International journal of paediatric dentistry最新文献_第9页

Management of Pediatric Odontogenic Infections Presenting to the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Clinical Study 急诊儿科牙源性感染的处理：一项回顾性临床研究

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-13 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.70003

Kholoud Fahoum, Jomana Hassan, Aaya Shahin, Liora Costa, Fares Nasralla, Samer Srouji, Mervat Khoury Absawi

Background

Odontogenic infections (OIs) can cause premature tooth loss in children and may lead to serious complications requiring hospitalization.

Aim

To assess the clinical characteristics, management approaches, and factors influencing the duration of hospitalization in pediatric patients with OIs requiring inpatient care.

Design

This retrospective study analyzed medical records of patients aged 0–12 years admitted to the emergency department (ED) between 2019 and 2021 with extra-oral swelling of odontogenic origin. Collected data included patient demographics, medical history, OI site, treatment received, and length of hospital stay (LOS).

Results

A total of 153 children admitted to the ED, with a mean age of 7.07 ± 2.4 years, were diagnosed with odontogenic-related extra-oral swelling. The median time to definitive treatment after admission was 1 day, and the average LOS was 2.67 ± 1.5 days. Hospitalization exceeding 2 days was significantly associated with delayed definitive treatment initiation (> 24 h postadmission) and elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts at admission. Infections involving permanent teeth, particularly in children over 6 years old, were also linked to longer LOS.

Conclusion

Delayed definitive treatment timing, permanent dentition, and elevated WBC count were significantly associated with the LOS in children with OIs. These findings emphasize the importance of early intervention to minimize LOS.

背景：牙源性感染（OIs）可导致儿童过早牙齿脱落，并可能导致严重的并发症，需要住院治疗。目的：探讨需要住院治疗的OIs患儿的临床特点、处理方法及影响住院时间的因素。设计：本回顾性研究分析了2019年至2021年期间因牙源性口外肿胀而入院急诊科（ED）的0-12岁患者的医疗记录。收集的数据包括患者人口统计、病史、OI部位、接受的治疗和住院时间（LOS）。结果：共有153名儿童被诊断为牙源性口腔外肿胀，平均年龄为7.07±2.4岁。入院后至最终治疗的中位时间为1天，平均LOS为2.67±1.5天。住院时间超过2天与最终治疗开始延迟（入院后24小时）和入院时白细胞（WBC）计数升高显著相关。涉及恒牙的感染，特别是6岁以上儿童的感染，也与较长的LOS有关。结论：延迟的最终治疗时间、恒牙列和WBC计数升高与OIs患儿的LOS显著相关。这些发现强调了早期干预对最小化LOS的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Reducing Dental Anxiety in Children Aged 6–12: A Randomized Clinical Trial 评估虚拟现实在减少6-12岁儿童牙科焦虑中的有效性：一项随机临床试验。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.70002

Mohammad Reza Mir Mohammadi, Leila Shokrizadeh Arani, Amene Taghdisi Kashani, Siavash Amiri, Ali Mohammad Nickfarjam

Background

VR is an emerging technology in healthcare, including dentistry, where it seeks to enhance patient comfort and treatment outcomes, and provide distraction through creating an immersive environment.

Aim

To assess VR's impact on anxiety in children (6–12 years) during dental treatments with local anesthesia.

Design

In this clinical trial, we assessed anxiety levels in children (6–12 years) undergoing local anesthetic dental procedures using VR animation. Initially, we utilized the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire for patient selection, in which 44 children were recruited, but eight were excluded, leaving 36 participants who were randomly assigned to either a VR group or a control group with no VR (18 participants each). Anxiety was measured using the MCDAS(f) questionnaire, along with heart rate and oxygen saturation.

Results

The results demonstrated that VR significantly reduced anxiety, as reflected in lower MCDAS(f) scores. Moreover, heart rate reductions were notably greater in the VR group compared to the control group (p < 0.001 for both measures), indicating a clear decrease in anxiety.

Conclusions

VR shows promise for reducing dental anxiety and improving treatment outcomes, though additional research is needed to assess its long-term effects. The incorporation of VR in routine pediatric dental care may improve child cooperation and reduce reliance on pharmacological sedation.

