Worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has taken a huge toll of morbidity and mortality. In selected patients, classified as severe, the overwhelming inflammatory state imposed by this infection is accompanied by a hypercoagulable state, hallmarked by a unique pattern; a marked increase in D-dimer, out of proportion to other markers of coagulopathy. In this review, we turn a spotlight to this phenomenon, offering a unified conceptual model depicting the leading hypotheses of coagulopathy in COVID-19. The key players of the coagulation cascades accompanying the COVID-19 inflammation malfunction on virtually every level; tissue factor expression is amplified, physiological anti-coagulant pathways (anti-thrombin, protein C and S, and the inhibitor of the tissue factor pathway) are impaired and fibrinolysis is inhibited. Components of autoimmunity, the complement system amongst others, further contribute to the pathology. As data continue to gather, our model offers a pathophysiological overview of COVID-19 coagulopathy, defined by the resultant histopathology: either intra-vascular or extra-vascular. We hope this review will facilitate understanding and serve as a lead point to future therapeutic directives.
全球范围内的 COVID-19 大流行造成了巨大的发病率和死亡率。在被归类为重症的特定患者中,这种感染造成的压倒性炎症状态伴随着一种高凝状态,其特征是一种独特的模式:D-二聚体明显增加,与其他凝血病标志物不成比例。在本综述中,我们将聚焦这一现象,提供一个统一的概念模型,描述 COVID-19 中凝血病的主要假说。伴随 COVID-19 炎症的凝血级联的主要参与者几乎在每个层面上都出现了功能障碍;组织因子的表达被放大,生理抗凝通路(抗凝血酶、蛋白 C 和 S 以及组织因子通路的抑制因子)受损,纤溶受到抑制。自身免疫成分、补体系统等进一步加剧了病理变化。随着数据的不断收集,我们的模型提供了 COVID-19 凝血病的病理生理学概况,并根据由此产生的组织病理学结果进行了定义:血管内或血管外。我们希望这篇综述能促进对该病的理解,并为未来的治疗提供指导。
{"title":"Exploring the pathways of inflammation and coagulopathy in COVID-19: A narrative tour into a viral rabbit hole.","authors":"Nitsan Landau, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Liat Negru, Gad Segal","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1993211","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1993211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has taken a huge toll of morbidity and mortality. In selected patients, classified as severe, the overwhelming inflammatory state imposed by this infection is accompanied by a hypercoagulable state, hallmarked by a unique pattern; a marked increase in D-dimer, out of proportion to other markers of coagulopathy. In this review, we turn a spotlight to this phenomenon, offering a unified conceptual model depicting the leading hypotheses of coagulopathy in COVID-19. The key players of the coagulation cascades accompanying the COVID-19 inflammation malfunction on virtually every level; tissue factor expression is amplified, physiological anti-coagulant pathways (anti-thrombin, protein C and S, and the inhibitor of the tissue factor pathway) are impaired and fibrinolysis is inhibited. Components of autoimmunity, the complement system amongst others, further contribute to the pathology. As data continue to gather, our model offers a pathophysiological overview of COVID-19 coagulopathy, defined by the resultant histopathology: either intra-vascular or extra-vascular. We hope this review will facilitate understanding and serve as a lead point to future therapeutic directives.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544671/pdf/IIRI_0_1993211.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39540870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An increasing number of researches have shown that cell metabolism regulates cell function. Dendritic cells (DCs), a professional antigen presenting cells, connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The preference of DCs for sugar or lipid affects its phenotypes and functions. In many diseases such as atherosclerosis (AS), diabetes mellitus and tumor, altered glucose or lipid level in microenvironment makes DCs exert ineffective or opposite immune roles, which accelerates the development of these diseases. In this article, we review the metabolism pathways of glucose and cholesterol in DCs, and the effects of metabolic changes on the phenotype and function of DCs. In addition, we discuss the effects of changes in glucose and lipid levels on DCs in the context of different diseases for better understanding the relationship between DCs and diseases. The immune metabolism of DCs may be a potential intervention link to treat metabolic-related immune diseases.
