Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi) is a multistemmed shrub or small tree from South America that is invasive in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, and Australia. It forms multi-stemmed trunks with spreading branches that create dense thickets. State agencies in Florida manage it at annual costs of over three million dollars and individual plant treatment techniques are widely used for control. Recent research testing novel hack and squirt approaches with aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor and basal bark treatment with a new triclopyr formulation has shown they are highly effective. However, they have not been evaluated at larger scales, which would be useful to land managers. Therefore, our objective was to compare the reduced hack and squirt technique using aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor herbicides to basal bark treatment with triclopyr on a field scale. We used two contractor crews to apply treatments to twenty-four, 0.2-ha plots. Treatments included aminocyclopyrachlor (120 g L-1) or aminopyralid (120 g L-1) applied with the reduced hack and squirt technique and triclopyr ester (108 g L-1) and triclopyr acid (34 g L-1) formulations applied with two basal bark treatment techniques. We confirmed reduced hack and squirt significantly reduced the amount of herbicide and carrier applied compared to the basal bark treatments. By 540 DAT, aminocyclopyrachlor more effectively controlled Brazilian peppertree than aminopyralid with reduced hack and squirt and was not different from either triclopyr basal bark treatment. These results verify reduced hack and squirt treatment with aminocyclopyrachlor and basal bark treatment with triclopyr acid as alternatives to basal bark treatment with triclopyr ester. Both resulted in significantly less herbicide use with comparable efficacy. This operational research approach has accelerated our understanding of novel individual plant treatment strategies and their implementation in the field.
巴西胡椒树（Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi）是一种产于南美洲的多枝灌木或小树，入侵佛罗里达州、德克萨斯州、夏威夷州和澳大利亚。它形成了多茎的树干和展开的树枝，形成了茂密的灌木丛。佛罗里达州的州机构每年花费超过300万美元对其进行管理，并广泛使用个体植物处理技术进行控制。最近的研究测试了氨基吡喃酮和氨基环吡草胺的新黑客和喷射方法，以及新的三氯吡制剂的基础树皮处理，结果表明它们非常有效。然而，它们还没有得到更大规模的评估，这对土地管理者来说是有用的。因此，我们的目的是在田间规模上比较使用氨基吡喃和氨基环吡草胺除草剂的减少砍喷技术与使用三氯吡的基础树皮处理。我们使用了两名承包商工作人员对24块0.2公顷的地块进行了处理。处理包括使用减少砍射技术施用氨基环吡草胺（120 g L-1）或氨基吡喃酮（120 g L－1），以及使用两种基本树皮处理技术施用三氯吡酯（108 g L－2）和三氯吡酸（34 g L－4）制剂。我们证实，与基础树皮处理相比，减少砍伤和喷射显著减少了除草剂和载体的施用量。到540DAT时，氨基环吡草胺比氨基吡喃草胺更有效地控制了巴西胡椒树，减少了黑刺和喷射，并且与三氯吡基础树皮处理没有差异。这些结果证实了氨基环吡草胺的减少砍伤和喷射处理以及三氯吡酸的基础树皮处理是三氯吡酯基础树皮处理的替代品。两者都显著减少了除草剂的使用，具有相当的疗效。这种操作研究方法加速了我们对新的单株处理策略及其在该领域的实施的理解。
{"title":"A contractor comparison of novel IPT tools and techniques for Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia) management","authors":"Mackenzie E. Bell, S. Enloe, J. Leary, D. Lauer","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi) is a multistemmed shrub or small tree from South America that is invasive in Florida, Texas, Hawaii, and Australia. It forms multi-stemmed trunks with spreading branches that create dense thickets. State agencies in Florida manage it at annual costs of over three million dollars and individual plant treatment techniques are widely used for control. Recent research testing novel hack and squirt approaches with aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor and basal bark treatment with a new triclopyr formulation has shown they are highly effective. However, they have not been evaluated at larger scales, which would be useful to land managers. Therefore, our objective was to compare the reduced hack and squirt technique using aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor herbicides to basal bark treatment with triclopyr on a field scale. We used two contractor crews to apply treatments to twenty-four, 0.2-ha plots. Treatments included aminocyclopyrachlor (120 g L-1) or aminopyralid (120 g L-1) applied with the reduced hack and squirt technique and triclopyr ester (108 g L-1) and triclopyr acid (34 g L-1) formulations applied with two basal bark treatment techniques. We confirmed reduced hack and squirt significantly reduced the amount of herbicide and carrier applied compared to the basal bark treatments. By 540 DAT, aminocyclopyrachlor more effectively controlled Brazilian peppertree than aminopyralid with reduced hack and squirt and was not different from either triclopyr basal bark treatment. These results verify reduced hack and squirt treatment with aminocyclopyrachlor and basal bark treatment with triclopyr acid as alternatives to basal bark treatment with triclopyr ester. Both resulted in significantly less herbicide use with comparable efficacy. This operational research approach has accelerated our understanding of novel individual plant treatment strategies and their implementation in the field.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47653750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandros Tataridas, Miguel Moreira, Luciana Frazão, P. Kanatas, N. Ota, I. Travlos