背景：VR是包括牙科在内的医疗保健领域的新兴技术，它旨在提高患者的舒适度和治疗效果，并通过创造沉浸式环境来分散注意力。目的：评估VR对6-12岁儿童牙科局部麻醉治疗期间焦虑的影响。设计：在这项临床试验中，我们使用VR动画评估接受局部麻醉牙科手术的儿童（6-12岁）的焦虑水平。最初，我们使用儿童焦虑相关障碍筛查（fear）问卷进行患者选择，其中招募了44名儿童，但排除了8名儿童，剩下36名参与者随机分配到VR组或没有VR的对照组（每个组18名参与者）。使用MCDAS(f)问卷测量焦虑，同时测量心率和血氧饱和度。结果：结果表明，VR显著减少焦虑，反映在较低的MCDAS(f)分数上。此外，与对照组相比，VR组的心率降低明显更大(p结论：VR有望减少牙科焦虑并改善治疗结果，尽管需要进一步的研究来评估其长期效果。将虚拟现实纳入常规的儿童牙科护理可以提高儿童的合作能力，减少对药物镇静的依赖。

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引用次数: 0

The Effect of a Preoperative Preparation Video on Preoperative Anxiety Among Children Undergoing Dental Treatment Under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial 术前准备录像对全麻牙科治疗患儿术前焦虑的影响：一项随机对照试验。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.70001

Mawia Bataineh, Abbas Ayman Al-Skafi, Suhad H. AlJundi

Background

Preoperative anxiety in children undergoing dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) can have detrimental effects on their well-being during and after the procedure.

Aim

To investigate the effectiveness of a preparation video in reducing preoperative anxiety in children.

Design

84 children (4–7 years) with no previous GA experience who required comprehensive dental treatment under GA were randomly divided into two groups. Participants in the study group watched the video the day before the surgery, while the control group received standard care. Anxiety levels were measured using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS) and Visual Facial Anxiety Scale (VFAS) at different timepoints. Postoperatively, pain and emergence delirium were measured using Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) and Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scales, respectively.

Results

Mean age was 5.29 years (SD = 1.17). Demographics showed no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). Anxiety levels indicated by m-YPAS, were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group at all timepoints (p < 0.05). The study group exhibited significantly lower VFAS score means at first and second timepoints. Postoperative measures showed no significant differences between groups. No correlation was found between m-YPAS and FLACC or m-YPAS and PAED. However, a moderate correlation was identified between FLACC and PAED.

Conclusions

The video intervention alleviated preoperative anxiety among children undergoing dental treatment under GA.

背景：在全麻（GA）下接受牙科治疗的儿童术前焦虑会对他们在手术期间和手术后的健康产生不利影响。目的：探讨术前准备录像对减轻儿童术前焦虑的效果。设计：84例（4-7岁）无GA经验且需要综合牙科治疗的儿童随机分为两组。研究组的参与者在手术前一天观看视频，而对照组则接受标准护理。采用改良的耶鲁术前焦虑量表（m-YPAS）和视觉面部焦虑量表（VFAS）在不同时间点测量焦虑水平。术后分别采用面部、腿部、活动、哭泣、安慰（FLACC）和小儿麻醉出现性谵妄（PAED）量表测量疼痛和出现性谵妄。结果：平均年龄5.29岁（SD = 1.17）。统计学差异无统计学意义（p < 0.05）。与对照组相比，研究组的m-YPAS焦虑水平在所有时间点均显著降低(p)。结论：视频干预减轻了接受GA牙科治疗儿童的术前焦虑。

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引用次数: 0

Sleep Problems, Early Childhood Caries, and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: An Approach Using Structural Equation Modeling 睡眠问题、儿童早期龋齿和口腔健康相关生活质量：一种使用结构方程模型的方法。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.70000

Caroline de Oliveira Rodrigues, Jéssica Madeira Bittencourt, Laura Jordana Santos Lima, Maria Eliza da Consolação Soares, Leandro Silva Marques, Maria Letícia Ramos-Jorge

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) has a multifactorial nature.

Objective

This study aimed to develop a structural model to identify the association between possible sleep problems, ECC, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 575 children aged 3–5 years. ECC was assessed using the ICDAS-II by calibrated dentists. Possible sleep problems were determined using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. OHRQoL was measured using the ECOHIS. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling through Mplus, version 8.6.

Results

Children with more severe stages of ECC experienced dental pain (β = 0.712; p < 0.001), and the presence of dental pain was associated with more disturbed sleep (β = 0.723; p < 0.001). ECC and dental pain negatively impacted the child's (β = 0.208; p < 0.001; β = 0.750; p < 0.001) and the family's (β = 0.347; p < 0.001; β = 0.612; p < 0.001) OHRQoL, respectively.

Conclusion

An indirect association was found between ECC and children's sleep, mediated by the variable dental pain. ECC and dental pain were associated with higher OHRQoL scores.

