The aggressive and recurrent nature of glioblastoma is multifactorial and has been attributed to its biological heterogeneity, dysfunctional metabolic signaling pathways, rigid blood-brain barrier, inherent resistance to standard therapy due to the stemness property of the gliomas cells, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, hypoxia and neoangiogenesis which are very well orchestrated and create the tumor's own highly pro-tumorigenic milieu. Once the relay of events starts amongst these components, eventually it becomes difficult to control the cascade using only the balanced contemporary care of treatment consisting of maximal resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolamide. Over the past few decades, implementation of contemporary treatment modalities has shown benefit to some extent, but no significant overall survival benefit is achieved. Therefore, there is an unmet need for advanced multifaceted combinatorial strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, development of innovative therapeutics and novel delivery platforms over the years has resulted in a paradigm shift in gliomas therapeutics. Decades of research has led to emergence of several treatment molecules, including immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade, oncolytic virotherapy, adoptive cell therapy, nanoparticles, CED and BNCT, each with the unique proficiency to overcome the mentioned challenges, present research. Recent years are seeing innovative combinatorial strategies to overcome the multifactorial resistance put forth by the GBM cell and its TME. This review discusses the contemporary and the investigational combinatorial strategies being employed to treat GBM and summarizes the evidence accumulated till date.
{"title":"Combinatorial approaches to effective therapy in glioblastoma (GBM): Current status and what the future holds.","authors":"Sweety Asija, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sandhya Yadav, Godhanjali Chekuri, Atharva Karulkar, Ankesh Kumar Jaiswal, Jayant S Goda, Rahul Purwar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2101647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2101647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aggressive and recurrent nature of glioblastoma is multifactorial and has been attributed to its biological heterogeneity, dysfunctional metabolic signaling pathways, rigid blood-brain barrier, inherent resistance to standard therapy due to the stemness property of the gliomas cells, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, hypoxia and neoangiogenesis which are very well orchestrated and create the tumor's own highly pro-tumorigenic milieu. Once the relay of events starts amongst these components, eventually it becomes difficult to control the cascade using only the balanced contemporary care of treatment consisting of maximal resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolamide. Over the past few decades, implementation of contemporary treatment modalities has shown benefit to some extent, but no significant overall survival benefit is achieved. Therefore, there is an unmet need for advanced multifaceted combinatorial strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, development of innovative therapeutics and novel delivery platforms over the years has resulted in a paradigm shift in gliomas therapeutics. Decades of research has led to emergence of several treatment molecules, including immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade, oncolytic virotherapy, adoptive cell therapy, nanoparticles, CED and BNCT, each with the unique proficiency to overcome the mentioned challenges, present research. Recent years are seeing innovative combinatorial strategies to overcome the multifactorial resistance put forth by the GBM cell and its TME. This review discusses the contemporary and the investigational combinatorial strategies being employed to treat GBM and summarizes the evidence accumulated till date.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40593548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-07-20DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2102619
Guangfei Li, Haopeng Wang, Haitao Wu, Jian Chen
Since B7-H3 is overexpressed or amplified in many types of solid tumors with a restricted expression in the normal tissues, it has been an emerging immunotherapeutic target for solid tumors. This review will focus on the structural designs of developing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting B7-H3. The expression, receptor, and function of the B7-H3, as well as a short overview of B7-H3-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy, are discussed. Finally, a detailed summary of B7-H3 redirected CAR-T and CAR-NK cell approaches utilized in preclinical models and currently ongoing or completed clinical trials are presented. It has been demonstrated that B7-H3-targeted CAR-based cell therapies were safe in initial trials, but their efficacy was limited. Employing the local delivery routes, the introduction of novel modifications promoting CAR-T persistence, and combined treatment with other standard therapies could improve the efficacy of B7-H3-targeted CAR-T cell therapy against solid tumors.
