Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.4
R. Tiwari, A. Lahiri, G. Tiwari, R. Vadivelan
The present study assessed the topical potential of nanofibers loaded with Mupirocin (MUP) for the treatment of burns. Nanofibers of MUP were composed of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), Gelatin Type-A, and Ethanol using two methods: Solvent casting and Electrospinning. Nanofibers were characterized for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Drug Content Studies, in-vitro drug permeation, antibacterial and stability studies. The FT-IR studies showed that the Electrospinning technique had a very good mixing of MUP with the polymer. SEM studies showed that the morphology of electrospinning nanofibers had diameters in the range of 70.41 nm- 406.83 nm. The thermal decomposition studies of optimized Nanofiber (E.S.1) were performed by DSC and TGA study and it was found that the formulation had high stability in high-temperature environments. Permeation studies showed that E.S.1 had the highest percentage amount and controlled release of the drug (90 %) up to 8 has compared to other formulations. Nanofibers prepared through the Electrospinning technique showed better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus as compared to the Solvent casting nanofibers. This research suggested that MUP loaded nanofibers can be potentially used as a topical drug delivery system for the treatment of burns.
{"title":"Design and Development of Mupirocin Nanofibers as Medicated Textiles for Treatment of Wound Infection in Secondary Burns","authors":"R. Tiwari, A. Lahiri, G. Tiwari, R. Vadivelan","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.4","url":null,"abstract":"The present study assessed the topical potential of nanofibers loaded with Mupirocin (MUP) for the treatment of burns. Nanofibers of MUP were composed of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), Gelatin Type-A, and Ethanol using two methods: Solvent casting and Electrospinning. Nanofibers were characterized for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Drug Content Studies, in-vitro drug permeation, antibacterial and stability studies. The FT-IR studies showed that the Electrospinning technique had a very good mixing of MUP with the polymer. SEM studies showed that the morphology of electrospinning nanofibers had diameters in the range of 70.41 nm- 406.83 nm. The thermal decomposition studies of optimized Nanofiber (E.S.1) were performed by DSC and TGA study and it was found that the formulation had high stability in high-temperature environments. Permeation studies showed that E.S.1 had the highest percentage amount and controlled release of the drug (90 %) up to 8 has compared to other formulations. Nanofibers prepared through the Electrospinning technique showed better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus as compared to the Solvent casting nanofibers. This research suggested that MUP loaded nanofibers can be potentially used as a topical drug delivery system for the treatment of burns.","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80259829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.6
R. Rupakula, Suman Gundlapalli
The main objective of this study is to develop and validate a novel, fast, and more sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous estimation of 4-Nitrobenzotrifluoride (4-NBTF), 4-Amino-benzotrifluoride (4-ABTF), and Benzotrichloride (BTC) impurities in Cinacalcet hydrochloride (CH). The chromate-graphic separations were performed on a DB-624, 30m × 0.32mm × 1.8µm column with injector temperature of 150°C, and mode of injection is split with asplit ratio 1: 20. The carrier gas used was helium with a flowrate 1.5 mL/min, and theinjection load was 1.0 µL. Mass spectrometry quantitation was achieved by aquadrupole analyser with EI (Electron Ionization) ion source atasource temperature of 250ºC and interface temperature of 250ºC. The retention times for 4-NBTF, 4-ABTF, and BTC were at 6.13, 6.74and 7.64min, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration ranging from LOQ level to 150 % level with the correlation coefficient (r) of > 0.99. The percentage recovery was found to be within the specified range, i.e., 70.0 to 130.0 for the three impurities. The limit of detection (LOD) was established to 0.19, 0.19, and 0.18 ppm, whereas thelimit of quantification (LOQ) was obtained to 1.14, 1.12, and 1.11 ppm for 4-NBTF, 4-ABTF, and BTC, respectively. The test solutions with impurities were found to be stable in the diluent for 24 hours. A simple GC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of three impurities in CH. The method was accurate, precise, linear, specific, sensitive, robust, and rugged as per ICH guidelines. The method has been applied to the real-time batch analysis and found to be suitable for routine quality control analysis of CH.