背景：幼儿龋病具有多因素的特点。目的：本研究旨在建立一个结构模型，以确定可能的睡眠问题、ECC和口腔健康相关生活质量（OHRQoL）之间的关系。设计：对575名3-5岁儿童进行横断面研究。经校准的牙医使用ICDAS-II评估ECC。使用儿童睡眠习惯问卷来确定可能的睡眠问题。OHRQoL采用ECOHIS测定。数据分析采用Mplus 8.6版结构方程建模。结果：ECC越严重的儿童出现牙痛(β = 0.712；p结论：ECC与儿童睡眠之间存在间接关联，由可变牙痛介导。ECC和牙痛与较高的OHRQoL评分相关。

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引用次数: 0

Short-Forms of the Brazilian Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM): Development and Initial Evaluation 巴西儿童牙科焦虑体验测量（CEDAM）的简短形式：发展和初步评价。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13326

Lucas Daniel da Silva Faria, Brenda Soares Ribeiro, Julia Henriques Lamarca dos Santos, Taís de Souza Barbosa

Background

Dental anxiety can be measured by self-report instruments. The Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM) is a 14-item measure of dental anxiety. A short form would be useful to reduce application time and financial costs of data collection.

Aims

To develop the short-forms of the Brazilian CEDAM to facilitate its use and to evaluate their psychometric properties using item impact and regression methods.

Design

The sample consisted of 80 9–12-year-old schoolchildren. The item impact method selected the eight items with the highest impact score and multiplied the frequency of individuals by the mean score of the item. The regression method considered the total score as the dependent variable and the individual item scores as independent variables. Content, Criterion, Construct Validity, and Reliability were tested.

Results

The methods identified 4 common questions. Short-forms showed a floor effect, and the impact method had a ceiling effect (Content Validity). Short-form scores positively correlated with the CEDAM (Criterion Validity) and the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) scores (Correlational Construct Validity). High fearful children (CFSS-DS ≥ 32) had higher short-form scores than their counterparts (Discriminant Construct Validity). Short-forms showed to be reliable (Cronbach's α > 0.80).

Conclusions

Short-forms of the Brazilian CEDAM demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability.

背景：牙齿焦虑可以通过自我报告工具进行测量。儿童牙科焦虑体验量表（CEDAM）是一个包含14个项目的牙科焦虑量表。一个简短的表格将有助于减少应用程序时间和数据收集的财务成本。目的：开发巴西CEDAM简表，以方便其使用，并利用项目影响和回归方法评价其心理测量特性。设计：样本包括80名9-12岁的学童。项目影响法选取影响得分最高的8个项目，将个体的出现频率乘以项目的平均得分。回归方法以总分为因变量，单项得分为自变量。对内容、标准、结构效度和信度进行了测试。结果：方法鉴定出4个常见问题。短格式表现出地板效应，冲击法表现出天花板效应（内容效度）。短格式得分与CEDAM（标准效度）和儿童恐惧量表-牙科量表（CFSS-DS）得分（相关构念效度）呈正相关。高恐惧儿童（CFSS-DS≥32）的短形式得分高于对照组（判别构念效度）。短格式显示可靠（Cronbach's α > 0.80）。结论：巴西CEDAM简表具有良好的效度和信度。

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引用次数: 0

Parental Feeding Styles, Sugary Drinks Intake, and Early Childhood Caries in Egyptian Children: A Mediation Analysis 父母的喂养方式，含糖饮料的摄入量，和早期儿童龋齿在埃及：中介分析。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13324

Aya Taha, Wafaa Essam, Maha El Tantawi

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) is associated with unhealthy eating.

Aim

To assess the relationship of parental feeding styles (PFS) with ECC and the mediating effect of sugary drinks.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted at a hospital in Egypt (2022–2023) including 2–6-year-old children. Clinical examination assessed ECC and plaque. Children's feeding habits were assessed by the PFS questionnaire. The World Health Organization Child Questionnaire assessed children's oral hygiene practices. A standardized questionnaire assessed the frequency and quantity of daily sugary drinks. Negative binomial regression assessed the relation between dmfs, PFS, and sugary drinks, controlling for confounders. PROCESS macro was used to assess mediation by sugary drinks.

Results

The study included 412 children. Most children (80.8%) had ECC and consumed sugary drinks daily (84.2%). There were significantly higher odds of dmfs with instrumental feeding (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.82, 3.03) and lower odds with encouragement-to-eat (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.77). Sugary drinks significantly mediated the relationship of control-over-feeding and emotional feeding with ECC.

Conclusion

ECC was significantly associated with encouragement-to-eat and instrumental feeding. Sugary drinks significantly mediated the association with emotional feeding and control-over-feeding. Identifying PFS helps children at risk through preventive and health education programs.

