In the late spring and early summer of 1964 it became obvious that greater facility in the computing system was required if time-sharing techniques were to move from the state of an interesting pilot experiment into that of a useful prototype for remote access computer systems. Investigation proved computers that were immediately available could not be adapted readily to meet the difficult set of requirements time-sharing places on any machine. However, there was one system that appeared to be extendible into what was desired. This machine was the General Electric 635. The 635 is a single address stored program computer with a word length of 36 bits. It possessed many of the characteristics that were deemed necessary for the application of a computer to time-sharing. The three most important characteristics are: 1. A clean and comprehensive order code, 2. a multiprocessor capability, and 3. nonsynchronous design.
{"title":"System design of a computer for time sharing applications","authors":"E. L. Glaser, J. Couleur, G. A. Oliver","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463913","url":null,"abstract":"In the late spring and early summer of 1964 it became obvious that greater facility in the computing system was required if time-sharing techniques were to move from the state of an interesting pilot experiment into that of a useful prototype for remote access computer systems. Investigation proved computers that were immediately available could not be adapted readily to meet the difficult set of requirements time-sharing places on any machine. However, there was one system that appeared to be extendible into what was desired. This machine was the General Electric 635. The 635 is a single address stored program computer with a word length of 36 bits. It possessed many of the characteristics that were deemed necessary for the application of a computer to time-sharing. The three most important characteristics are:\u0000 1. A clean and comprehensive order code,\u0000 2. a multiprocessor capability, and\u0000 3. nonsynchronous design.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117292019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The SCM COGITO-240 is an electronic desk calculator which makes use of one sonic (magneto-restrictive) delay line as its primary memory element. Some 480 bits of information are held in the delay line circulation pattern. These are represented in a Pulse-No Pulse code; the insertion of a pulse into, or its emergence from, the delay line at a particular moment indicates the value one for the corresponding information bit. The absence of that pulse represents the value zero. For a memory unit of this type it is convenient to recirculate information at a rate which is of the order of 106 bits per second. Thus a convenient value for the delay time of the line, and for the time of one complete recirculation of the stored information, is about one-half milli-second.
{"title":"Precession patterns in a delay line memory","authors":"S. Frankel, J. Hernandez","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463901","url":null,"abstract":"The SCM COGITO-240 is an electronic desk calculator which makes use of one sonic (magneto-restrictive) delay line as its primary memory element. Some 480 bits of information are held in the delay line circulation pattern. These are represented in a Pulse-No Pulse code; the insertion of a pulse into, or its emergence from, the delay line at a particular moment indicates the value one for the corresponding information bit. The absence of that pulse represents the value zero. For a memory unit of this type it is convenient to recirculate information at a rate which is of the order of 106 bits per second. Thus a convenient value for the delay time of the line, and for the time of one complete recirculation of the stored information, is about one-half milli-second.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126591231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the company-funded task which supported this work was to develop techniques for high-speed solutions to differential equations, particularly those which are common in aerospace problems. For example, the solution requirements for reentry guidance are very time-limited and must be processed at the highest priority level. To solve this type of problem, depending on the accuracy required, the number of iterations can get unreasonably large and require an inordinate amount of computer "power." Therefore, the solution time requirements led us to investigate means other than the general purpose computer to solve these time-critical differential equations. The nature of the problem and the aerospace requirements of long term drift stability and accuracy led us to choose the digital differential analyzer (DDA) as one of the candidates for investigation. This paper, then, is concerned with the new techniques in DDA design which were developed in order to meet the solution time objectives.
{"title":"Design of a high speed DDA","authors":"Mark W. Goldman","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463995","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the company-funded task which supported this work was to develop techniques for high-speed solutions to differential equations, particularly those which are common in aerospace problems. For example, the solution requirements for reentry guidance are very time-limited and must be processed at the highest priority level. To solve this type of problem, depending on the accuracy required, the number of iterations can get unreasonably large and require an inordinate amount of computer \"power.\" Therefore, the solution time requirements led us to investigate means other than the general purpose computer to solve these time-critical differential equations. The nature of the problem and the aerospace requirements of long term drift stability and accuracy led us to choose the digital differential analyzer (DDA) as one of the candidates for investigation. This paper, then, is concerned with the new techniques in DDA design which were developed in order to meet the solution time objectives.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126657670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present state-of-the-art computer circuits have signal transition time and propogation delays on the same order of magnitude as the interconnection delay between them. At these speeds it is mandatory that the transmission line properties of the interconnection media be considered. This permits the designer of high-speed digital equipment to include the effects of signal reflection on his system.