{"title":"Simultaneous Estimation of Genotoxic Impurities 4-Nitrobenzene Trifluoride, 4-Aminobenzene Trifluoride, and Benzo Trichloride in Cinacalcet Hydrochloride by GC-MS/MS Method","authors":"R. Rupakula, Suman Gundlapalli","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.6","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to develop and validate a novel, fast, and more sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous estimation of 4-Nitrobenzotrifluoride (4-NBTF), 4-Amino-benzotrifluoride (4-ABTF), and Benzotrichloride (BTC) impurities in Cinacalcet hydrochloride (CH). The chromate-graphic separations were performed on a DB-624, 30m × 0.32mm × 1.8µm column with injector temperature of 150°C, and mode of injection is split with asplit ratio 1: 20. The carrier gas used was helium with a flowrate 1.5 mL/min, and theinjection load was 1.0 µL. Mass spectrometry quantitation was achieved by aquadrupole analyser with EI (Electron Ionization) ion source atasource temperature of 250ºC and interface temperature of 250ºC. The retention times for 4-NBTF, 4-ABTF, and BTC were at 6.13, 6.74and 7.64min, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration ranging from LOQ level to 150 % level with the correlation coefficient (r) of > 0.99. The percentage recovery was found to be within the specified range, i.e., 70.0 to 130.0 for the three impurities. The limit of detection (LOD) was established to 0.19, 0.19, and 0.18 ppm, whereas thelimit of quantification (LOQ) was obtained to 1.14, 1.12, and 1.11 ppm for 4-NBTF, 4-ABTF, and BTC, respectively. The test solutions with impurities were found to be stable in the diluent for 24 hours. A simple GC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of three impurities in CH. The method was accurate, precise, linear, specific, sensitive, robust, and rugged as per ICH guidelines. The method has been applied to the real-time batch analysis and found to be suitable for routine quality control analysis of CH. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81560201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.2
Anil Kumar Chilka, V. Naik
The aim of this review is to present the structure of niosome, benefits and drawbacks, fundamentals of niosome preparation and characterization as well as a description of their applications in drug delivery. This review will provide an overview on the increasing interest on niosomes in the field of drug delivery. Drug delivery systems are defined as formulations aiming for transportation of a drug to the desired area of action within the body. The basic component of drug delivery systems is an appropriate carrier that protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and thereby enhances drug concentration in target tissues. Drug targeting is a kind of phenomenon in which drug gets distributed in the body in such a manner that the drug interacts with the target tissue at a cellular or subcellular level to achieve a desired therapeutic response at a desire site without undesirable interactions at other sites. This can be achieved by modern methods of targeting the drug delivery system such as niosomes. Niosomes are the type of non-ionic surfactant vesicles, which are biodegradable, non-toxic, more stable and inexpensive, a new approach to liposomes. Their structure similar to liposome and hence they can represent alternative vesicular systems with respect to liposomes. The niosomes have the tendency to load different type of drugs.
