian primitive religion and shaman song analyzed in this study will contribute to opening a new horizon of comparative folklore and cross-cultural study in Korea.
{"title":"Hungarian Primitive Religion and Shamanistic Epic","authors":"Sang-Dong Lee","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.63","url":null,"abstract":"The main elements of Hungarian primitive religion are based on Eurasian shamanism. Similarities are found in the shamanistic folk cultures of the Mansis and the Hantis, the closest relatives in the Ugric language family, and the Samoyeds in northeast Siberia. However, after the acceptance of Christianity, Hungarian shamanism gradually declined under the Christianization policy of the Hungarian national ideology. During this period, as a social class system was consolidated in Hungary, folk beliefs were practiced among the serfs and peasants, who made up the majority of the population. Shamanism continued in Hungarians’ lives as the Kumans and the Jassics, Turkic tribes with shamanistic cultures, later migrated from Central Asia to Hungary. \u0000This study analyzes Hungarian primitive religion in association with studies of shamans by investigating the role, function, and characteristics of the shaman as distinct from those of other beings with supernatural power, focusing on research on ancient Hungarian beliefs and folk beliefs after the Hungarian acceptance of Christianity, which bears close connections with research on shamans. Moreover, the shamanistic aspect of the Hungarian is examined regarding connections with primitive religion. Táltos, a figure in Hungarian folk beliefs, appeared not only in the people's daily lives but also in oral literature and folk rituals; as a valuable supernatural being. This study also examines the lyrics, content, rhythm, structure, meaning, ideology, and religious consciousness in táltos' shamanic songs. It is expected that the meaning of the structural archetypes of Hungarian primitive religion and shaman song analyzed in this study will contribute to opening a new horizon of comparative folklore and cross-cultural study in Korea.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126804834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.135
Sang Won Kim
Energy policies are planned in consideration of a number of factors that meet various social needs. Typical constituent factors are energy security, environmental sustainability, and energy equity. Energy cooperation between Russia and the EU is also a key issue. The Corona pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war are having a huge impact on both Russia and the EU. War, not only Russia, but also the EU thinks that the balance of peace can be upset rather than maintaining the geopolitical balance. However, energy is required for industrial development and maintenance, and a significant part of the required energy is dependent on Russia. To avoid these risks, the EU is actively pursuing the establishment of a decarbonized energy system and the energy transition. Russia is also responding by diversifying its exports. Importantly, both Russia and the EU are at an inflection point for energy policy changes. Therefore, it can be said that a clear analysis of the changes in energy policies in Russia and the EU is necessary because the policy changes of both camps have a great impact on the global economy.
{"title":"The Study on Energy Cooperation and Conflict between Russia and the EU","authors":"Sang Won Kim","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.135","url":null,"abstract":"Energy policies are planned in consideration of a number of factors that meet various social needs. Typical constituent factors are energy security, environmental sustainability, and energy equity. Energy cooperation between Russia and the EU is also a key issue. The Corona pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war are having a huge impact on both Russia and the EU. War, not only Russia, but also the EU thinks that the balance of peace can be upset rather than maintaining the geopolitical balance. However, energy is required for industrial development and maintenance, and a significant part of the required energy is dependent on Russia. To avoid these risks, the EU is actively pursuing the establishment of a decarbonized energy system and the energy transition. Russia is also responding by diversifying its exports. Importantly, both Russia and the EU are at an inflection point for energy policy changes. Therefore, it can be said that a clear analysis of the changes in energy policies in Russia and the EU is necessary because the policy changes of both camps have a great impact on the global economy.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125958581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.163
E. Shipova
The frequency of application of sanctions at the modern stage is increasing because of the globalization of international processes and economic integration, due to the spread of threats of armed conflicts and terrorism. It seems important to assess the role of international organizations in the sanctions policy against Russia in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Since 2014, more than 29,000 sanctions of various nature have been applied against Russia and its citizens making it the most sanctioned state in the world. These actions took place under the close attention of a number of international organizations. In connection with these circumstances and considering that Russia is a prominent participant in many kinds of international organizations, it is important to evaluate the role of international organizations in the sanctions policy against Russia. In this paper, we will examine the idea that international organizations (IOs) can play two key roles in a sanctions process: a participant or an observer. The data reflects the dynamics of the sanctions before and after February 22, i.e. tied to the start of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine.
{"title":"International Organizations’ Role in Sanctions in Russia-Ukraine Crisis: Participants or Observers?","authors":"E. Shipova","doi":"10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.163","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency of application of sanctions at the modern stage is increasing because of the globalization of international processes and economic integration, due to the spread of threats of armed conflicts and terrorism. It seems important to assess the role of international organizations in the sanctions policy against Russia in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Since 2014, more than 29,000 sanctions of various nature have been applied against Russia and its citizens making it the most sanctioned state in the world. These actions took place under the close attention of a number of international organizations. In connection with these circumstances and considering that Russia is a prominent participant in many kinds of international organizations, it is important to evaluate the role of international organizations in the sanctions policy against Russia. \u0000In this paper, we will examine the idea that international organizations (IOs) can play two key roles in a sanctions process: a participant or an observer. The data reflects the dynamics of the sanctions before and after February 22, i.e. tied to the start of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":142621,"journal":{"name":"East European and Balkan Institute","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129636771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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