Simplification is a central and basic operation in the manipulation of mathematical expressions. Indeed, much of the tedious algebra that plagues scientists and engineers involves the time-consuming application of simplifying transformations to unwieldly mathematical expressions. It seems obvious, conceptually, that some simplifying transformations can be applied "automatically" to arbitrary expressions. However, there are transformations that require special handling; they simplify some expressions and complicate others.
{"title":"Automatic simplification in FORMAC","authors":"R. Tobey, R. Bobrow, S. Zilles","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463895","url":null,"abstract":"Simplification is a central and basic operation in the manipulation of mathematical expressions. Indeed, much of the tedious algebra that plagues scientists and engineers involves the time-consuming application of simplifying transformations to unwieldly mathematical expressions. It seems obvious, conceptually, that some simplifying transformations can be applied \"automatically\" to arbitrary expressions. However, there are transformations that require special handling; they simplify some expressions and complicate others.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123365382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The B8500 Modular Data Processing system is the latest design in the rapidly growing family of Burroughs Modular Computers. As in previous modular systems, the Burroughs Corporation has found it expedient and efficient to utilize scratchpad memories to enhance the performance of the computer and other modules. This paper will describe in detail the application of multifunctional scratchpad memories in the computer module of the B8500 system.
{"title":"Impact of scratchpads in design: multifunctional scratchpad memories in the Burroughs B8500","authors":"S. E. Gluck","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463963","url":null,"abstract":"The B8500 Modular Data Processing system is the latest design in the rapidly growing family of Burroughs Modular Computers. As in previous modular systems, the Burroughs Corporation has found it expedient and efficient to utilize scratchpad memories to enhance the performance of the computer and other modules. This paper will describe in detail the application of multifunctional scratchpad memories in the computer module of the B8500 system.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129641937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The corrugated container industry currently comprises approximately 850 plants, centered mostly in larger industrial areas. The average container plant employs 88 people and has an annual sales revenue of two million dollars. In a working day, the plant will produce upwards of 100,000 containers to meet the shipping requirements of neighboring industry.
{"title":"Corrugator plant operating system","authors":"W. J. Koch","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463987","url":null,"abstract":"The corrugated container industry currently comprises approximately 850 plants, centered mostly in larger industrial areas. The average container plant employs 88 people and has an annual sales revenue of two million dollars. In a working day, the plant will produce upwards of 100,000 containers to meet the shipping requirements of neighboring industry.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127534054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The central processors of conventional computers may be roughly divided into two sections, an arithmetic section, which performs operations analogous to arithmetic upon representations of numbers, and a control section, which produces essentially a sequential group of gating pulses to accomplish the desired manipulation in the arithmetic section.
{"title":"Picoprogramming: a new approach to internal computer control","authors":"B. Briley","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463900","url":null,"abstract":"The central processors of conventional computers may be roughly divided into two sections, an arithmetic section, which performs operations analogous to arithmetic upon representations of numbers, and a control section, which produces essentially a sequential group of gating pulses to accomplish the desired manipulation in the arithmetic section.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127941728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advances that have been made recently in monolithic chip semiconductor logic circuits have significantly contributed toward the development of high-speed, low-power computers. These advances also emphasize the need for marked improvements in storage techniques if the operating speeds, the weight, and the electrical power of future computers, especially airborne or spaceborne computers, are not to be adversely affected by the computer memory.
{"title":"A silicon monolithic memory utilizing a new storage element","authors":"R. Shively","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463961","url":null,"abstract":"The advances that have been made recently in monolithic chip semiconductor logic circuits have significantly contributed toward the development of high-speed, low-power computers. These advances also emphasize the need for marked improvements in storage techniques if the operating speeds, the weight, and the electrical power of future computers, especially airborne or spaceborne computers, are not to be adversely affected by the computer memory.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117047978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of active circuit data storage (flip-flop) is as old as electronic data processing systems. The attributes of highest access speed, steady state nondestructive readout and flexibility of application have been partially offset by higher costs and higher standby power per storage bit. As a result, flip-flop storage has until recently been really only feasible for registers.
{"title":"An integrated semiconductor memory system","authors":"H. A. Perkins, J. Schmidt","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1464007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1464007","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of active circuit data storage (flip-flop) is as old as electronic data processing systems. The attributes of highest access speed, steady state nondestructive readout and flexibility of application have been partially offset by higher costs and higher standby power per storage bit. As a result, flip-flop storage has until recently been really only feasible for registers.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127461918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glenn E. Roudabush, Charles R. T. Bacon, R. Briggs, James A. Fierst, Dale W. Isner, Hiroshi A. Noguni
To paint a broad though much simplified picture, let us suppose at the outset that scholarship begins with the collection of facts. These facts are of two distinct kinds. The first are observations and they consist, for example, of the results of controlled experiments or observations for field work in the case of science or, perhaps, they are derived from the study of historical documents in the case of history, and so on. The second kind of facts are the reported observations, descriptions of phenomena or events, or the theories provided by contemporary scholars. In aggregate, let us refer to the first kind of facts as "data" and the second as "information." From the confluence of these two kinds of facts in the mind of the scholar, new descriptions and theories are born. When he makes these public, then new information is generated.