{"title":"B7-H3-targeted CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors.","authors":"Guangfei Li, Haopeng Wang, Haitao Wu, Jian Chen","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2102619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2102619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since B7-H3 is overexpressed or amplified in many types of solid tumors with a restricted expression in the normal tissues, it has been an emerging immunotherapeutic target for solid tumors. This review will focus on the structural designs of developing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting B7-H3. The expression, receptor, and function of the B7-H3, as well as a short overview of B7-H3-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy, are discussed. Finally, a detailed summary of B7-H3 redirected CAR-T and CAR-NK cell approaches utilized in preclinical models and currently ongoing or completed clinical trials are presented. It has been demonstrated that B7-H3-targeted CAR-based cell therapies were safe in initial trials, but their efficacy was limited. Employing the local delivery routes, the introduction of novel modifications promoting CAR-T persistence, and combined treatment with other standard therapies could improve the efficacy of B7-H3-targeted CAR-T cell therapy against solid tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40608459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2014174
Puja Kumari, Himanshu Kumar
Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or biotic and abiotic challenges to the host. Controlled inflammation is required in order to maintain tissue homeostasis and physiological processes under various intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations. However, uncontrolled inflammation leads to various degrees of immune-pathologies such as susceptibility to infection or autoimmune diseases. Various biotic and abiotic factors induce inflammation, including, pathogenic invasion, physical injury, stress, obesity, and chemical or radiation insult to the host. At the cellular or molecular level, inflammation is induced by complex signaling through innate immune sensors expressed on immune and non-immune cells, and through specialized adaptive immune cells. Inflammatory mediators can be amines (e.g. histamine), lipid derivatives (e.g. prostaglandins), the peptide, bradykinin or proteins (small fragments of complements and inflammatory cytokines). These inflammatory mediators can cause cell damage, can result in a cytokine storm, and can lead to damage to the vital organs. This special issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on inducers of inflammation and how inflammation shapes immunity and its dysregulation results in the development of diseases and disorders (Figure 1). In mammals, lactate is a metabolic by-product of anaerobic respiration, a glycolytic pathway that ensures quick energy replenishment in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the cells and prevention of muscle fatigue. Lactate acts as a circulating fuel in the blood that goes to the liver and is converted into pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate is then converted into glucose via a metabolic pathway known as gluconeogenesis in the liver. Notably, lactate production increases when demand for ATP increases. In the past three decades, lactate has also been proved to be a very important signaling molecule that regulates various signaling pathways including inflammation-associated immune pathways. In this special issue, Zhou et al. [1] and Luo et al. [2] shed light on how endogenous lactate regulates inflammation in various immunological events, such as via macrophage polarization, T-cell immune dysfunction and its link with infectious and noninfectious diseases such as tumors. These two articles will be of interest to a broad readership in the field of immunology, as well as researchers investigating metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders and those in associated fields (Figure 1). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous structures generated from broad cell-types including hematopoetic and non-hematopoetic cells. They range in size from the smallest exosomes and medium-sized micro-vesicles to apoptotic bodies and large-sized macrolets. Extracellular vesicles carry several biomolecules such as proteins (enzymes, receptors, cytokines etc.), lipids, genetic materials (miRNA, RNA, DNA) in them. Hence, by virtue of carrying a va
{"title":"Dimensions of inflammation in host defense and diseases.","authors":"Puja Kumari, Himanshu Kumar","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2022.2014174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2022.2014174","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or biotic and abiotic challenges to the host. Controlled inflammation is required in order to maintain tissue homeostasis and physiological processes under various intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations. However, uncontrolled inflammation leads to various degrees of immune-pathologies such as susceptibility to infection or autoimmune diseases. Various biotic and abiotic factors induce inflammation, including, pathogenic invasion, physical injury, stress, obesity, and chemical or radiation insult to the host. At the cellular or molecular level, inflammation is induced by complex signaling through innate immune sensors expressed on immune and non-immune cells, and through specialized adaptive immune cells. Inflammatory mediators can be amines (e.g. histamine), lipid derivatives (e.g. prostaglandins), the peptide, bradykinin or proteins (small fragments of complements and inflammatory cytokines). These inflammatory mediators can cause cell damage, can result in a cytokine storm, and can lead to damage to the vital organs. This special issue of International Reviews of Immunology focuses on inducers of inflammation and how inflammation shapes immunity and its dysregulation results in the development of diseases and disorders (Figure 1). In mammals, lactate is a metabolic by-product of anaerobic respiration, a glycolytic pathway that ensures quick energy replenishment in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the cells and prevention of muscle fatigue. Lactate acts as a circulating fuel in the blood that goes to the liver and is converted into pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate is then converted into glucose via a metabolic pathway known as gluconeogenesis in the liver. Notably, lactate production increases when demand for ATP increases. In the past three decades, lactate has also been proved to be a very important signaling molecule that regulates various signaling pathways including inflammation-associated immune pathways. In this special issue, Zhou et al. [1] and Luo et al. [2] shed light on how endogenous lactate regulates inflammation in various immunological events, such as via macrophage polarization, T-cell immune dysfunction and its link with infectious and noninfectious diseases such as tumors. These two articles will be of interest to a broad readership in the field of immunology, as well as researchers investigating metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders and those in associated fields (Figure 1). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous structures generated from broad cell-types including hematopoetic and non-hematopoetic cells. They range in size from the smallest exosomes and medium-sized micro-vesicles to apoptotic bodies and large-sized macrolets. Extracellular vesicles carry several biomolecules such as proteins (enzymes, receptors, cytokines etc.), lipids, genetic materials (miRNA, RNA, DNA) in them. Hence, by virtue of carrying a va","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39833778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1851371
Marzieh Pirzadeh, Nastaran Khalili, Nima Rezaei
Several risk factors are known to be involved in the initiation and development of gastric cancer. Among them, H. pylori is one of the most prominent with multiple virulence factors contributing to its pathogenicity. In this study, we have discussed an interesting immunological cycle exploring the interplay between H. pylori, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), tryptophan, arginine, and the metabolites of these two amino acids in the development of gastric cancer. AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor which acts as a regulator for a diverse set of genes and has various types of exogenous and endogenous ligands. The tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine, is one of these ligands that can interact with AHR, leading to immune suppression and subsequently, susceptibility to gastric cancer. On the other hand, H. pylori downregulates the expression of AHR and AHR repressor (AHRR), leading to increased inflammatory cytokine production. A metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, xanthurenic acid, is a potent inhibitor of a terminal enzyme in the synthetic pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4, itself, is a cofactor in the process of nitric oxide (NO) production from arginine that has been shown to have immune-enhancing properties. Arginine has also been evidenced to have anti-tumoral function through inducing apoptosis in gastric cell lines; however, controversy exists regarding the anti-tumor role of arginine and BH4, since they are also associated with increased NO production, subsequently promoting tumor angiogenesis. Hence, although several synergistic connections result in immunity improvement, these correlations can also act as a double-edged sword, promoting tumor development. This emphasizes on the need for further investigations to better understand this complex interplay.
{"title":"The interplay between aryl hydrocarbon receptor, H. pylori, tryptophan, and arginine in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.","authors":"Marzieh Pirzadeh, Nastaran Khalili, Nima Rezaei","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1851371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1851371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several risk factors are known to be involved in the initiation and development of gastric cancer. Among them, H. pylori is one of the most prominent with multiple virulence factors contributing to its pathogenicity. In this study, we have discussed an interesting immunological cycle exploring the interplay between H. pylori, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), tryptophan, arginine, and the metabolites of these two amino acids in the development of gastric cancer. AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor which acts as a regulator for a diverse set of genes and has various types of exogenous and endogenous ligands. The tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine, is one of these ligands that can interact with AHR, leading to immune suppression and subsequently, susceptibility to gastric cancer. On the other hand, H. pylori downregulates the expression of AHR and AHR repressor (AHRR), leading to increased inflammatory cytokine production. A metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, xanthurenic acid, is a potent inhibitor of a terminal enzyme in the synthetic pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4, itself, is a cofactor in the process of nitric oxide (NO) production from arginine that has been shown to have immune-enhancing properties. Arginine has also been evidenced to have anti-tumoral function through inducing apoptosis in gastric cell lines; however, controversy exists regarding the anti-tumor role of arginine and BH4, since they are also associated with increased NO production, subsequently promoting tumor angiogenesis. Hence, although several synergistic connections result in immunity improvement, these correlations can also act as a double-edged sword, promoting tumor development. This emphasizes on the need for further investigations to better understand this complex interplay.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1851371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38739144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) as an intracellular cytosolic enzyme converts tryptophan (Trp) to N-formyl kynurenine which leads to proinflammatory T-cell apoptosis and prevention of immune cells maturation via decreasing the level of cellular energy. Trp catabolism products such as kynurenine increase the recruitment of regulatory T cells and induce immune tolerance in dendritic cells. IDO expression can locally suppress immunity in the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression actively recruits IDO expressing cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Also, tumor infiltrating Tregs' activity leads to IDO expression in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we described the immunomodulatory function of IDO and IDO-based therapeutic strategies for immune related diseases. According to positive-feedback loop between Tregs and IDO in the tumor microenvironment, IDO can be targeted as a promising immunostimulatory approach for immunotherapy of cancer. However, several studies revealed controversial consequences for influences of IDO in immunity. Considering the common concept, IDO1 and also IDO2 repress the function of T lymphocytes, while inactivation of IDO results in aggravation of some autoimmune diseases. Eventually, the extensive evaluation of IDO function in immunomodulatory procedure can help achieve IDO inhibitors as optimal drugs to inhibit tumor growth without motivating autoimmunity.