{"title":"A Review of Niosomes as Novel Drug Delivery Systems","authors":"Anil Kumar Chilka, V. Naik","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this review is to present the structure of niosome, benefits and drawbacks, fundamentals of niosome preparation and characterization as well as a description of their applications in drug delivery. This review will provide an overview on the increasing interest on niosomes in the field of drug delivery. Drug delivery systems are defined as formulations aiming for transportation of a drug to the desired area of action within the body. The basic component of drug delivery systems is an appropriate carrier that protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and thereby enhances drug concentration in target tissues. Drug targeting is a kind of phenomenon in which drug gets distributed in the body in such a manner that the drug interacts with the target tissue at a cellular or subcellular level to achieve a desired therapeutic response at a desire site without undesirable interactions at other sites. This can be achieved by modern methods of targeting the drug delivery system such as niosomes. Niosomes are the type of non-ionic surfactant vesicles, which are biodegradable, non-toxic, more stable and inexpensive, a new approach to liposomes. Their structure similar to liposome and hence they can represent alternative vesicular systems with respect to liposomes. The niosomes have the tendency to load different type of drugs.","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89435736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.6
M. Govindappa, Channabasava, Ritu Pawar, Chandrasekhar Srinivasa, C. Shivamallu, Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
The present investigation was aimed to know the coumarins in the methanol extract of endophytic fungi, Penicillium species BCt isolated from Calophyllum tomentosum bark tissues using qualitative and GC-MS analysis. The endophytic extract was evaluated for anti-HIV activity on three replicating enzymes in vitro and in silico. The methanol extract of Penicillium species confirmed the presence of coumarins in four qualitative methods and yielded four different types of coumarins in GC-MS. In GC-MS analysis, totally seven different phytochemicals were identified based on retention time and compared with available library data. The four coumarins are coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), coumaric acid (3-benzofuran-carboxylic acid), hynecromone (coumarin 4), 4-hydroxy-9-(3-methyl-2-butyl) furo (3,2-g) chloronen-7-one) and other three are common phytochemicals. The HIV-1 RT (98) was strongly inhibited by the endophytic fungal extract compared to integrase (118) and protease (158) in vitro analysis. Highest inhibition of integrase was observed with coumarilic acid (-17.62) when attached to Glu-35, Asn-38, Ser-39 amino acids. The protease was inhibited strongly by hymecromone (-16.39) when attached to amino acids of Val-77, Glu-34, Pro-79, Gly-78. The inhibition of RT was observed with coumarilic acid by attaching to Ala-445, Arg-567, Asp-456, Glu-478, Ser-499, Asn-474 (-23.54) significantly. Based on above results, the endophytic fungal coumarins have the ability to inhibit the three replicating enzymes of HIV-1 significantly. The in-silico results are evidence for how coumarins inhibiting the HIV replicating proteins by binding at specific amino acids. The results will help to understand how and where phytochemicals bind to target proteins to inhibit their action and it may help to identification of drugs to treat HIV. To validate our results, the in vivo research is needed.
{"title":"Endophytic Fungi Penicillium species BCt Phytochemicals Inhibit Replication of Enzymes of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus 1 in in vitro and in silico Studies","authors":"M. Govindappa, Channabasava, Ritu Pawar, Chandrasekhar Srinivasa, C. Shivamallu, Manoj-Kumar Arthikala","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.6","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The present investigation was aimed to know the coumarins in the methanol extract of endophytic fungi, Penicillium species BCt isolated from Calophyllum tomentosum bark tissues using qualitative and GC-MS analysis. The endophytic extract was evaluated for anti-HIV activity on three replicating enzymes in vitro and in silico. The methanol extract of Penicillium species confirmed the presence of coumarins in four qualitative methods and yielded four different types of coumarins in GC-MS. In GC-MS analysis, totally seven different phytochemicals were identified based on retention time and compared with available library data. The four coumarins are coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one), coumaric acid (3-benzofuran-carboxylic acid), hynecromone (coumarin 4), 4-hydroxy-9-(3-methyl-2-butyl) furo (3,2-g) chloronen-7-one) and