{"title":"Immune metabolism: a bridge of dendritic cells function.","authors":"Yuting Sun, Liyu Zhou, Weikai Chen, Linhui Zhang, Hongbo Zeng, Yunxia Sun, Jun Long, Dongping Yuan","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increasing number of researches have shown that cell metabolism regulates cell function. Dendritic cells (DCs), a professional antigen presenting cells, connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The preference of DCs for sugar or lipid affects its phenotypes and functions. In many diseases such as atherosclerosis (AS), diabetes mellitus and tumor, altered glucose or lipid level in microenvironment makes DCs exert ineffective or opposite immune roles, which accelerates the development of these diseases. In this article, we review the metabolism pathways of glucose and cholesterol in DCs, and the effects of metabolic changes on the phenotype and function of DCs. In addition, we discuss the effects of changes in glucose and lipid levels on DCs in the context of different diseases for better understanding the relationship between DCs and diseases. The immune metabolism of DCs may be a potential intervention link to treat metabolic-related immune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1897124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25538608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed in a variety of cells and play crucial roles in signal transduction. Syk mediates downstream signaling by recruiting to the dually phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the transmembrane adaptor molecule or the receptor chain itself. In gut diseases, Syk is observed to be expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells. Activation of Syk in these cells can modulate intestinal mucosal immune response by promoting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, thus regulating gut homeostasis. Due to the restriction of specificity and selectivity for the development of Syk inhibitors, only a few such inhibitors are available in gut diseases, including intestinal ischemia/reperfusion damage, infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. The promising outcomes of Syk inhibitors from both preclinical and clinical studies have shown to attenuate the progression of gut diseases thereby indicating a great potential in the development of Syk targeted therapy for treatment of gut diseases. This review depicts the characterization of Syk, summarizes the signal pathways of Syk, and discusses its potential targeted therapy for gut diseases.
{"title":"The ubiquitous role of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in gut diseases: From mucosal immunity to targeted therapy.","authors":"Wenbin Gong, Peizhao Liu, Tao Zheng, Xiuwen Wu, Yun Zhao, Jianan Ren","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1962860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1962860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed in a variety of cells and play crucial roles in signal transduction. Syk mediates downstream signaling by recruiting to the dually phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the transmembrane adaptor molecule or the receptor chain itself. In gut diseases, Syk is observed to be expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells. Activation of Syk in these cells can modulate intestinal mucosal immune response by promoting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, thus regulating gut homeostasis. Due to the restriction of specificity and selectivity for the development of Syk inhibitors, only a few such inhibitors are available in gut diseases, including intestinal ischemia/reperfusion damage, infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. The promising outcomes of Syk inhibitors from both preclinical and clinical studies have shown to attenuate the progression of gut diseases thereby indicating a great potential in the development of Syk targeted therapy for treatment of gut diseases. This review depicts the characterization of Syk, summarizes the signal pathways of Syk, and discusses its potential targeted therapy for gut diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1962860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39281443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many recent studies have reported the onset of a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlighted produced antibodies' specific qualitative and quantitative aspects, relevant for developing antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, firstly we will report main information acquired so far regarding the humoral response to COVID-19; we will concentrate, in particular, upon the observed levels and the kinetics, the specificity spectrum and the neutralizing potential of antibodies produced in infected patients. We will then discuss the implication of humoral response's characteristics in the development and correct use of serologic tests, as well as the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy and of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treating infected patients and preventing new infections. An update of the list of newly isolated specific neutralizing antibodies and suggestions for vaccine evaluation and development will be also provided.
{"title":"Antibody Response against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment and Vaccine Development.","authors":"Alessandra Mallano, Alessandro Ascione, Michela Flego","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1929205","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1929205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many recent studies have reported the onset of a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlighted produced antibodies' specific qualitative and quantitative aspects, relevant for developing antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, firstly we will report main information acquired so far regarding the humoral response to COVID-19; we will concentrate, in particular, upon the observed levels and the kinetics, the specificity spectrum and the neutralizing potential of antibodies produced in infected patients. We will then discuss the implication of humoral response's characteristics in the development and correct use of serologic tests, as well as the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy and of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treating infected patients and preventing new infections. An update of the list of newly isolated specific neutralizing antibodies and suggestions for vaccine evaluation and development will be also provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/aa/9a/IIRI_0_1929205.PMC8442988.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39394276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-07-09DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1929954
Ronghua Song, Xi Jia, Jing Zhao, Peng Du, Jin-An Zhang
Autoimmune disease (AID) is a condition in which the immune system breaks down and starts to attack the body. Some common AIDs include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus and so forth. The changes in T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire have been found in several autoimmune diseases, and may be responsible for the breakdown of peripheral immune tolerance. In this review, we discussed the processes of TCR revision in peripheral immune environment, the changes in TCR repertoire that occurred in various AIDs, and the specifically expanded T cell clones. We hope our discussion can provide insights for the future studies, helping with the discovery of disease biomarkers and expanding the strategies of immune-targeted therapy.HighlightsRestricted TCR repertoire and biased TCR-usage are found in a variety of AIDs.TCR repertoire shows tissue specificity in a variety of AID diseases.The relationship between TCR repertoire diversity and disease activity is still controversial in AIDs.Dominant TCR clonotypes may help to discover new disease biomarkers and expand the strategies of immune-targeted therapy.
