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Cross-cultural comparability of customer satisfaction measurement – the case of mobile phone service providers 顾客满意度测量的跨文化可比性——以移动电话服务提供商为例
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-01-2020-0011
Promporn Wangwacharakul, Silvia Márquez Medina, B. Poksinska
PurposeCustomers from different cultures might have different expectations and perceptions of quality, leading to different levels of satisfaction. Together with the construct and measurement equivalence issues of cross-cultural surveys, this raises the question of the comparability of customer satisfaction measurements across countries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the survey method of anchoring vignettes as a tool for improving the comparability of customer satisfaction measurements across countries and to shed some light on cultural influences on customer satisfaction measurements.Design/methodology/approachBased on the models of American Customer Satisfaction Index and European Performance Satisfaction Index, the authors designed and conducted a survey using the method of anchoring vignettes to measure and compare customer satisfaction with mobile phone services in four countries – Costa Rica, Poland, Sweden and Thailand. The survey was carried out with young adults aged 20–30 years, who were mostly university students.FindingsThis study demonstrates how anchoring vignettes can be used to mitigate cultural bias in customer satisfaction surveys and to improve both construct and measurement equivalence of the questionnaire. The results show that different conclusions on cross-cultural benchmarking of customer satisfaction would be drawn when using a traditional survey compared to the anchoring vignettes method.Originality/valueThis paper evaluates the survey method of anchoring vignettes as a potential quantitative research method for studying customer satisfaction across countries. The results also contribute to customer satisfaction research as these shed some light onto how culture influences customer satisfaction measurements. The practical implication for firms and managers is that allocating resources among different countries based on traditional customer satisfaction surveys may be misleading.
目的来自不同文化的客户可能对质量有不同的期望和看法,从而导致不同的满意度。再加上跨文化调查的结构和测量等效性问题,这就提出了各国客户满意度测量的可比性问题。本研究的目的是评估锚定小插曲作为提高各国客户满意度测量可比性的工具的调查方法,并阐明文化对客户满意度测量的影响。设计/方法/方法基于美国客户满意度指数和欧洲绩效满意度指数模型,作者设计并进行了一项调查,使用锚定小插曲的方法来衡量和比较哥斯达黎加、波兰、瑞典和泰国四个国家的客户对移动电话服务的满意度。这项调查是针对20-30岁的年轻人进行的 年,他们大多是大学生。研究结果本研究展示了如何使用锚定小插曲来减轻客户满意度调查中的文化偏见,并提高问卷的结构和测量等效性。结果表明,与锚定小插曲方法相比,使用传统调查会得出不同的客户满意度跨文化基准的结论。原创性/价值本文评估了锚定小插曲的调查方法,认为它是研究各国客户满意度的一种潜在的定量研究方法。这些结果也有助于客户满意度研究,因为这些研究揭示了文化如何影响客户满意度测量。对公司和管理者来说,实际意义在于,根据传统的客户满意度调查在不同国家之间分配资源可能会产生误导。
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引用次数: 5
Service workers and “difficult customers”: quality challenges at the front line 服务工作者与“难缠的客户”:一线的质量挑战
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-06-14 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-05-2020-0078
I. Gal, D. Yagil, G. Luria
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on service quality and value co-creation and co-destruction by unpacking the phenomenon described as “difficult customers”, which has many associated costs for service organizations. The paper examines how frontline service employees make sense of and react to client behaviors that disrupt service processes.Design/methodology/approachThis is a qualitative study with 128 frontline workers, who were interviewed about their perceptions, explanations and reactions to problem-related customers, using a sensemaking perspective.FindingsContent analysis revealed 17 themes related to workers' perceptions, explanations and reactions to problem-related customers. Workers classify behaviors of problem-related customers in terms exceeding the single notion of intentionality that dominates the literature, instead referring to the degree of both controllability and malevolence of customers. Service workers choose a wide range of behavioral reactions that have not been studied before.Research limitations/implicationsA convenience sample, although large, limits generalizability. Suggestions for future quantitative research are proposed.