other three are common phytochemicals. The HIV-1 RT (98) was strongly inhibited by the endophytic fungal extract compared to integrase (118) and protease (158) in vitro analysis. Highest inhibition of integrase was observed with coumarilic acid (-17.62) when attached to Glu-35, Asn-38, Ser-39 amino acids. The protease was inhibited strongly by hymecromone (-16.39) when attached to amino acids of Val-77, Glu-34, Pro-79, Gly-78. The inhibition of RT was observed with coumarilic acid by attaching to Ala-445, Arg-567, Asp-456, Glu-478, Ser-499, Asn-474 (-23.54) significantly. Based on above results, the endophytic fungal coumarins have the ability to inhibit the three replicating enzymes of HIV-1 significantly. The in-silico results are evidence for how coumarins inhibiting the HIV replicating proteins by binding at specific amino acids. The results will help to understand how and where phytochemicals bind to target proteins to inhibit their action and it may help to identification of drugs to treat HIV. To validate our results, the in vivo research is needed. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84683566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.7
S. Radhakrishnan
Green route for the synthesis of nanoparticles has become more acceptable than the other chemical as well as biological route. In the present study, silver nanoparticle is synthesized using ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. Further the synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible Spec, FT-IR, X-Ray Diffraction FESEM and E-DAX. The results of FT-IR provided evidence of the involvement of phytochemicals present in the leaf extract in the reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure as well as shape of the synthesized nanoparticle as face-centred cubic. E-DAX profiling helped in determining the presence of elemental silver. The size of the nanoparticle procured by SEM analysis was found to be approximately 30-50 nm in size. Thus, the findings of this study showed that the plant assisted method for silver nanoparticle synthesis is more effective and further application level studies can shed lights on their use in healing of various human ailments.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Psidium Guajava Leaf Extract","authors":"S. Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.7","url":null,"abstract":"Green route for the synthesis of nanoparticles has become more acceptable than the other chemical as well as biological route. In the present study, silver nanoparticle is synthesized using ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves. Further the synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible Spec, FT-IR, X-Ray Diffraction FESEM and E-DAX. The results of FT-IR provided evidence of the involvement of phytochemicals present in the leaf extract in the reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure as well as shape of the synthesized nanoparticle as face-centred cubic. E-DAX profiling helped in determining the presence of elemental silver. The size of the nanoparticle procured by SEM analysis was found to be approximately 30-50 nm in size. Thus, the findings of this study showed that the plant assisted method for silver nanoparticle synthesis is more effective and further application level studies can shed lights on their use in healing of various human ailments. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77559822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.1
O. Bagade, S. Sutar, Priyanka E. Doke
In pharmaceutical science, the pulsatile drug delivery system gains more attraction because of their number of benefits over the other dosage forms. In these systems, the drug is released at right time at the right site of action, and in the right amount, it is the most beneficial and important characteristic of the PDDS system due to that the patient compliance is increased, and the drug release is after a well-defined lag time. Moreover, this system is designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body. Because the disease has a predictable cyclic rhythm, such as Arthritis, diabetes mellitus, asthma, peptic ulcer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease the PDDS is more effective than other dosage forms.This system is a more time-specific and site-specific drug delivery system. In this system the drug is released as a pulse. The mechanism of PDDS is first diffusion then erosion and then osmosis. For the drug having a high first-pass effect and having a high risk of toxicity and side effects, these systems can be very useful. And to reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance this system is very helpful. There are various methods present like, single-unit systems and multiple-unit systems – which included capsular system, pulsatile delivery by osmosis, pulsatile delivery by erosion of membrane, delivery by rupture of membrane, etc.