{"title":"Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase: A Professional Immunomodulator and Its Potential Functions in Immune Related Diseases.","authors":"Fahimeh Heidari, Amin Ramezani, Nasrollah Erfani, Mahboobeh Razmkhah","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2020.1836176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2020.1836176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) as an intracellular cytosolic enzyme converts tryptophan (Trp) to <i>N</i>-formyl kynurenine which leads to proinflammatory T-cell apoptosis and prevention of immune cells maturation via decreasing the level of cellular energy. Trp catabolism products such as kynurenine increase the recruitment of regulatory T cells and induce immune tolerance in dendritic cells. IDO expression can locally suppress immunity in the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression actively recruits IDO expressing cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Also, tumor infiltrating Tregs' activity leads to IDO expression in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we described the immunomodulatory function of IDO and IDO-based therapeutic strategies for immune related diseases. According to positive-feedback loop between Tregs and IDO in the tumor microenvironment, IDO can be targeted as a promising immunostimulatory approach for immunotherapy of cancer. However, several studies revealed controversial consequences for influences of IDO in immunity. Considering the common concept, IDO1 and also IDO2 repress the function of T lymphocytes, while inactivation of IDO results in aggravation of some autoimmune diseases. Eventually, the extensive evaluation of IDO function in immunomodulatory procedure can help achieve IDO inhibitors as optimal drugs to inhibit tumor growth without motivating autoimmunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2020.1836176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38645052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-05-03DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1921175
Mohammad Mirzakhani, Mehdi Shahbazi, Sara Shamdani, Sina Naserian, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
The immune system response of transplant recipients is the main cause of allograft rejection; therefore, its suppression seems crucial. Nevertheless, immunosuppressive agents are largely ineffective against innate immune response. Innate immunity is immediately activated after transplantation and contribute to allograft inflammation and rejection. In this regard, understanding the mechanism of activation and targeting the components of innate immunity could improve allograft survival time. In this review, we discuss two scenarios in the innate immunity, i.e., danger and allogeneic signals in the context of both allogeneic and syngeneic graft. Moreover, the mechanisms of innate allorecognition (i.e., signal regulatory protein α-CD47 and paired immunoglobulin-like receptors-MHC I axis) are described, which can improve our clinical decisions to use a better therapeutic strategy.