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, the authors suggest specific directions related to managerial policy and organizational practices related to training and employee empowerment and service recovery routines.Originality/valueThe study introduces a new theoretical notion of “problem-related customers”, set within a value co-creation context. It presents findings that enable deeper understanding of the emotional and behavioral reactions of frontline workers to service disruptions and offers multiple scholarly contributions, new research directions and managerial insights that can help to improve service recovery and service quality
目的本文的目的是通过揭示被描述为“困难客户”的现象,为服务质量和价值的共同创造和共同破坏的文献做出贡献,这对服务组织来说有很多相关成本。本文研究了一线服务员工如何理解和应对扰乱服务流程的客户行为。设计/方法论/方法这是一项针对128名一线员工的定性研究,他们接受了采访,了解了他们对问题相关客户的看法、解释和反应,并使用了感知视角。FindingsContent分析揭示了17个与员工对问题相关客户的看法、解释和反应有关的主题。工作人员对与问题相关的客户的行为进行分类,超过了文献中占主导地位的单一意向性概念,而是指客户的可控性和恶意程度。服务人员选择了一系列以前没有研究过的行为反应。研究局限性/含义方便的样本虽然很大,但限制了可推广性。对今后的定量研究提出了建议。实际含义基于研究结果,作者提出了与培训、员工赋权和服务恢复程序相关的管理政策和组织实践的具体方向。独创性/价值本研究引入了一个新的理论概念,即“与问题相关的客户”,设置在价值共创的背景下。它提出的研究结果有助于更深入地了解一线员工对服务中断的情绪和行为反应,并提供了多项学术贡献、新的研究方向和管理见解,有助于提高服务恢复和服务质量
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引用次数: 6
Applying quality concepts to achieve environmental sustainability in the freight transport sector – reviewing process management and lean 应用质量概念在货运部门实现环境的可持续性-审查过程管理和精益
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-02-2020-0029
Priscilla Navarro
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to revisit lean manufacturing and process management to review how these have targeted environmental sustainability and determine whether these have the potential to achieve environmental sustainability in small- and medium-sized companies within the freight transport sector.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology for this paper was divided into three steps. The first step involved a narrative literature review, including previously designed search strings. The second step involved a snowball approach, where the identification of new sources departed from previously selected articles. The third step included a completing narrative review to search for the most recent articles published related to the purpose. The analysis was based on the identification of benefits, challenges and the potential of lean and process management to deal with environmental demands among transport companies.FindingsThe findings suggest a potential of lean and process management for achieving environmental sustainability, if adapted appropriately. The potential is on the operative and strategic levels, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThis study included two of the concepts from the quality movement from a literature perspective. Hence, there is a need for research to evaluate these results empirically. Additionally, other aspects should be studied within the quality movement for achieving environmental sustainability.Originality/valueThis paper aims to be a basis and a path for further theoretical and empirical research for the quality movement to support environmental sustainability. This paper particularly aims to fill part of the gap in the literature on how the freight transport sector can enhance environmental sustainability in its operations.
