The implementation of high-speed pipeline systems as described in this paper arose as a direct consequence of a large scale Department of Defense developmental effort initiated in 1962. The objective of the effort was to develop and make available a complete capability for producing individual special-purpose systems on a fast reaction basis. From 1962 to the present time attention was focused on all aspects of circuit and packaging technology, automated or computerized design aids, feasibility vehicling, systems design studies, and advanced memory development. As a result of strong industry impetus in these directions it now appears that 1 to 2 nanosecond hybrid integrated or full integrated logic circuits, practical fabrication of transmission line interconnections, packaging densities of 5000 logic gates per cubic foot in the machine environment, 100 to 150 nanosecond cycle time DRO thin film main memories, and 23 to 40 nanosecond integrated scratchpad memories will be made available for systems being constructed over the next one to three year period.
{"title":"Circuit implementation of high-speed pipeline systems","authors":"L. Cotten","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463945","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of high-speed pipeline systems as described in this paper arose as a direct consequence of a large scale Department of Defense developmental effort initiated in 1962. The objective of the effort was to develop and make available a complete capability for producing individual special-purpose systems on a fast reaction basis. From 1962 to the present time attention was focused on all aspects of circuit and packaging technology, automated or computerized design aids, feasibility vehicling, systems design studies, and advanced memory development. As a result of strong industry impetus in these directions it now appears that 1 to 2 nanosecond hybrid integrated or full integrated logic circuits, practical fabrication of transmission line interconnections, packaging densities of 5000 logic gates per cubic foot in the machine environment, 100 to 150 nanosecond cycle time DRO thin film main memories, and 23 to 40 nanosecond integrated scratchpad memories will be made available for systems being constructed over the next one to three year period.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115943342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of a library of statistical computer programs based on a single statistics text can significantly reshape current teaching of statistical methods and can increase the use of statistical methods in research---especially if the library is quite easy to use. Such a library has changed the way we teach and use statistics at our university.
{"title":"The computer: tutor and research assistant","authors":"Robert J. Meyer","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463998","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a library of statistical computer programs based on a single statistics text can significantly reshape current teaching of statistical methods and can increase the use of statistical methods in research---especially if the library is quite easy to use. Such a library has changed the way we teach and use statistics at our university.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116372256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is a comprehensive, general-purpose programming system which is being developed as a research project. The initial Multics system will be implemented on the GE 645 computer. One of the overall design goals is to create a computing system which is capable of meeting almost all of the present and near-future requirements of a large computer utility. Such systems must run continuously and reliably 7 days a week, 24 hours a day in a way similar to telephone or power systems, and must be capable of meeting wide service demands: from multiple man-machine interaction to the sequential processing of absentee-user jobs; from the use of the system with dedicated languages and subsystems to the programming of the system itself; and from centralized bulk card, tape, and printer facilities to remotely located terminals. Such information processing and communication systems are believed to be essential for the future growth of computer use in business, in industry, in government and in scientific laboratories as well as stimulating applications which would be otherwise undone.