{"title":"T cell receptor revision and immune repertoire changes in autoimmune diseases.","authors":"Ronghua Song, Xi Jia, Jing Zhao, Peng Du, Jin-An Zhang","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1929954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1929954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autoimmune disease (AID) is a condition in which the immune system breaks down and starts to attack the body. Some common AIDs include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus and so forth. The changes in T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire have been found in several autoimmune diseases, and may be responsible for the breakdown of peripheral immune tolerance. In this review, we discussed the processes of TCR revision in peripheral immune environment, the changes in TCR repertoire that occurred in various AIDs, and the specifically expanded T cell clones. We hope our discussion can provide insights for the future studies, helping with the discovery of disease biomarkers and expanding the strategies of immune-targeted therapy.HighlightsRestricted TCR repertoire and biased TCR-usage are found in a variety of AIDs.TCR repertoire shows tissue specificity in a variety of AID diseases.The relationship between TCR repertoire diversity and disease activity is still controversial in AIDs.Dominant TCR clonotypes may help to discover new disease biomarkers and expand the strategies of immune-targeted therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1929954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39169944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2093022
Himanshu Kumar
Coronaviridae-family viruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses and were previously known to cause mild respiratory illness in humans and other mammals until the year 2002, when a fatal outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)CoV emerged via wild cats in China. The outbreak infected many people and caused more than 750 deaths. This outbreak was also responsible for tremendous economic losses around the world. Ten years after this incident, in the year 2012 in Saudi Arabia another coronavirus emerged known as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) which caused more than 800 deaths. Then, in the year 2019, another coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and caused a worldwide pandemic which affected almost all of the countries in the world leading to millions of deaths around the globe. This special issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and host interaction in terms of the development of immune responses such as various degrees of inflammation, antibody responses, and effects on host physiology. This issue also discusses approaches to diagnosis through quali t at ive and quant i t at ive es t imat ion of SARS-CoV-2-associated immune molecular signatures. Additionally, a few articles in this issue also discuss different aspects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development (Figure 1). Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID) has a wide range of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Mild symptoms include runny nose, fever or chills, cough, sore throat, congestion, fatigue, headache, taste or smell loss, body aches, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes diarrhea, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. The severe symptoms include trouble in breathing, discomfort, pain or pressure in the chest area, inability to wake or stay awake, and pale, gray, or blue-coloured skin and lips. Notably, many infected individuals remain asymptomatic, while in contrast, a small percentage of the population die due to COVID. Considering this wide variation in disease outcomes, it is interesting to understand the complex interplay among the various components of host immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The article by Negia et al discusses the immune responses that develop toward variants of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Upon infection the virus induces both innate and adaptive immune responses to control infection. However, overwhelmed immune responses lead to severe complications. The article also notes that SARS-CoV-2 infection also induces B and T cell responses to induce strong antibody responses. The article by Mallano et al discusses how antibody responses can be exploited for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID. The article also discusses how this knowledge can be helpful in vaccine development. The SARS-CoV-2 infection primarily induces various levels of inflammation which skews host physiology and vitals. The skewed host physiology can dysregulate immune cells or immune responses or, vice versa, cause various complicati
{"title":"Fatal Reinca<i>RNA</i>tion of <i>VIRUS</i> causing <i>CO</i>rona<i>VI</i>rus <i>d</i>isease.","authors":"Himanshu Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2093022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2093022","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviridae-family viruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses and were previously known to cause mild respiratory illness in humans and other mammals until the year 2002, when a fatal outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)CoV emerged via wild cats in China. The outbreak infected many people and caused more than 750 deaths. This outbreak was also responsible for tremendous economic losses around the world. Ten years after this incident, in the year 2012 in Saudi Arabia another coronavirus emerged known as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) which caused more than 800 deaths. Then, in the year 2019, another coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and caused a worldwide pandemic which affected almost all of the countries in the world leading to millions of deaths around the globe. This special issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and host interaction in terms of the development of immune responses such as various degrees of inflammation, antibody responses, and effects on host physiology. This issue also discusses approaches to diagnosis through quali t at ive and quant i t at ive es t imat ion of SARS-CoV-2-associated immune molecular signatures. Additionally, a few articles in this issue also discuss different aspects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development (Figure 1). Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID) has a wide range of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Mild symptoms include runny nose, fever or chills, cough, sore throat, congestion, fatigue, headache, taste or smell loss, body aches, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes diarrhea, shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. The severe symptoms include trouble in breathing, discomfort, pain or pressure in the chest area, inability to wake or stay awake, and pale, gray, or blue-coloured skin and lips. Notably, many infected individuals remain asymptomatic, while in contrast, a small percentage of the population die due to COVID. Considering this wide variation in disease outcomes, it is interesting to understand the complex interplay among the various components of host immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The article by Negia et al discusses the immune responses that develop toward variants of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Upon infection the virus induces both innate and adaptive immune responses to control infection. However, overwhelmed immune responses lead to severe complications. The article also notes that SARS-CoV-2 infection also induces B and T cell responses to induce strong antibody responses. The article by Mallano et al discusses how antibody responses can be exploited for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID. The article also discusses how this knowledge can be helpful in vaccine development. The SARS-CoV-2 infection primarily induces various levels of inflammation which skews host physiology and vitals. The skewed host physiology can dysregulate immune cells or immune responses or, vice versa, cause various complicati","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40495874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300
Himanshu Kumar
A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division, known as cancer, is a complex multifactorial state involving multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors in development. The host immune system plays a crucial role in the surveillance of cancer or tumor cells. Various cells in the immune system continuously scan for these modified cells and eliminate them. The host immune system broadly consists of two major systems, the innate and the adaptive immune system. Type I interferons and natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immune system that control cancerous cells through their antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and through direct killing, respectively. Adaptive immune components such as subset of CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and type II interferons restrict the growth of cancerous cells. On another hand, the cancerous tissue and its microenvironment skews normal regulatory T (Treg) cells to become cancer-derived Treg cells, which has conspicuous suppressive effects on antitumor cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, the suppressive effects are enhanced or maintained by the induction of various cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta. All these responses make cancerous cells resistant to apoptosis and promote anticancer immune evasion and establish cancer development. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on extrinsic and intrinsic oncogenic and anticancer factors (Figure 1). Cytokines or interleukins (ILs) are proteins produced by immune cells. These proteins mediate various immunological processes such as inflammation, recruitment and movement of immune cells, regulation of immune responses, and so on. IL-27 is one of the cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and has pleotropic effects on innate and adaptive immunity. IL-27 acts on neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells and involved in fighting during bacterial, viral and parasite infection. It also acts on specialized adaptive immune cells such as subsets of B and T cells. The first review article in this issue by Beizavi et al. discusses the biology of IL-27 and its influence during cancer through various immune cells [1]. The article will be of interest to researchers working in oncology, immunology and translational oncoimmunology (Figure 1). The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G plays an important role in immune tolerance and maternal-fetal tolerance during the gestation period and it is expressed on fetus-derived placental cells. HLA-G shows high similarity with the HLA I gene. This gene also expresses on different cancerous cells as a neocancer antigen, particularly in the advanced stages of various cancers, and promotes cancer cell survival and development of cancer through its immunosuppressive activity. It has been shown that HLA-G is a potential target for immunotherapy. The second review article in this issue by Marlatta et al. analyzes HLA-G in malignant melanomas and its pr
{"title":"Cancer and immunity: who is shaping whom?","authors":"Himanshu Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300","url":null,"abstract":"A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division, known as cancer, is a complex multifactorial state involving multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors in development. The host immune system plays a crucial role in the surveillance of cancer or tumor cells. Various cells in the immune system continuously scan for these modified cells and eliminate them. The host immune system broadly consists of two major systems, the innate and the adaptive immune system. Type I interferons and natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immune system that control cancerous cells through their antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and through direct killing, respectively. Adaptive immune components such as subset of CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and type II interferons restrict the growth of cancerous cells. On another hand, the cancerous tissue and its microenvironment skews normal regulatory T (Treg) cells to become cancer-derived Treg cells, which has conspicuous suppressive effects on antitumor cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, the suppressive effects are enhanced or maintained by the induction of various cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta. All these responses make cancerous cells resistant to apoptosis and promote anticancer immune evasion and establish cancer development. This issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on extrinsic and intrinsic oncogenic and anticancer factors (Figure 1). Cytokines or interleukins (ILs) are proteins produced by immune cells. These proteins mediate various immunological processes such as inflammation, recruitment and movement of immune cells, regulation of immune responses, and so on. IL-27 is one of the cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and has pleotropic effects on innate and adaptive immunity. IL-27 acts on neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells and involved in fighting during bacterial, viral and parasite infection. It also acts on specialized adaptive immune cells such as subsets of B and T cells. The first review article in this issue by Beizavi et al. discusses the biology of IL-27 and its influence during cancer through various immune cells [1]. The article will be of interest to researchers working in oncology, immunology and translational oncoimmunology (Figure 1). The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G plays an important role in immune tolerance and maternal-fetal tolerance during the gestation period and it is expressed on fetus-derived placental cells. HLA-G shows high similarity with the HLA I gene. This gene also expresses on different cancerous cells as a neocancer antigen, particularly in the advanced stages of various cancers, and promotes cancer cell survival and development of cancer through its immunosuppressive activity. It has been shown that HLA-G is a potential target for immunotherapy. The second review article in this issue by Marlatta et al. analyzes HLA-G in malignant melanomas and its pr","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1946300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39202375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687
Yuyang Hou, Yuntong Liu, Shu Liang, Ru Ding, Shuqian Mo, Dongmei Yan, Dong Li
More and more exosome-based therapeutics are being developed with advances in nanotechnology and precision medicine. Exosome is a kind of tiny vesicles with a bilayer of phospholipids, which can transfer biological macromolecules to recipients to influence the biological process. M2 macrophages are closely related to the occurrence and development of serious diseases such as tumor. In addition to the traditional concept of macrophage functions such as opsonization, secretion of cytokines and other soluble factors, some studies have found that the exosome derived from M2 macrophages can influence the development of disease by carrying microRNA, long noncodingRNA and functional proteins to regulate target gene expression as well as related proteins synthesis recently. Here, we outlined the biogenesis of the exosome and its biological functions in disease. Then we focused on elucidating the effects of the exosome derived from M2 macrophages on several diseases and its mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the appropriateness and inappropriateness in existing potential applications based on exosomes and macrophages.
{"title":"The novel target:exosoms derived from M2 macrophage.","authors":"Yuyang Hou, Yuntong Liu, Shu Liang, Ru Ding, Shuqian Mo, Dongmei Yan, Dong Li","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More and more exosome-based therapeutics are being developed with advances in nanotechnology and precision medicine. Exosome is a kind of tiny vesicles with a bilayer of phospholipids, which can transfer biological macromolecules to recipients to influence the biological process. M2 macrophages are closely related to the occurrence and development of serious diseases such as tumor. In addition to the traditional concept of macrophage functions such as opsonization, secretion of cytokines and other soluble factors, some studies have found that the exosome derived from M2 macrophages can influence the development of disease by carrying microRNA, long noncodingRNA and functional proteins to regulate target gene expression as well as related proteins synthesis recently. Here, we outlined the biogenesis of the exosome and its biological functions in disease. Then we focused on elucidating the effects of the exosome derived from M2 macrophages on several diseases and its mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the appropriateness and inappropriateness in existing potential applications based on exosomes and macrophages.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1800687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38263276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2020-10-16DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877
Roberta Romano, Giuliana Giardino, Emilia Cirillo, Rosaria Prencipe, Claudio Pignata
The complement system is a multi-functional system representing the first line host defense against pathogens in innate immune response, through three different pathways. Impairment of its function, consisting in deficiency or excessive deregulated activation, may lead to severe systemic infections or autoimmune disorders. These diseases may be inherited or acquired. Despite many diagnostic tools are currently available, ranging from traditional, such as hemolytic or ELISA based assays, to innovative ones, like next generation sequencing techniques, these diseases are often not recognized. As for therapeutic aspects, strategies based on the use of targeted drugs are now widespread. The aim of this review is to present an updated overview of complement system pathophysiology, clinical implications of its dysfunction and to summarize diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
{"title":"Complement system network in cell physiology and in human diseases.","authors":"Roberta Romano, Giuliana Giardino, Emilia Cirillo, Rosaria Prencipe, Claudio Pignata","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The complement system is a multi-functional system representing the first line host defense against pathogens in innate immune response, through three different pathways. Impairment of its function, consisting in deficiency or excessive deregulated activation, may lead to severe systemic infections or autoimmune disorders. These diseases may be inherited or acquired. Despite many diagnostic tools are currently available, ranging from traditional, such as hemolytic or ELISA based assays, to innovative ones, like next generation sequencing techniques, these diseases are often not recognized. As for therapeutic aspects, strategies based on the use of targeted drugs are now widespread. The aim of this review is to present an updated overview of complement system pathophysiology, clinical implications of its dysfunction and to summarize diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1833877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38494556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2021-03-18DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145
Vijay Kumar
The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.
{"title":"Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immune Cells Cross-Talk: A Secret Talk Revealed in Immune Homeostasis and Different Inflammatory Conditions.","authors":"Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25501255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}