The family Solanaceae lists about 1,400 species worldwide, of which 143 are considered weeds (Sheppard et al. 2006). The genus Solanum is the most numerous of the family Solanaceae. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. belongs to the clade Leptostemonum, commonly known as the “spiny solanum” clade. Solanum elaeagnifolium is native to northern Mexico and the American Southwest. A revision for the S. elaeagnifolium clade and analytic phytokeys are provided by Knapp et al. (2017). The silvery color of its leaves and their resemblance to the leaves of the olive tree (Elaeagnus) were the reasons for naming the species elaeagnifolium (Heap and Carter 1999). Nowadays, it is commonly known as silverleaf nightshade (Boyd et al. 1984). According to Krigas et al. (2021), in northern Greece S. elaeagnifolium is also called “Lernaean Hydra,” due to its intense regrowth after herbicide treatment. Solanum elaeagnifolium is known in South Africa as silverleaf bitter apple or Satansbos (Satan’s bush), indicating how harmful it is to the country (Wilson et al. 2013). In America and other parts of the world, it has received various names over the years, such as white horsenettle, bullnettle, tomatillo, meloncillo, and trompillo (Davis et al. 1945; Kwong et al. 2006). In Algeria, farmers call it echouka, which means thorn, because of the multiple spines on the stem (Adjim and Kazi Tani 2018). In South Korea, it received the name Eun-bit-kka-ma-jung, which is a combination of its silvery coloration and a common plant in the country (Hong et al. 2014).
{"title":"Biology of Invasive Plants 5. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.","authors":"Alexandros Tataridas, Miguel Moreira, Luciana Frazão, P. Kanatas, N. Ota, I. Travlos","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.21","url":null,"abstract":"The family Solanaceae lists about 1,400 species worldwide, of which 143 are considered weeds (Sheppard et al. 2006). The genus Solanum is the most numerous of the family Solanaceae. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. belongs to the clade Leptostemonum, commonly known as the “spiny solanum” clade. Solanum elaeagnifolium is native to northern Mexico and the American Southwest. A revision for the S. elaeagnifolium clade and analytic phytokeys are provided by Knapp et al. (2017). The silvery color of its leaves and their resemblance to the leaves of the olive tree (Elaeagnus) were the reasons for naming the species elaeagnifolium (Heap and Carter 1999). Nowadays, it is commonly known as silverleaf nightshade (Boyd et al. 1984). According to Krigas et al. (2021), in northern Greece S. elaeagnifolium is also called “Lernaean Hydra,” due to its intense regrowth after herbicide treatment. Solanum elaeagnifolium is known in South Africa as silverleaf bitter apple or Satansbos (Satan’s bush), indicating how harmful it is to the country (Wilson et al. 2013). In America and other parts of the world, it has received various names over the years, such as white horsenettle, bullnettle, tomatillo, meloncillo, and trompillo (Davis et al. 1945; Kwong et al. 2006). In Algeria, farmers call it echouka, which means thorn, because of the multiple spines on the stem (Adjim and Kazi Tani 2018). In South Korea, it received the name Eun-bit-kka-ma-jung, which is a combination of its silvery coloration and a common plant in the country (Hong et al. 2014).","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49321828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Rolando, M. Scott, B. Baillie, F. Dean, C. Todoroki, T. Paul
Aerial application of a herbicide mixture of triclopyr, dicamba, picloram and aminopyralid is used to control dense infestations of exotic conifers, notably lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), in New Zealand (NZ). The rates of herbicide applied to control these tree-weeds has the potential for off-target impacts through persistence in the forest floor, soil and water. Persistence of three of these herbicides was investigated in cast needles, forest floor (litter, fermented humic layer: LFH) and soil following their operational aerial application (triclopyr:18 kg a.i. ha-1; dicamba: 5 kg a.i. ha-1; picloram: 2 kg a.i. ha-1) at three sites across NZ (KF, MD, GE) with dense invasions of P. contorta. Water was collected from a local stream at two sites (KF, MD) in the days/months after spraying. Active ingredients detected across all sites in cast needles, LFH and mineral soil generally reflected their application rate, with total amounts comprising 81% triclopyr, 14% dicamba and 5% picloram. Most of the active ingredients were detected in the LFH (59%), a heavy lignin-rich layer of dead needles overlaying the soil. All three herbicides persisted in this layer, at all sites, for up to 2 years (at study termination). Only triclopyr was detected in mineral soil where it declined to below detection levels (0.2 mg kg-1) within one year. All three herbicides were detected in stream water on the day of spray application at KF, and during a rainfall event one month later. However, amounts did not exceed NZ environmental and drinking water standards, an outcome attributed to a 30 m no-spray buffer zone used at this site. At MD, herbicides were detectable in water up to four months after spraying, with amounts exceeding NZ drinking water standards on one occasion, one month after spray application. No spray buffer zones were used at the MD site.