目的本文的目的是重新审视精益制造和工艺管理,以审查它们如何实现环境可持续性,并确定这些是否有潜力在货运行业的中小型公司中实现环境可持续。设计/方法论/方法论本文的方法论分为三个步骤。第一步是叙述性文献综述,包括之前设计的搜索字符串。第二步涉及滚雪球方法,即从以前选定的文章中找出新的来源。第三步包括完成叙述性综述,以搜索与该目的相关的最新文章。分析的基础是确定精益和流程管理的好处、挑战和潜力,以应对运输公司的环境需求。研究结果表明,如果适当调整,精益和流程管理有可能实现环境可持续性。潜力分别在业务和战略层面。研究局限性/含义本研究从文学的角度纳入了质量运动中的两个概念。因此,有必要对这些结果进行实证评估。此外,应在实现环境可持续性的质量运动中研究其他方面。原创性/价值本文旨在为支持环境可持续性的质量运动提供进一步的理论和实证研究的基础和途径。本文特别旨在填补文献中关于货运部门如何在运营中提高环境可持续性的部分空白。
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引用次数: 5
Industry 4.0 an empirical analysis of users’ intention in the automotive sector 工业4.0:汽车行业用户意向的实证分析
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-06-08 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-04-2020-0062
Martina Toni, M. Renzi, Maria Giovina Pasca, R. G. Mugion, L. D. Pietro, Veronica Ungaro
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引用次数: 1
Understanding the impact of the relationship quality on customer loyalty: the moderating effect of online service recovery 理解关系质量对顾客忠诚的影响:在线服务恢复的调节作用
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-06-07 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-07-2020-0115
S. Tseng
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the relationship quality on customer loyalty. The moderating role played by online service recovery in this study is further discussed.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative Web-based survey study was conducted to statistically test these relationships among relationship quality, service recovery and customer loyalty. Data collected from 183 respondents were taken for analysis through partial least squares.FindingsThe findings reveal that relationship quality has significant influence on customer loyalty, whereas service recovery has moderated effect on the relationship between relationship quality and customer loyalty.Research limitations/implicationsThe respondents of this study were recruited from online panels; thus, a purposive sample could be a biased indication of the characteristics of the actual population. Therefore, it is suggested that future researchers enroll subjects from a statistical population that accurately represents the entire population and, in addition, that they collect more responses to increase the generalizability of the findings.Practical implicationsBecause failures in service delivery are inevitable, recovery of such encounters thus represents a significant challenge for service firms. Hence, this study proposes concrete suggestions for firms to manage and operate e-commerce websites, as well as to enhance relationship quality and customer loyalty.Originality/valueService failures have been the bane of e-commerce, compelling customers to either abandon transactions entirely or switch to a physical competitor. Many firms have realized the importance of maintaining strong relationships with customers to enhance their loyalty. However, previous literature has a few studies conducted on the relationships among service recovery, relationship quality and customer loyalty in the e-commerce context. Therefore, it is meaningful to identify these relationships.
目的本研究的目的是检验关系质量对客户忠诚度的影响。在线服务恢复在本研究中所起的调节作用进一步讨论。设计/方法/方法进行了一项基于网络的定量调查研究,以统计测试关系质量、服务恢复和客户忠诚度之间的关系。从183名受访者收集的数据通过偏最小二乘法进行分析。研究结果表明,关系质量对客户忠诚度有显著影响,而服务恢复对关系质量与客户忠诚度之间的关系有调节作用。研究局限性/含义本研究的受访者是从在线小组中招募的;因此,有目的的样本可能是对实际人群特征的有偏见的指示。因此,建议未来的研究人员从准确代表整个人群的统计人群中招募受试者,此外,他们还应收集更多的反应,以提高研究结果的可推广性。实际含义由于服务提供中的失败是不可避免的,因此恢复此类遭遇对服务公司来说是一个重大挑战。因此,本研究为企业管理和运营电子商务网站,以及提高关系质量和客户忠诚度提出了具体建议。独创性/价值服务失败一直是电子商务的祸根,迫使客户要么完全放弃交易,要么转向实体竞争对手。许多公司已经意识到与客户保持牢固关系以提高客户忠诚度的重要性。然而,以前的文献对电子商务背景下的服务恢复、关系质量和客户忠诚度之间的关系进行了一些研究。因此,识别这些关系是有意义的。
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引用次数: 8
Conceptions of quality as family resemblances 将质量视为家族相似性
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-06-2020-0091
M. Francis, R. Fisher, Malin Song