背景：儿童早期龋齿（ECC）与不健康饮食有关。目的：探讨亲代喂养方式与幼崽ECC的关系及含糖饮料的中介作用。设计：在埃及的一家医院进行横断面研究（2022-2023），包括2-6岁的儿童。临床检查评估ECC和斑块。采用PFS问卷对儿童的喂养习惯进行评估。世界卫生组织儿童调查表评估了儿童的口腔卫生习惯。一份标准化的调查问卷评估了每天饮用含糖饮料的频率和数量。负二项回归评估dmfs、PFS和含糖饮料之间的关系，控制混杂因素。PROCESS宏用于评估含糖饮料的中介作用。结果：纳入412名儿童。大多数儿童（80.8%）患有ECC，每天饮用含糖饮料（84.2%）。辅助喂食组dmfs发生率显著增高（AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.82, 3.03），鼓励进食组dmfs发生率显著降低（AOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.77）。含糖饮料显著调节了控制性过度喂养和情绪性喂养与ECC之间的关系。结论：ECC与进食鼓励和辅助喂养有显著相关性。含糖饮料显著调节了情绪性进食和控制性过度进食的关联。识别PFS可以通过预防和健康教育项目帮助处于危险中的儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Paediatricians' and Primary Care Physicians' Ability to Assess Caries Risk in Singaporean Children Aged 2 Years and Below 儿科医生和初级保健医生评估新加坡2岁及以下儿童龋齿风险的能力。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-25 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13323

Yuqin Liew, Shijia Hu, Chin-ying S. Hsu, Tammy S. H. Lim, David H. Y. Tan, Tze Lee Tan, Yu Fan Sim, Catherine H. L. Hong

Background

It is desirable for doctors to conduct caries risk assessment (CRA) and evaluate the child's need for dental referral as medical visits in the first year of life surpass dental visits.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate physicians' proficiencies in performing CRA and risk-based dental referrals.

Design

The study involved a self-administered questionnaire that elicited participants' demographics and perceptions regarding oral health-related activities as well as responses to questions pertaining to CRA and referral recommendations via four clinical vignettes (vignettes 1 and 3: low caries risk, vignettes 2 and 4: moderate/high caries risk) of children aged ≤ 2 years.

Results

Participants performed better at CRA than for referral recommendation (p < 0.001). Including a clinical photograph (vignettes 3 and 4) did not improve the accuracy of CRA responses and instead significantly reduced the correct CRA responses for vignette 3 (before: 90.5%, after: 81.7%, p = 0.033). Though for vignette 3, there was an increase in participants making the recommendation to refer for dental evaluation (before: 34%, after: 86%) after being shown the clinical photograph.

Conclusion

Doctors were proficient at determining caries risk but less sure when deciding if a dental referral was required.

背景：由于儿童在出生后第一年的就诊次数超过了牙科就诊次数，因此医生需要进行龋齿风险评估（CRA）并评估儿童是否需要牙科转诊。目的：本研究旨在评估医师执行CRA和基于风险的牙科转诊的熟练程度。设计：本研究采用一份自我管理的问卷，通过四个临床小章节（小章节1和3：低龋风险，小章节2和4：中/高龋风险）对年龄≤2岁的儿童进行问卷调查，了解参与者的人口统计信息和对口腔健康相关活动的看法，以及对CRA和转诊建议相关问题的回答。结果：参与者在CRA上的表现优于转诊推荐(p结论：医生在确定龋齿风险方面精通，但在决定是否需要牙科转诊时不太确定。

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引用次数: 0

Relationship Between Smartphone Use and Traumatic Tooth Fractures in Korean Adolescents 韩国青少年使用智能手机与外伤性牙齿骨折的关系

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13322

Yong Kwon Chae, Sungwon Ryu, Hyo-Seol Lee, Sung Chul Choi, Ok Hyung Nam

Background

With the increasing rate of smartphone use among adolescents, smartphone addiction has become a social issue, causing reduced attention. This may make adolescents more susceptible to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs).

Aim

To assess the association between smartphone use and TDIs among Korean adolescents.

Design

This study used open-source data from the 2023 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. This study included responses from 52 875 Korean adolescents. Information on demographics, weekly smartphone use, weekly exercise days, and tooth fracture experiences in the past year was collected and analyzed.