{"title":"Persistence of triclopyr, dicamba and picloram in the environment following aerial spraying for control of dense pine invasion","authors":"C. Rolando, M. Scott, B. Baillie, F. Dean, C. Todoroki, T. Paul","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.20","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Aerial application of a herbicide mixture of triclopyr, dicamba, picloram and aminopyralid is used to control dense infestations of exotic conifers, notably lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), in New Zealand (NZ). The rates of herbicide applied to control these tree-weeds has the potential for off-target impacts through persistence in the forest floor, soil and water. Persistence of three of these herbicides was investigated in cast needles, forest floor (litter, fermented humic layer: LFH) and soil following their operational aerial application (triclopyr:18 kg a.i. ha-1; dicamba: 5 kg a.i. ha-1; picloram: 2 kg a.i. ha-1) at three sites across NZ (KF, MD, GE) with dense invasions of P. contorta. Water was collected from a local stream at two sites (KF, MD) in the days/months after spraying. Active ingredients detected across all sites in cast needles, LFH and mineral soil generally reflected their application rate, with total amounts comprising 81% triclopyr, 14% dicamba and 5% picloram. Most of the active ingredients were detected in the LFH (59%), a heavy lignin-rich layer of dead needles overlaying the soil. All three herbicides persisted in this layer, at all sites, for up to 2 years (at study termination). Only triclopyr was detected in mineral soil where it declined to below detection levels (0.2 mg kg-1) within one year. All three herbicides were detected in stream water on the day of spray application at KF, and during a rainfall event one month later. However, amounts did not exceed NZ environmental and drinking water standards, an outcome attributed to a 30 m no-spray buffer zone used at this site. At MD, herbicides were detectable in water up to four months after spraying, with amounts exceeding NZ drinking water standards on one occasion, one month after spray application. No spray buffer zones were used at the MD site.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47000327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Management efforts to control Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) have been limited to stressing the thalli and have not been able to directly target the reproductive bulbils. Smaller scale efforts such as the use of hand pulling can be used but hand pulling is not realistic for larger infestations. This research was conducted to test the effects of clipping stress on N. obtusa in order to give a baseline on the effect of stress on the production of bulbils and the regrowth of thalli. Mesocosms were set up under greenhouse conditions to test the effects of simulated mechanical harvesting once, twice, and four times per growing season on N. obtusa. Different seasonal timing and frequency of clipping treatments will remove different amounts of thalli biomass. The four-clipping treatment always reduced thalli biomass in this study at both 16 and 52 WAT compared to the nontreated reference, but the difference among clipping treatments was never different 52 WAT. At 16 WAT one clipping reduced bulbil density by 44% (trial 1) to 50% (trial two), two clippings reduced bulbil density by 28% (trial 2) to 52% (trial 1), and four clippings reduced bulbil density by 22% (trial 2) to 88% (trial one). At 52 WAT bulbil densities were 69% and 93% lower than that of the nontreated reference trials 2 and 1 respectively. Results from this study indicate that clipping may be effective on N. obtusa and could impact bulbil production.