PurposeTo consider how quality should be conceptualized to improve understanding for researchers and practitioners, some researchers have discussed quality in terms of an essence or necessary condition. Others have regarded quality as individual and experiential, based on differences in actors’ conceptions of quality. This paper aims to resolve the tension caused by these competing views and propose an appropriate method for future research in the area of quality.Design/methodology/approachIn many studies, researchers have attempted to understand quality in terms of necessary conditions or through a dualistic ontology. At the same time, an increasing number of researchers have emphasized its experiential nature while discussing quality in conjunction with meeting customers’ expectations. This study investigates how quality can be understood using a conceptual framework based on family resemblances.FindingsThere is no necessary condition or essence by which quality may be conceptualized or defined. This finding resolves the tension that has arisen from the simultaneous search for a common feature and the assertion that quality is experientially created by individuals. The research also highlights that the nature of quality may differ between people, time and place, or some aspects of it may be the same. Regarding quality in terms of family resemblances accommodates actors’ different conceptions of quality. Phenomenography is proposed as an appropriate research approach with its focus on the qualitatively different ways in which actors make sense of phenomena in their lifeworld.Research limitations/implicationsUnderstanding quality as a family of attributes, and using phenomenography as method, provides methodological clarity to long-standing research issues. Using the approaches outlined in this study will enable empirical studies of quality, in any context, to be conducted soundly and relatively quickly. It will also provide a more inclusive and holistic set of meanings based on the experiences of individuals.Practical implicationsThe research provides important insights for researchers and practitioners through clearer conceptions of quality. These include the ability to plan and deliver business outcomes that are more closely aligned with customers’ expectations. Understanding the conceptions of quality, as experienced and determined through family resemblances, has clear implications for researchers and practitioners.Originality/valueUnderstanding actors’ conceptions of quality through the lens of family resemblances resolves long-standing research issues. Using phenomenography as method is innovative, as it is an emerging research approach in the business domain.
目的为了考虑如何将质量概念化,以提高研究人员和从业者的理解,一些研究人员从本质或必要条件的角度讨论了质量。其他人则基于演员对质量概念的差异,将质量视为个人的和经验的。本文旨在解决这些相互竞争的观点所造成的紧张关系,并为未来质量领域的研究提出一种合适的方法。设计/方法论/方法在许多研究中,研究人员试图从必要条件或二元本体论的角度来理解质量。与此同时,越来越多的研究人员在讨论质量和满足客户期望的同时,强调了其体验性。这项研究调查了如何使用基于家族相似性的概念框架来理解质量。发现没有必要的条件或本质可以概念化或定义质量。这一发现解决了同时寻找共同特征和断言质量是由个人经验创造的紧张关系。研究还强调,质量的性质可能因人、时间和地点而异,也可能在某些方面相同。从家庭相似性的角度来看待质量,可以容纳演员不同的质量观。现象学被认为是一种适当的研究方法,其重点是行动者对其生活世界中的现象的定性不同的理解方式。研究局限性/含义将质量理解为一个属性家族,并将现象学作为方法,为长期存在的研究问题提供了方法上的清晰性。使用本研究中概述的方法,将使任何情况下的质量实证研究都能够稳健且相对快速地进行。它还将根据个人的经历提供一套更具包容性和整体性的意义。实践意义该研究通过更清晰的质量概念为研究人员和从业者提供了重要的见解。其中包括计划和交付更符合客户期望的业务成果的能力。理解通过家庭相似性体验和确定的质量概念,对研究人员和从业者有着明确的启示。独创性/价值观通过家庭相似性的视角理解演员的质量观解决了长期存在的研究问题。将现象学作为一种方法是创新的,因为它是商业领域中一种新兴的研究方法。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring maturity of value co-creation practices and its influence on market performance 衡量价值共创实践的成熟度及其对市场绩效的影响
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-05-19 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-03-2020-0048
Luciana Ronchi, G. Tontini, C. E. Carvalho
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a model to measure maturity in value co-creation practices and to evaluate its relationship with the market performance of textile companies.Design/methodology/approachThe data were obtained through quantitative research with 100 companies of the Brazilian textile sector. A structural equation modeling was performed to verify the relationship between the constructs of the proposed model.FindingsThe results confirm the proposed model and show that, in addition to a direct impact, the relationship between the maturity of value co-creation practices and market performance also occurs indirectly, by meeting customer expectations. Value co-creation processes can meet customer expectations, leading the company to better market performance.Originality/valueA model for assessing the maturity of value co-creation practices enables companies to diagnose their current situation, thereby supporting them in managing these practices and leading to better market performance.