{"title":"Innate immunity: Trained immunity and innate allorecognition against the allograft.","authors":"Mohammad Mirzakhani, Mehdi Shahbazi, Sara Shamdani, Sina Naserian, Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1921175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1921175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immune system response of transplant recipients is the main cause of allograft rejection; therefore, its suppression seems crucial. Nevertheless, immunosuppressive agents are largely ineffective against innate immune response. Innate immunity is immediately activated after transplantation and contribute to allograft inflammation and rejection. In this regard, understanding the mechanism of activation and targeting the components of innate immunity could improve allograft survival time. In this review, we discuss two scenarios in the innate immunity, i.e., danger and allogeneic signals in the context of both allogeneic and syngeneic graft. Moreover, the mechanisms of innate allorecognition (i.e., signal regulatory protein α-CD47 and paired immunoglobulin-like receptors-MHC I axis) are described, which can improve our clinical decisions to use a better therapeutic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1921175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38875926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaccines for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started to be developed since the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Up to now, four vaccines have been authorized by international agencies such as European Medicines Agency (EMA). Two are DNA vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S) and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). The administration of the vaccines has been associated with a strong decrease in the infections by SARS-CoV-2 and deaths associated with it. However, in parallel to these results, some rare adverse events have also been described. In that sense, events of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhage have been described in close temporal proximity to the administration of the DNA vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S, but also mRNA vaccines. Recent scientific reports have been released with updated information on the possible association of thrombotic thrombocytopenia and COVID-19 vaccines. On the other hand, since the initiation of the vaccination campaigns, adverse hypersensitivity reactions have been described after mRNA and DNA vaccines administration for COVID-19. Although globally these adverse events are rare, a high proportion of the world population will be exposed to these vaccines. For that reason, their safety and tolerance should be carefully considered. In this review, we provide an updated review of the last scientific findings that can explain the rare side effects that the vaccines for COVID-19 can produce.
{"title":"Adverse rare events to vaccines for COVID-19: From hypersensitivity reactions to thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.","authors":"Natalija Novak, Leticia Tordesillas, Beatriz Cabanillas","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1939696","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1939696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccines for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started to be developed since the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Up to now, four vaccines have been authorized by international agencies such as European Medicines Agency (EMA). Two are DNA vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S) and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). The administration of the vaccines has been associated with a strong decrease in the infections by SARS-CoV-2 and deaths associated with it. However, in parallel to these results, some rare adverse events have also been described. In that sense, events of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and hemorrhage have been described in close temporal proximity to the administration of the DNA vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S, but also mRNA vaccines. Recent scientific reports have been released with updated information on the possible association of thrombotic thrombocytopenia and COVID-19 vaccines. On the other hand, since the initiation of the vaccination campaigns, adverse hypersensitivity reactions have been described after mRNA and DNA vaccines administration for COVID-19. Although globally these adverse events are rare, a high proportion of the world population will be exposed to these vaccines. For that reason, their safety and tolerance should be carefully considered. In this review, we provide an updated review of the last scientific findings that can explain the rare side effects that the vaccines for COVID-19 can produce.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1939696","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39176410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-11-02DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1996573
Liyu Du, Xi Lei, Jie Wang, Li Wang, Qingping Zhong, Xiang Fang, Pan Li, Bing Du, Yutao Wang, Zhenlin Liao
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is found from intestinal microbes in the circulatory system and considered a trigger factor for low-grade inflammation in obesity. High-fat diet intake and its related obesity can cause gut microbiota disorder, leading to increased gut permeability, paracellular absorption and transcellular transport of endogenous endotoxin in the cardiovascular system. High-fat diet intake can also increase plasma LPS levels, and causing chronic or "low-grade" inflammation. In this review article, we summarize the recent research advancements on the mechanism of low-grade inflammation and its related obesity. We also propose several approaches that can be used to reduce endogenous endotoxin absorption.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1996573 .
{"title":"Lipopolysaccharides derived from gram-negative bacterial pool of human gut microbiota promote inflammation and obesity development.","authors":"Liyu Du, Xi Lei, Jie Wang, Li Wang, Qingping Zhong, Xiang Fang, Pan Li, Bing Du, Yutao Wang, Zhenlin Liao","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1996573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1996573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is found from intestinal microbes in the circulatory system and considered a trigger factor for low-grade inflammation in obesity. High-fat diet intake and its related obesity can cause gut microbiota disorder, leading to increased gut permeability, paracellular absorption and transcellular transport of endogenous endotoxin in the cardiovascular system. High-fat diet intake can also increase plasma LPS levels, and causing chronic or \"low-grade\" inflammation. In this review article, we summarize the recent research advancements on the mechanism of low-grade inflammation and its related obesity. We also propose several approaches that can be used to reduce endogenous endotoxin absorption.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1996573 .</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39583413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immunological memory is critical for host immunity and decisive for individual to respond exponentially to previously encountered infection. Both T and B cell memory are known to orchestrate immunological memory with their central and effector memory arms contributing in prolonged immunity/defence mechanisms of host. While central memory helps in maintaining prolonged immunity for a particular infection, effector memory helps in keeping local/seasonal infection in control. In addition to this, generation of long-lived plasma cells is pivotal for generating neutralizing antibodies which can enhance recall and B cell memory to control re-infection. In view of this, scaling up memory response is one of the major objectives for the expected outcome of vaccination. In this line, this review deals with the significance of memory cells, molecular pathways of their development, maintenance, epigenetic regulation and negative regulation in various infections. We have also highlighted the significance of both T and B cell memory responses in the vaccination approaches against range of infections which is not fully explored so far.[Box: see text].