{"title":"A Concise Insight on Pulsatile Drug Delivery System: An Outlook towards its Development","authors":"O. Bagade, S. Sutar, Priyanka E. Doke","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.1","url":null,"abstract":"In pharmaceutical science, the pulsatile drug delivery system gains more attraction because of their number of benefits over the other dosage forms. In these systems, the drug is released at right time at the right site of action, and in the right amount, it is the most beneficial and important characteristic of the PDDS system due to that the patient compliance is increased, and the drug release is after a well-defined lag time. Moreover, this system is designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body. Because the disease has a predictable cyclic rhythm, such as Arthritis, diabetes mellitus, asthma, peptic ulcer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease the PDDS is more effective than other dosage forms.This system is a more time-specific and site-specific drug delivery system. In this system the drug is released as a pulse. The mechanism of PDDS is first diffusion then erosion and then osmosis. For the drug having a high first-pass effect and having a high risk of toxicity and side effects, these systems can be very useful. And to reduce dosing frequency and improve patient compliance this system is very helpful. There are various methods present like, single-unit systems and multiple-unit systems – which included capsular system, pulsatile delivery by osmosis, pulsatile delivery by erosion of membrane, delivery by rupture of membrane, etc. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90290809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.3
G SaiMahesh, M SurajNarayana, P GloryMargaret, M MohanVarma, P. Swamy, Ashok Thulluru
Oral delivery of drug is the most preferable drug delivery due to the ease of administration, patient compliance and flexibility in the formulations. In recent era various technologies have been made in research and development of oral controlled release drug delivery system to overcome various physiological difficulties such as variation in gastric retention and emptying time. Conventional oral dosage forms pose low bioavailability problems due to their rapid gastric transition from stomach, especially in case of drugs which are less soluble at alkaline pH of intestine and locally acting drugs in stomach get rapidly emptied. So, frequency of dose administration in such cases is increased. Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) is facing many challenges which can be overcome by upcoming newly emerging approach, raft forming systems (RFS). The present study provides valuable information and highlights advances in this raft forming system. Different types of smart polymers used for their formulation have also been summarized. The current review focuses on the mechanism, formulation development and evaluation aspects of the raft forming systems and also highlights parameters which may lead to response variations in altered physiological conditions are discussed as well.
{"title":"Raft Forming Systems: A Novel Approach to Gastric Retention","authors":"G SaiMahesh, M SurajNarayana, P GloryMargaret, M MohanVarma, P. Swamy, Ashok Thulluru","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.3","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Oral delivery of drug is the most preferable drug delivery due to the ease of administration, patient compliance and flexibility in the formulations. In recent era various technologies have been made in research and development of oral controlled release drug delivery system to overcome various physiological difficulties such as variation in gastric retention and emptying time. Conventional oral dosage forms pose low bioavailability problems due to their rapid gastric transition from stomach, especially in case of drugs which are less soluble at alkaline pH of intestine and locally acting drugs in stomach get rapidly emptied. So, frequency of dose administration in such cases is increased. Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) is facing many challenges which can be overcome by upcoming newly emerging approach, raft forming systems (RFS). The present study provides valuable information and highlights advances in this raft forming system. Different types of smart polymers used for their formulation have also been summarized. The current review focuses on the mechanism, formulation development and evaluation aspects of the raft forming systems and also highlights parameters which may lead to response variations in altered physiological conditions are discussed as well. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80515696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.2
Anshi Mehra, Hemanreet Kaur, Anoor Fatima, A. Noor, Khushi Gupta, A. Shukla, Keshwanand Tripathi, Amit Joshi
A biosimilar is the new emerging drug product of the sector of Biologics that comes under speedily evolving area of pharmaceutical industry. It is the generic substitute for original research-based drugs. Since the Biologics are produced by a variety of products more commonly including cells extracted from humans, animals, microorganisms which varies phenotypically therefore they are “similar but not same” to the original product. Being a new product, it produces several challenges in the market including its regulation guidelines, production efficiency, quality management, and safety factors etc. The quality of these products along with its effectiveness and reduced costs are making them more and more popular. Different research is still being going on for enhancing the efficacy of biosimilars due to its more and more usage in the market. Several countries have developed their separate norms for the production and clinical usage of these biosimilars constituting Canada, Japan, Korea, and United States of America etc. The more biologics grab the attention of the eminent scientists for better innovations, the less marketing approval it gets. To enhance such a situation U S Congress passed the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation act 2009 and US FDA allowed “abbreviated pathway” for their approval and India being the most suited manufacturing area has also prepared certain guidelines stated as “Draft Guidelines on Similar Biologics” which were announced in June 2012, by Department of Biotechnology at Boston bio. The regulatory environment for biosimilars continues to evolve, both in recognition of advances in technology/ analytical methods and the availability of new targets for biosimilar development. With the advent of such efforts biosimilars are trying to surround the market. The demanding sector of biosimilars reveals the challenging gateway towards the nanomedicines also which shows that with the advancing biotechnology after these biosimilars, we are heading towards other newly biologically derived products.