目的本文旨在提出一个衡量价值共创实践成熟度的模型,并评估其与纺织企业市场绩效的关系。设计/方法/方法数据是通过对巴西纺织行业的100家公司进行定量研究获得的。进行了结构方程建模,以验证所提出模型的结构之间的关系。结果证实了所提出的模型,并表明,除了直接影响外,价值共创实践的成熟度与市场绩效之间的关系也通过满足客户期望而间接发生。价值共创过程可以满足客户的期望,使公司获得更好的市场表现。独创性/价值评估价值共同创造实践成熟度的模型使公司能够诊断其现状,从而支持他们管理这些实践,并带来更好的市场表现。
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引用次数: 1
Advantages and disadvantages of developing an enterprise resource planning to manage quality in an accredited reality. COSMOB S.p.A case study 在公认的现实中开发企业资源规划以管理质量的优势和劣势。COSMOB S.p.A.案例研究
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-05-18 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-04-2020-0052
L. Bravi, F. Murmura, G. Santos, L. Tomassini, A. Gnaccarini
This study aims to analyze the innovations introduced, with reference to enterprise resource planning, in the Italian wood–furniture sector, focusing attention on the COSMOB S.p.A. case study, identifying how this small company tried to exploit the advantages offered by the introduction of new digital technologies to remain competitive in the context of the accredited Test Laboratories in the furniture industry.,The research has been developed with a qualitative approach. The study is a conceptual development and it uses exploratory interviews to create a single case study of COSMOB. The case study was developed with the realization by the researcher of a long period of support to the company’s Quality Manager, and periodic bi-monthly interviews for an update of their perceptions on the development of the activity.,The need for rapid decision-making processes, the management of high volumes of data and the need for inter- and intra-organizational connection had a critical relief in company’s decision to adopt the integrated software. As for the main problems related to its adoption, these were the duration of the implementation of the operation, the complexity of the system and its limited adaptability.,The value of the paper relies on the development of an in-depth company case study, where the researcher supported the implementation of the system for the entire activity, obtaining therefore, a qualitative base of information that cannot be obtained through limited interviews.
本研究旨在参考企业资源规划,分析意大利木制家具行业引入的创新,重点关注COSMOB S.p.A.案例研究,确定这家小公司如何试图利用引入新数字技术所带来的优势,在家具行业认可的测试实验室的背景下保持竞争力。,这项研究采用了定性方法。该研究是一个概念发展,它使用探索性访谈来创建COSMOB的单个案例研究。该案例研究是在研究人员意识到对公司质量经理的长期支持,并定期每两个月进行一次访谈,了解他们对活动发展的最新看法后制定的。,对快速决策过程的需求、对大量数据的管理以及对组织间和组织内联系的需求,对公司采用集成软件的决定起到了关键的缓解作用。至于与采用该系统有关的主要问题,包括操作实施的持续时间、系统的复杂性及其有限的适应性。,论文的价值取决于深入的公司案例研究的发展,研究人员支持整个活动的系统实施,从而获得了无法通过有限访谈获得的定性信息基础。
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引用次数: 0
How should a team be rewarded to improve quality performance of NPD? 如何奖励团队以提高新产品开发的质量绩效?