{"title":"Crosstalk and reflections in high-speed digital systems","authors":"A. Feller, H. Kaupp, J. Digiacomo","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463947","url":null,"abstract":"Present state-of-the-art computer circuits have signal transition time and propogation delays on the same order of magnitude as the interconnection delay between them. At these speeds it is mandatory that the transmission line properties of the interconnection media be considered. This permits the designer of high-speed digital equipment to include the effects of signal reflection on his system.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127257854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first installation of the No. 1 Electronic Switching System (No. 1 ESS), a stored-program electronic telephone switching system developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories, started commercial operation in Succasunna, New Jersey, on May 30, 1965. In the No. 1 ESS, call processing and maintenance functions are performend under the control of a program of some 100,000 words stored in a readonly type of memory. The 44-bit instructions are executed by a central processor operating on a basic cycle time of 5.5 microseconds. A read-write type of memory with 24-bit word locations is used for the storage of transient information such as the digits dialed by a subscriber.
{"title":"Training for the no. 1 ESS","authors":"M. Raspanti","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463999","url":null,"abstract":"The first installation of the No. 1 Electronic Switching System (No. 1 ESS), a stored-program electronic telephone switching system developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories, started commercial operation in Succasunna, New Jersey, on May 30, 1965. In the No. 1 ESS, call processing and maintenance functions are performend under the control of a program of some 100,000 words stored in a readonly type of memory. The 44-bit instructions are executed by a central processor operating on a basic cycle time of 5.5 microseconds. A read-write type of memory with 24-bit word locations is used for the storage of transient information such as the digits dialed by a subscriber.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121451771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every organism of higher order has to make decisions of varying importance regularly and frequently in order to survive and to survive efficiently. While the outcome of decision making has been studied extensively by a wide range of different disciplines, the decision making processes themselves have been neglected in comparison. Emphasis has been placed on the normative aspects of human behavior, i.e., how a rational person or a group of rational persons ought to behave, as distinct from descriptive theories which are to explain and predict actual human behavior. An overwhelming majority of techniques and methods of attack in operations research, management science, industrial mathematics, etc. could be given the label: Normative Decision Theory. The students of mathematical psychology, on the other hand, beginning probably with Lady Lovelace, Bernoulli and Laplace, have been concerned with the behavioral aspects of decision making, i.e., what is being done in certain situations, and why.
{"title":"Human decision making under uncertainty and risk: computer-based experiments and a heuristic simulation program","authors":"N. Findler","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463973","url":null,"abstract":"Every organism of higher order has to make decisions of varying importance regularly and frequently in order to survive and to survive efficiently. While the outcome of decision making has been studied extensively by a wide range of different disciplines, the decision making processes themselves have been neglected in comparison. Emphasis has been placed on the normative aspects of human behavior, i.e., how a rational person or a group of rational persons ought to behave, as distinct from descriptive theories which are to explain and predict actual human behavior. An overwhelming majority of techniques and methods of attack in operations research, management science, industrial mathematics, etc. could be given the label: Normative Decision Theory. The students of mathematical psychology, on the other hand, beginning probably with Lady Lovelace, Bernoulli and Laplace, have been concerned with the behavioral aspects of decision making, i.e., what is being done in certain situations, and why.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114072698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The files of data used in linguistic research differ from those found in other research applications in at least three important ways: (1) they are larger, (2) they have more structure, and (3) they have more different kinds of information. These are, of course, all simplifications but not gross ones. It is true that the files that must be maintained by a large insurance company or by the patent office are so large as to pose very special problems, but the uses to which the files are to be put are fairly well understood and their format and organization is not usually subject to drastic and unexpected change. It is also true that the data from a bubble chamber is interesting only if collected in vast quantities, but this is not the only respect in which a bubble chamber is a special kind of tool. A typical linguistic job will bring together a number of files, each very large by the standards of everyday computing: a body of text, a dictionary and a grammar for example. The grammar, if it is anything but a very simple one, will contain a large number of elementary items of information of different kinds, each related to others in a number of different ways. This is what it means to say that the file has a lot of structure. The dictionary may also contain grammatical codes which may consist of characters from one of the languages represented in the dictionary or may be something altogether different. If the dictionary contains alternatives to which probabilities are assigned, then these will presumably be in the form of floating-point numbers. This is what it is like for a file to contain different kinds of information.