{"title":"Biosimilars: Novel Emerging Field of Biomedicine","authors":"Anshi Mehra, Hemanreet Kaur, Anoor Fatima, A. Noor, Khushi Gupta, A. Shukla, Keshwanand Tripathi, Amit Joshi","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A biosimilar is the new emerging drug product of the sector of Biologics that comes under speedily evolving area of pharmaceutical industry. It is the generic substitute for original research-based drugs. Since the Biologics are produced by a variety of products more commonly including cells extracted from humans, animals, microorganisms which varies phenotypically therefore they are “similar but not same” to the original product. Being a new product, it produces several challenges in the market including its regulation guidelines, production efficiency, quality management, and safety factors etc. The quality of these products along with its effectiveness and reduced costs are making them more and more popular. Different research is still being going on for enhancing the efficacy of biosimilars due to its more and more usage in the market. Several countries have developed their separate norms for the production and clinical usage of these biosimilars constituting Canada, Japan, Korea, and United States of America etc. The more biologics grab the attention of the eminent scientists for better innovations, the less marketing approval it gets. To enhance such a situation U S Congress passed the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation act 2009 and US FDA allowed “abbreviated pathway” for their approval and India being the most suited manufacturing area has also prepared certain guidelines stated as “Draft Guidelines on Similar Biologics” which were announced in June 2012, by Department of Biotechnology at Boston bio. The regulatory environment for biosimilars continues to evolve, both in recognition of advances in technology/ analytical methods and the availability of new targets for biosimilar development. With the advent of such efforts biosimilars are trying to surround the market. The demanding sector of biosimilars reveals the challenging gateway towards the nanomedicines also which shows that with the advancing biotechnology after these biosimilars, we are heading towards other newly biologically derived products. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90746099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.8
V. Manam, S. Murugesan
The assessment of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized and characterized using UV-Spec, FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM from marine red seaweed Halymenia porphyroides have been evaluated for its anti-hyperglycemic activity in vivo. The anti-diabetic efficacy of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from marine red seaweed Halymenia porphyroides was studied by chemically inducing diabetes in the experimental Wistar albino rats through Alloxan monohydrate, which ultimately results in hyperglycemia at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight given orally for about 28 days. The outcome of the results was estimated by various biochemical parameters from the treatment group with silver nanoparticle (50 mg/Kg i.p) biosynthesized from Halymenia porphyroides. The anti-diabetic efficacy of the treatment group showed a decrease in the levels of blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and phospholipids whereas the body weight and HDL increase was observed. The histopathological evaluation of the pancreas of the treated group of animals revealed the restoration and regeneration of β-cells of the pancreas with moderate swelling as compared to that of the chemically induced alloxan diabetic group of animals.