多路信息和计算服务(Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)是一个综合性的、通用的编程系统，目前正在作为一个研究项目进行开发。最初的multitics系统将在GE 645计算机上实现。总体设计目标之一是创建一个能够满足大型计算机实用程序几乎所有当前和近期需求的计算系统。这样的系统必须像电话或电力系统一样，每周7天，每天24小时连续可靠地运行，并且必须能够满足广泛的服务需求:从多种人机交互到对缺席用户工作的顺序处理;从系统专用语言和子系统的使用到系统本身的编程;从集中的卡片、磁带和打印机设备到远程终端。这种信息处理和通信系统被认为是计算机在商业、工业、政府和科学实验室中使用的未来增长所必需的，并刺激了否则将被取消的应用。
{"title":"Introduction and overview of the multics system","authors":"F. J. Corbató, V. A. Vyssotsky","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463912","url":null,"abstract":"Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is a comprehensive, general-purpose programming system which is being developed as a research project. The initial Multics system will be implemented on the GE 645 computer. One of the overall design goals is to create a computing system which is capable of meeting almost all of the present and near-future requirements of a large computer utility. Such systems must run continuously and reliably 7 days a week, 24 hours a day in a way similar to telephone or power systems, and must be capable of meeting wide service demands: from multiple man-machine interaction to the sequential processing of absentee-user jobs; from the use of the system with dedicated languages and subsystems to the programming of the system itself; and from centralized bulk card, tape, and printer facilities to remotely located terminals. Such information processing and communication systems are believed to be essential for the future growth of computer use in business, in industry, in government and in scientific laboratories as well as stimulating applications which would be otherwise undone.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131333120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The data processing application to be described here might be regarded as a somewhat elementary one by those familiar with computer technology, i.e., most of those present. However, it is presented as an example of an application of data processing technology to a field in which most of the data gatherers are unfamiliar with the heights to which the computing art has been raised in its short lifetime.
{"title":"Analog-digital data processing of respiratory parameters","authors":"T. W. Murphy","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463920","url":null,"abstract":"The data processing application to be described here might be regarded as a somewhat elementary one by those familiar with computer technology, i.e., most of those present. However, it is presented as an example of an application of data processing technology to a field in which most of the data gatherers are unfamiliar with the heights to which the computing art has been raised in its short lifetime.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131366001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The computer has been so widely accepted as a tool of management that there is no longer any debate about its ability to serve the needs of management. But, unfortunately, the introduction of a computer does not in itself guarantee increased effectiveness, efficiencies or profits for the firm. Rather, the computer must be viewed as still another management resource from which certain benefits can be extracted but these advantages do not automatically result from installation of the device. Even in view of this fact, the number of computers being used in business continues to increase at a rapid rate, how rapid being dependent upon which set of projections one chooses to believe. Today, the question is not should a computer be used, but rather how management can best use the computer to serve its needs.
{"title":"Organizational philosophy and the computer center","authors":"M. Gotterer, A. Stalnaker","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463907","url":null,"abstract":"The computer has been so widely accepted as a tool of management that there is no longer any debate about its ability to serve the needs of management. But, unfortunately, the introduction of a computer does not in itself guarantee increased effectiveness, efficiencies or profits for the firm. Rather, the computer must be viewed as still another management resource from which certain benefits can be extracted but these advantages do not automatically result from installation of the device. Even in view of this fact, the number of computers being used in business continues to increase at a rapid rate, how rapid being dependent upon which set of projections one chooses to believe. Today, the question is not should a computer be used, but rather how management can best use the computer to serve its needs.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130367327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The trend towards larger, more elaborate, and more complex computer systems is gradually modifying many programming and engineering techniques. The sheer bulk of equipment required by contemporary computer centers, in itself, creates new and severe problems in many areas. In particular, the maintenance of big systems has been complicated by three important characteristics: redundancy, complexity, and expense.
{"title":"Strobes: shared-time repair of big electronic systems","authors":"Jesse T. Quatse","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1464009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1464009","url":null,"abstract":"The trend towards larger, more elaborate, and more complex computer systems is gradually modifying many programming and engineering techniques. The sheer bulk of equipment required by contemporary computer centers, in itself, creates new and severe problems in many areas. In particular, the maintenance of big systems has been complicated by three important characteristics: redundancy, complexity, and expense.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132715159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graphical information exchange using direct-view display consoles is a rapidly growing means of communicating between a human and a computer. One reason for this growth is that results presented to a human in graphical form are concise and readily understandable. Another reason is that through alternate viewing of graphical output displays and entering of new inputs, either graphically or by other means, based on these output displays, a user can monitor and guide a computer during the course of a complex problem solution. Such interaction generally produces more rapid and often better problem solutions. In many cases, interaction allows a problem to be solved which would not even be attempted using other techniques.