{"title":"The catalog: a flexible data structure for magnetic tape","authors":"M. Kay, Theodore W. Ziehe","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463925","url":null,"abstract":"The files of data used in linguistic research differ from those found in other research applications in at least three important ways: (1) they are larger, (2) they have more structure, and (3) they have more different kinds of information. These are, of course, all simplifications but not gross ones. It is true that the files that must be maintained by a large insurance company or by the patent office are so large as to pose very special problems, but the uses to which the files are to be put are fairly well understood and their format and organization is not usually subject to drastic and unexpected change. It is also true that the data from a bubble chamber is interesting only if collected in vast quantities, but this is not the only respect in which a bubble chamber is a special kind of tool. A typical linguistic job will bring together a number of files, each very large by the standards of everyday computing: a body of text, a dictionary and a grammar for example. The grammar, if it is anything but a very simple one, will contain a large number of elementary items of information of different kinds, each related to others in a number of different ways. This is what it means to say that the file has a lot of structure. The dictionary may also contain grammatical codes which may consist of characters from one of the languages represented in the dictionary or may be something altogether different. If the dictionary contains alternatives to which probabilities are assigned, then these will presumably be in the form of floating-point numbers. This is what it is like for a file to contain different kinds of information.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132485349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After a long period of study and experimentation with various forms of user/terminal/system interaction, IBM is developing a general purpose timesharing system. This is the recently announced System/360 Model 67 and the associated programming support package.
经过对各种形式的用户/终端/系统交互的长期研究和实验，IBM正在开发一种通用的分时系统。这是最近宣布的System/360 Model 67和相关的编程支持包。
{"title":"A computing system design for user service","authors":"W. T. Comfort","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463958","url":null,"abstract":"After a long period of study and experimentation with various forms of user/terminal/system interaction, IBM is developing a general purpose timesharing system. This is the recently announced System/360 Model 67 and the associated programming support package.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131950988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years there has been considerable interest in providing rapid communications between a man and a computer. A most useful communication system in this regard is a cathode ray tube (CRT) computer display and a hand-held "light pen" to report to the computer whenever a lighted spot on the CRT display falls within its small field of view. The pen may be used to identify or select a particular displayed item which the man wishes to call to the attention of the computer. Also, a feedback loop may be programmed to keep a displayed pattern of spots centered in the pen's field of view. With such a loop the displayed pattern follows the moving pen, and the system becomes a very versatile graphical input device. This process is known as "pen tracking."
{"title":"The beam pen: a novel high-speed, input/output device for cathode-ray-tube display systems","authors":"D. R. Haring","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463984","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there has been considerable interest in providing rapid communications between a man and a computer. A most useful communication system in this regard is a cathode ray tube (CRT) computer display and a hand-held \"light pen\" to report to the computer whenever a lighted spot on the CRT display falls within its small field of view. The pen may be used to identify or select a particular displayed item which the man wishes to call to the attention of the computer. Also, a feedback loop may be programmed to keep a displayed pattern of spots centered in the pen's field of view. With such a loop the displayed pattern follows the moving pen, and the system becomes a very versatile graphical input device. This process is known as \"pen tracking.\"","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133921604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
No approach is more widely heralded, yet more effectively ignored in actual practice, than the multidiscipline technique in systems design.
没有一种方法比系统设计中的多学科技术更被广泛宣传，但在实际实践中却更容易被忽视。
{"title":"The multidiscipline approach: a marketing application","authors":"Burton G. Mendelson, R. Monaghan","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463906","url":null,"abstract":"No approach is more widely heralded, yet more effectively ignored in actual practice, than the multidiscipline technique in systems design.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127358024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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