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-05-18 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-05-2020-0073
Alejandro Bello-Pintado, F. Marimon, J. M. D. Cerio
PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the impact of team rewards (TR) on quality performance of new product development (NPD). In particular, the authors analyze whether the use of TR affects the performance of NPD team projects in not only accomplishing their work as a team and the outcomes of their performance but also considering the enhancement of the involvement of both internal functions and external actors (suppliers and customers) in the early stages of NPD.Design/methodology/approachThe association of TRs on quality performances of new products is theoretically approached. Seven research hypotheses are proposed to be tested with an international database from the high performance manufacturing project. Empirical strategy includes structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors observed that TR does not produce a direct effect on quality performance of NPD, but does so mediated through the involvement of SC members in the early stages of NPD. This paper highlights that, without involvement of external and internal supply chain actors, it is not possible to obtain desired performance of new products.Originality/valueThis study advances the study of TR on quality performance of NPD by considering TR as a tool for in-group work involving different and distant actors in the process of NPD. The analysis considers different dimensions of quality performance of NPD, distinguishing between time to market, technical issues and cost of manufacturing, which have usually been considered in an aggregated way. Empirical evidence using an ample database including manufacturing companies from fourteen countries
本文旨在分析团队奖励(TR)对新产品开发(NPD)质量绩效的影响。特别是,作者分析了TR的使用是否会影响NPD团队项目的绩效,不仅是团队工作的完成和绩效的结果,而且还考虑到内部职能和外部行为者(供应商和客户)在新产品开发早期阶段的参与程度的提高。设计/方法/方法从理论上探讨了tr对新产品质量性能的影响。提出了七个研究假设,并利用高性能制造项目的国际数据库进行验证。实证策略包括结构方程建模。作者观察到,TR对新产品开发的质量表现没有直接影响,但在新产品开发的早期阶段,通过SC成员的参与起到了中介作用。本文强调,如果没有外部和内部供应链参与者的参与,就不可能获得新产品的预期性能。独创性/价值本研究将TR视为新产品开发过程中涉及不同和遥远参与者的群体内工作的工具,从而推进了TR对新产品开发质量绩效的研究。该分析考虑了新产品开发质量表现的不同维度,区分了上市时间、技术问题和制造成本,这些通常以汇总的方式考虑。使用包括来自14个国家的制造公司在内的丰富数据库的经验证据
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引用次数: 2
Employees’ psychological capital and innovative behavior in higher education 高等教育中员工的心理资本与创新行为
IF 2.6 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2021-05-17 DOI: 10.1108/IJQSS-02-2020-0024
Barbara Rebecca Mutonyi
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of psychological capital (PsyCap) among employees in the higher education (HE) sector. Specifically, the aim of this paper is threefold. First, this study explores the effect of psychological empowerment (PsyEmp) and the two organizational culture factors of clan and market on PsyCap. Second, the study also examines the relationships between PsyEmp, PsyCap and individual innovative behavior (IIB). Third, this paper examines the mediating role of PsyCap on IIB and PsyEmp.,A conceptual model was developed and tested on 250 university employees in Norway. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.,The analysis shows that both PsyCap and PsyEmp have a direct positive relationship with IIB. The results also reveal that PsyEmp, clan culture and market culture are all positively and significantly linked to PsyCap. The relationship between IIB and PsyEmp is also mediated by PsyCap.,This study extends the knowledge of PsyCap in the context of the HE sector. For managers, the study highlights the importance of investing in and managing employees’ PsyCap. In addition, although perceived PsyEmp at work can strengthen the level of IIB among employees, employees’ PsyCap can be much more influential. Furthermore, the study contributes new knowledge regarding the symbiotic nature of various organizational culture types and the benefits of having both a clan culture and a market culture in enhancing organizational capabilities.
本研究的目的是检验心理资本(PsyCap)在高等教育(HE)部门员工中的作用。具体来说,本文的目的有三个方面。首先,本研究探讨了心理授权(PsyEmp)以及宗族和市场两个组织文化因素对心理cap的影响。其次,研究还考察了PsyEmp、PsyCap与个体创新行为(IIB)之间的关系。第三,本文考察了PsyCap对IIB和PsyEmp的中介作用。一个概念模型被开发出来,并在挪威的250名大学员工身上进行了测试。采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型对数据进行分析。分析表明,PsyCap和PsyEmp与IIB有直接正相关关系。结果还显示,PsyEmp、宗族文化和市场文化都与PsyCap有显著正相关。IIB和PsyEmp之间的关系也是由PsyCap介导的。本研究扩展了PsyCap在高等教育领域的知识。对于管理者来说,这项研究强调了投资和管理员工心理cap的重要性。此外,虽然工作中感知到的心理cap可以增强员工的IIB水平,但员工的心理cap可能更有影响力。此外,本研究还提供了关于各种组织文化类型的共生性质以及同时拥有宗族文化和市场文化在提高组织能力方面的益处的新知识。
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引用次数: 11
期刊
International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences
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