{"title":"Graphic 1: a remote graphical display console system","authors":"W. Ninke","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463983","url":null,"abstract":"Graphical information exchange using direct-view display consoles is a rapidly growing means of communicating between a human and a computer. One reason for this growth is that results presented to a human in graphical form are concise and readily understandable. Another reason is that through alternate viewing of graphical output displays and entering of new inputs, either graphically or by other means, based on these output displays, a user can monitor and guide a computer during the course of a complex problem solution. Such interaction generally produces more rapid and often better problem solutions. In many cases, interaction allows a problem to be solved which would not even be attempted using other techniques.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114676187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many areas of the experimental sciences, increasing use is being made of general-purpose computers to control experimental apparatus and to record data from experiments. In most such applications the problem exists of connecting the apparatus to the computer so that data and control information may flow between the two. The problem is usually solved by placing a controller between the computer and the external equipment (Fig. 1). In this position the controller serves two functions: (a) It provides a suitable electrical and logical interface between the computer and the external equipment; and (b) It provides detailed control of the external equipment, thus leaving the computer free for other work.
{"title":"Microprogram control for the experimental sciences","authors":"W. C. McGee, H. E. Petersen","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463899","url":null,"abstract":"In many areas of the experimental sciences, increasing use is being made of general-purpose computers to control experimental apparatus and to record data from experiments. In most such applications the problem exists of connecting the apparatus to the computer so that data and control information may flow between the two. The problem is usually solved by placing a controller between the computer and the external equipment (Fig. 1). In this position the controller serves two functions:\u0000 (a) It provides a suitable electrical and logical interface between the computer and the external equipment; and\u0000 (b) It provides detailed control of the external equipment, thus leaving the computer free for other work.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133751003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The test operations and data analysis engineers have taken giant steps in utilizing computers and data processing methodology in the various scientific fields. This is especially true in electronic weapons systems and space vehicle and related systems being developed and proposed. Procedures, command sequences, and data collection and reduction have reached high density and are being treated via EDP. However, to what extent have related disciplines such as quality engineering utilized this same approach? How have they integrated or been integrated into this complex? What steps appear to be in the offing to insure that the attention of the electronic data processing community is focused upon this problem and can present a case suitable to secure management backing where capital expenditures, personnel, and space are considerations? More questions may be raised than answers given. However if some actions are stimulated the basic objective will be fulfilled.
{"title":"Quality evaluation of test operations via electronic data processing","authors":"A. A. Daush","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463989","url":null,"abstract":"The test operations and data analysis engineers have taken giant steps in utilizing computers and data processing methodology in the various scientific fields. This is especially true in electronic weapons systems and space vehicle and related systems being developed and proposed. Procedures, command sequences, and data collection and reduction have reached high density and are being treated via EDP. However, to what extent have related disciplines such as quality engineering utilized this same approach? How have they integrated or been integrated into this complex? What steps appear to be in the offing to insure that the attention of the electronic data processing community is focused upon this problem and can present a case suitable to secure management backing where capital expenditures, personnel, and space are considerations? More questions may be raised than answers given. However if some actions are stimulated the basic objective will be fulfilled.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116131933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Athena is a four-stage missile launched from Green River, Utah toward White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, covering a ground range of 450 miles. It is designed to deliver a payload into White Sands with prescribed atmospheric reentry velocities and angles, so that re-entry phenomena may be studied, and radar performance against re-entry bodies may be evaluated.
{"title":"Real-time programming and Athena support at White Sands Missile Range","authors":"W. Davidson","doi":"10.1145/1463891.1463988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1463891.1463988","url":null,"abstract":"The Athena is a four-stage missile launched from Green River, Utah toward White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, covering a ground range of 450 miles. It is designed to deliver a payload into White Sands with prescribed atmospheric reentry velocities and angles, so that re-entry phenomena may be studied, and radar performance against re-entry bodies may be evaluated.","PeriodicalId":143723,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125093440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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