{"title":"Yin and yang of immunological memory in controlling infections: Overriding self defence mechanisms.","authors":"Roshan Kumar Roy, Rakhi Yadav, Aklank Jain, Vishwas Tripathi, Manju Jain, Sandhya Singh, Hridayesh Prakash","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1912037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1912037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunological memory is critical for host immunity and decisive for individual to respond exponentially to previously encountered infection. Both T and B cell memory are known to orchestrate immunological memory with their central and effector memory arms contributing in prolonged immunity/defence mechanisms of host. While central memory helps in maintaining prolonged immunity for a particular infection, effector memory helps in keeping local/seasonal infection in control. In addition to this, generation of long-lived plasma cells is pivotal for generating neutralizing antibodies which can enhance recall and B cell memory to control re-infection. In view of this, scaling up memory response is one of the major objectives for the expected outcome of vaccination. In this line, this review deals with the significance of memory cells, molecular pathways of their development, maintenance, epigenetic regulation and negative regulation in various infections. We have also highlighted the significance of both T and B cell memory responses in the vaccination approaches against range of infections which is not fully explored so far.[Box: see text].</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1912037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38893373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-05-07DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1922685
Ashok Aspatwar, Wenping Gong, Shuyong Wang, Xueqiong Wu, Seppo Parkkila
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated M. bovis vaccine that was developed about 100 years ago by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. Many countries have been using the vaccine for decades against tuberculosis (TB). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a single dose of BCG for infants in TB endemic as well as leprosy high risk countries, and globally almost 130 million infants are vaccinated yearly. The role of BCG is well known in reducing neonatal and childhood death rates. Epidemiological and retrospective cross-sectional studies demonstrated that the BCG vaccination protects the children against respiratory tract infections and lowers the risk of malaria in children. In addition, BCG enhances IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, thus providing immunity against respiratory tract infection even in elderly people. The BCG is also known to provide nonspecific innate immunity against viruses and parasites, through an innate immune mechanism termed 'trained immunity' and is defined as the immunological recall of the innate immune system by epigenetic reprogramming. Based on these studies it is suggested that the BCG has the potential to act as a protective agent against COVID-19. Further proven safety records of BCG in humans, its adjuvant activity and low-cost manufacturing make it an attractive option to stop the pandemic and reduce the COVID-19 related mortality. In this review we discuss the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Tuberculosis vaccine BCG: the magical effect of the old vaccine in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Ashok Aspatwar, Wenping Gong, Shuyong Wang, Xueqiong Wu, Seppo Parkkila","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2021.1922685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1922685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated <i>M. bovis</i> vaccine that was developed about 100 years ago by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. Many countries have been using the vaccine for decades against tuberculosis (TB). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a single dose of BCG for infants in TB endemic as well as leprosy high risk countries, and globally almost 130 million infants are vaccinated yearly. The role of BCG is well known in reducing neonatal and childhood death rates. Epidemiological and retrospective cross-sectional studies demonstrated that the BCG vaccination protects the children against respiratory tract infections and lowers the risk of malaria in children. In addition, BCG enhances IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, thus providing immunity against respiratory tract infection even in elderly people. The BCG is also known to provide nonspecific innate immunity against viruses and parasites, through an innate immune mechanism termed 'trained immunity' and is defined as the immunological recall of the innate immune system by epigenetic reprogramming. Based on these studies it is suggested that the BCG has the potential to act as a protective agent against COVID-19. Further proven safety records of BCG in humans, its adjuvant activity and low-cost manufacturing make it an attractive option to stop the pandemic and reduce the COVID-19 related mortality. In this review we discuss the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2021.1922685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38958953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}