{"title":"The left hand of scholarship: computer experiments with recorded text as a communication media","authors":"Glenn E. Roudabush, Charles R. T. Bacon, R. Briggs, James A. Fierst, Dale W. Isner, Hiroshi A. Noguni","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463936","url":null,"abstract":"To paint a broad though much simplified picture, let us suppose at the outset that scholarship begins with the collection of facts. These facts are of two distinct kinds. The first are observations and they consist, for example, of the results of controlled experiments or observations for field work in the case of science or, perhaps, they are derived from the study of historical documents in the case of history, and so on. The second kind of facts are the reported observations, descriptions of phenomena or events, or the theories provided by contemporary scholars. In aggregate, let us refer to the first kind of facts as \"data\" and the second as \"information.\" From the confluence of these two kinds of facts in the mind of the scholar, new descriptions and theories are born. When he makes these public, then new information is generated.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120879486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In digital differential analyzers and digital computers, simulation is carried out by some form of numerical integration or of replacing a difference differential equation by a difference equation. This paper is concerned with the development of optimum numerical integration and digital simulation techniques and a discussion of the accuracy of these methods when compared with ideal integration.
{"title":"Optimum design and error analysis of digital integrators for discrete system simulation","authors":"A. Sage, R. Burt","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463993","url":null,"abstract":"In digital differential analyzers and digital computers, simulation is carried out by some form of numerical integration or of replacing a difference differential equation by a difference equation. This paper is concerned with the development of optimum numerical integration and digital simulation techniques and a discussion of the accuracy of these methods when compared with ideal integration.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132659754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every organism of higher order has to make decisions of varying importance regularly and frequently in order to survive and to survive efficiently. While the outcome of decision making has been studied extensively by a wide range of different disciplines, the decision making processes themselves have been neglected in comparison. Emphasis has been placed on the normative aspects of human behavior, i.e., how a rational person or a group of rational persons ought to behave, as distinct from descriptive theories which are to explain and predict actual human behavior. An overwhelming majority of techniques and methods of attack in operations research, management science, industrial mathematics, etc. could be given the label: Normative Decision Theory. The students of mathematical psychology, on the other hand, beginning probably with Lady Lovelace, Bernoulli and Laplace, have been concerned with the behavioral aspects of decision making, i.e., what is being done in certain situations, and why.
{"title":"Human decision making under uncertainty and risk: computer-based experiments and a heuristic simulation program","authors":"N. Findler","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463973","url":null,"abstract":"Every organism of higher order has to make decisions of varying importance regularly and frequently in order to survive and to survive efficiently. While the outcome of decision making has been studied extensively by a wide range of different disciplines, the decision making processes themselves have been neglected in comparison. Emphasis has been placed on the normative aspects of human behavior, i.e., how a rational person or a group of rational persons ought to behave, as distinct from descriptive theories which are to explain and predict actual human behavior. An overwhelming majority of techniques and methods of attack in operations research, management science, industrial mathematics, etc. could be given the label: Normative Decision Theory. The students of mathematical psychology, on the other hand, beginning probably with Lady Lovelace, Bernoulli and Laplace, have been concerned with the behavioral aspects of decision making, i.e., what is being done in certain situations, and why.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114072698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first installation of the No. 1 Electronic Switching System (No. 1 ESS), a stored-program electronic telephone switching system developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories, started commercial operation in Succasunna, New Jersey, on May 30, 1965. In the No. 1 ESS, call processing and maintenance functions are performend under the control of a program of some 100,000 words stored in a readonly type of memory. The 44-bit instructions are executed by a central processor operating on a basic cycle time of 5.5 microseconds. A read-write type of memory with 24-bit word locations is used for the storage of transient information such as the digits dialed by a subscriber.
{"title":"Training for the no. 1 ESS","authors":"M. Raspanti","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463999","url":null,"abstract":"The first installation of the No. 1 Electronic Switching System (No. 1 ESS), a stored-program electronic telephone switching system developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories, started commercial operation in Succasunna, New Jersey, on May 30, 1965. In the No. 1 ESS, call processing and maintenance functions are performend under the control of a program of some 100,000 words stored in a readonly type of memory. The 44-bit instructions are executed by a central processor operating on a basic cycle time of 5.5 microseconds. A read-write type of memory with 24-bit word locations is used for the storage of transient information such as the digits dialed by a subscriber.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121451771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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