Results

The mean smartphone use per week was 2146.91 ± 1276.60 min in all participants, and the frequency of tooth fractures was 9.3% in extremely low users, 10.1% in low users, 11.1% in excessive users, and 13.6% in extremely excessive users. Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher smartphone usage time correlated with a greater risk of tooth fracture by increasing odd ratios for low, excessive, and extremely excessive users compared to excessively low users.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, increased smartphone use was associated with higher rates of tooth fracture in Korean adolescents. This finding suggests the potential role of smartphone use in contributing to TDIs.

背景：随着青少年智能手机使用率的增加，智能手机成瘾已经成为一个社会问题，导致人们的注意力减少。这可能使青少年更容易受到创伤性牙齿损伤（TDIs）。目的：评估韩国青少年智能手机使用与tdi之间的关系。设计：本研究使用了来自2023年韩国青少年风险行为调查的开源数据。这项研究包括52 875名韩国青少年的反馈。收集并分析了过去一年的人口统计、每周智能手机使用、每周锻炼天数和牙齿骨折经历等信息。结果：所有参与者平均每周使用智能手机的时间为2146.91±1276.60分钟，极低使用频率为9.3%，低使用频率为10.1%，过量使用频率为11.1%，极过量使用频率为13.6%。逻辑回归分析显示，较长的智能手机使用时间与较高的牙齿骨折风险相关，与过低的用户相比，低、过度和极度过度的用户的奇比增加。结论：在本研究的局限性内，智能手机使用的增加与韩国青少年牙齿骨折的高发生率相关。这一发现表明，智能手机的使用可能会导致tdi。

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引用次数: 0

Choice Preferences of Direct Composite Restorations in Paediatric Patients: A Multinational Survey From 13 Countries. 儿科患者对直接复合修复体的选择偏好：来自13个国家的跨国调查。

IF 2.3 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13317

Kacper Nijakowski, Jakub Jankowski, Milan Drobac, Maira Kopbayeva, Muhammad Qasim Javed, Olga Bekjanova, Ömer Hatipoğlu, Anna Lehmann

Background: Dentists often choose composites for permanent restorations, but using them in children is challenging due to moisture control issues and time-consuming procedures, especially with uncooperative young patients.

Aim: Our survey aimed to evaluate dentists' preferences in selecting resin-based composite restorations for paediatric patients, considering both clinical and aesthetic factors.

Design: The validated online questionnaire was developed in English in May 2023. A 10-item survey was designed for both general dentists and specialists. The questions addressed demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, specialisation) and the use of composite materials in paediatric patients, depending on the patient's age and the type of tooth being treated.

Results: A total of 1830 dentists from 13 countries participated in the survey. Respondents rarely used composite materials in primary teeth (59.7%). In anterior permanent teeth, composite materials were applied in 81.0% of patients aged 8 years and 90.9% of patients aged between 8 and 12 years. In posterior permanent teeth, they were used in 81.7% and 89.5% of patients in these age groups, respectively. Composite restorations were reported most frequently in permanent teeth of patients over 12 years of age (94.9%).

Conclusions: The use of resin composite in paediatric patients increases progressively with age, particularly in permanent teeth and older children.

Significance statement: The proper selection of direct composite restorations in children and adolescents, minimising potential complications after restorative procedures, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the dentine-pulp complex in young teeth.

背景：牙医经常选择复合材料进行永久修复，但由于湿度控制问题和耗时的程序，在儿童中使用它们是具有挑战性的，特别是对于不合作的年轻患者。目的：我们的调查旨在评估牙医在为儿科患者选择树脂基复合修复体时的偏好，同时考虑临床和美学因素。设计：经验证的在线问卷于2023年5月以英文开发。为普通牙医和专家设计了一项10项调查。这些问题涉及人口统计学特征（例如，性别、专业）和儿科患者复合材料的使用，具体取决于患者的年龄和所治疗牙齿的类型。结果：共有来自13个国家的1830名牙医参与调查。受访者很少使用复合材料修复乳牙（59.7%）。在前恒牙中，8岁和8 ~ 12岁患者中复合材料的比例分别为81.0%和90.9%。后置恒牙的使用率分别为81.7%和89.5%。复合修复在12岁以上的患者中最为常见（94.9%）。结论：树脂复合材料在儿科患者中的使用随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加，特别是在恒牙和年龄较大的儿童中。意义声明：在儿童和青少年中正确选择直接复合修复体，最大限度地减少修复手术后的潜在并发症，对于保持年轻牙齿的牙本质-牙髓复合体的完整性至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

The Need for Better Knowledge Dissemination in Times of Fluoride Hesitancy 在氟化物犹豫时期，需要更好地传播知识。

IF 1.9 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

International journal of paediatric dentistry

Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13321

Fabio Arriola-Pacheco

引用次数: 0