{"title":"Anti-diabetic Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthe-sized from Marine Red Seaweed Halymenia porphyroides Boergesen on Alloxan Stimulated Hyperglycemic Activity in Rats","authors":"V. Manam, S. Murugesan","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.8","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized and characterized using UV-Spec, FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM from marine red seaweed Halymenia porphyroides have been evaluated for its anti-hyperglycemic activity in vivo. The anti-diabetic efficacy of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from marine red seaweed Halymenia porphyroides was studied by chemically inducing diabetes in the experimental Wistar albino rats through Alloxan monohydrate, which ultimately results in hyperglycemia at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight given orally for about 28 days. The outcome of the results was estimated by various biochemical parameters from the treatment group with silver nanoparticle (50 mg/Kg i.p) biosynthesized from Halymenia porphyroides. The anti-diabetic efficacy of the treatment group showed a decrease in the levels of blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and phospholipids whereas the body weight and HDL increase was observed. The histopathological evaluation of the pancreas of the treated group of animals revealed the restoration and regeneration of β-cells of the pancreas with moderate swelling as compared to that of the chemically induced alloxan diabetic group of animals. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85214997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.4
M. Rajan, Manjula Devi Mangalaraj, Suganya Dhandapani
Nanoparticles such as Fe, FeO, CuO, Zn, ZnO, and Se play an important role in aquaculture. These compounds are essential minerals to increase fish growth and supplemen-tation in feeds because practical feedstuffs contain low levels of these microminerals. Dietary supplementation of nanoparticles produces greater survival, growth, antioxidant levels and immunity of aquatic organisms including fishes. The present study deals with the impact of different quantity of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles on growth, enzymatic, biochemical changes, and hematology of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Anisomeles malabarica leaf extract was used for the synthesis of iron oxide nano-particles and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, and FT-IR. Six feeds were prepared with different quantity of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (F1 - Control, F2 -10 mg, F3 – 20mg, F4 – 30mg and F5 – 50mg) and feed ingredients are fish meal, groundnut oilcake, wheat flour, and tapioca flour. Growth, digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, and lipase), biochemical constituents (total protein, carbohydrate and lipid) and hematological parameters were estimated after 30 days. ‘t’ test and One-way ANOVA was used for the analysis. The feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, weight gain, percentage growth, relative growth rate, assimilation, metabolism, gross and net growth efficiency were higher in F5 containing 40mg of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (1.98 ± 0.29, 0.19 ± 0.02, 0.85 ± 0.32, 2.88 ± 0.74, 2.21 ± 0.70, 1.61 ± 0.11, 44.31 ± 10.58 and 42.11 ± 9.46). 40mg of iron oxide nanoparticles supplemented feed enhanced the digestive enzymes and biochemical constituents of Zebrafish. The results conclude that 40 mg iron oxide nanoparticles supplemented feed enhanced the growth, digestive enzymes, biochemical constituents, and hematology of Zebrafish.
{"title":"Impact of Different Quantity of Green Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth, Enzymatic, Biochemical Changes and Hematology of Zebrafish Danio rerio","authors":"M. Rajan, Manjula Devi Mangalaraj, Suganya Dhandapani","doi":"10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.5.4","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Nanoparticles such as Fe, FeO, CuO, Zn, ZnO, and Se play an important role in aquaculture. These compounds are essential minerals to increase fish growth and supplemen-tation in feeds because practical feedstuffs contain low levels of these microminerals. Dietary supplementation of nanoparticles produces greater survival, growth, antioxidant levels and immunity of aquatic organisms including fishes. The present study deals with the impact of different quantity of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles on growth, enzymatic, biochemical changes, and hematology of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Anisomeles malabarica leaf extract was used for the synthesis of iron oxide nano-particles and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, and FT-IR. Six feeds were prepared with different quantity of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (F1 - Control, F2 -10 mg, F3 – 20mg, F4 – 30mg and F5 – 50mg) and feed ingredients are fish meal, groundnut oilcake, wheat flour, and tapioca flour. Growth, digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, and lipase), biochemical constituents (total protein, carbohydrate and lipid) and hematological parameters were estimated after 30 days. ‘t’ test and One-way ANOVA was used for the analysis. The feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, weight gain, percentage growth, relative growth rate, assimilation, metabolism, gross and net growth efficiency were higher in F5 containing 40mg of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (1.98 ± 0.29, 0.19 ± 0.02, 0.85 ± 0.32, 2.88 ± 0.74, 2.21 ± 0.70, 1.61 ± 0.11, 44.31 ± 10.58 and 42.11 ± 9.46). 40mg of iron oxide nanoparticles supplemented feed enhanced the digestive enzymes and biochemical constituents of Zebrafish. The results conclude that 40 mg iron oxide nanoparticles supplemented feed enhanced the growth, digestive enzymes, biochemical constituents, and hematology of Zebrafish. ","PeriodicalId":14382,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology","volume":"125 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74309612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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