{"title":"Simulated Mechanical Control of Nitellopsis obtusa Under Mesocosm Conditions","authors":"Al Haram, R. Wersal","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.18","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Management efforts to control Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) have been limited to stressing the thalli and have not been able to directly target the reproductive bulbils. Smaller scale efforts such as the use of hand pulling can be used but hand pulling is not realistic for larger infestations. This research was conducted to test the effects of clipping stress on N. obtusa in order to give a baseline on the effect of stress on the production of bulbils and the regrowth of thalli. Mesocosms were set up under greenhouse conditions to test the effects of simulated mechanical harvesting once, twice, and four times per growing season on N. obtusa. Different seasonal timing and frequency of clipping treatments will remove different amounts of thalli biomass. The four-clipping treatment always reduced thalli biomass in this study at both 16 and 52 WAT compared to the nontreated reference, but the difference among clipping treatments was never different 52 WAT. At 16 WAT one clipping reduced bulbil density by 44% (trial 1) to 50% (trial two), two clippings reduced bulbil density by 28% (trial 2) to 52% (trial 1), and four clippings reduced bulbil density by 22% (trial 2) to 88% (trial one). At 52 WAT bulbil densities were 69% and 93% lower than that of the nontreated reference trials 2 and 1 respectively. Results from this study indicate that clipping may be effective on N. obtusa and could impact bulbil production.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46539997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. McTavish, T. Smith, S. Mechanda, Sandy M. Smith, R. Bourchier
Abstract Effective management of the introduced invasive grass common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.] requires the ability to differentiate between the introduced and native subspecies found in North America. While genetic tools are useful for discriminating between the subspecies, morphological identification is a useful complementary approach that is low to zero cost and does not require specialized equipment or technical expertise. The objective of our study was to identify the best morphological traits for rapid and simple identification of native and introduced P. australis. A suite of 22 morphological traits were measured in 21 introduced and 27 native P. australis populations identified by genetic barcoding across southern Ontario, Canada. Traits were compared between the subspecies to identify measurements that offered reliable, diagnostic separation. Overall, 21 of the 22 traits differed between the subspecies, with four offering complete separation: the retention of leaf sheaths on dead stems; a categorical assessment of stem color; the base height of the ligule, excluding the hairy fringe; and a combined measurement of leaf length and lower glume length. Additionally, round fungal spots on the stem occurred only on the native subspecies and never on the sampled introduced populations. The high degree of variation observed in traits within and between the subspecies cautions against a “common wisdom” approach to identification or automatic interpretation of intermediate traits as indicative of aberrant populations or hybridization. As an alternative, we have compiled the five best traits into a checklist of simple and reliable measurements to identify native and introduced P. australis. This guide will be most applicable for samples collected in the late summer and fall in the Great Lakes region but can also inform best practices for morphological identification in other regions as well.
{"title":"Morphological traits for rapid and simple separation of native and introduced common reed (Phragmites australis)","authors":"M. McTavish, T. Smith, S. Mechanda, Sandy M. Smith, R. Bourchier","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Effective management of the introduced invasive grass common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.] requires the ability to differentiate between the introduced and native subspecies found in North America. While genetic tools are useful for discriminating between the subspecies, morphological identification is a useful complementary approach that is low to zero cost and does not require specialized equipment or technical expertise. The objective of our study was to identify the best morphological traits for rapid and simple identification of native and introduced P. australis. A suite of 22 morphological traits were measured in 21 introduced and 27 native P. australis populations identified by genetic barcoding across southern Ontario, Canada. Traits were compared between the subspecies to identify measurements that offered reliable, diagnostic separation. Overall, 21 of the 22 traits differed between the subspecies, with four offering complete separation: the retention of leaf sheaths on dead stems; a categorical assessment of stem color; the base height of the ligule, excluding the hairy fringe; and a combined measurement of leaf length and lower glume length. Additionally, round fungal spots on the stem occurred only on the native subspecies and never on the sampled introduced populations. The high degree of variation observed in traits within and between the subspecies cautions against a “common wisdom” approach to identification or automatic interpretation of intermediate traits as indicative of aberrant populations or hybridization. As an alternative, we have compiled the five best traits into a checklist of simple and reliable measurements to identify native and introduced P. australis. This guide will be most applicable for samples collected in the late summer and fall in the Great Lakes region but can also inform best practices for morphological identification in other regions as well.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"110 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45352076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Howell, Erika J. Haug, W. Everman, R. León, R. Richardson
Abstract Expanding the current aquatic herbicide portfolio, reducing total spray volumes, or remotely delivering herbicide using novel spray technologies could improve management opportunities targeting invasive aquatic plants, where options are more limited. However, research on giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) response to foliar herbicide applications at carrier volumes ≤140 L ha–1 is incomplete. Likewise, no data exist documenting S. molesta control with unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS). Following the recent >100-ha incursion of S. molesta in Gapway Swamp, NC, a case study was developed to provide guidance for ongoing management efforts. In total, three field trials evaluated registered aquatic and experimental herbicides using a 140 L ha–1 carrier volume. Select foliar applications from UAAS were also evaluated. Results at 8 wk after treatment (WAT) indicated the experimental protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, PPO-699-01 (424 g ai ha–1), in combination with endothall dipotassium salt (2,370 g ae ha–1) provided 78% visual control, whereas control when PPO-699-01 (212 g ai ha–1) was applied alone was lower at 35%. Evaluations also showed diquat (3,136 g ai ha–1) alone, glyphosate (4,539 g ae ha–1) alone, and metsulfuron-methyl (42 g ai ha–1) alone achieved 86% to 94% visual plant control at 8 WAT. Sequential foliar applications of diquat, flumioxazin (210 g ai ha–1), and carfentrazone (67 g ai ha–1) at 6 wk following exposure to in-water fluridone treatments were no longer efficacious by 6 WAT due to plant regrowth. Carfentrazone applications made from a backpack sprayer displayed greater control than applications made with UAAS deploying identical carrier volumes at 2 WAT; however, neither application method provided effective control at 8 WAT. Additional field validation is needed to further guide management direction of S. molesta control using low carrier volume foliar applications.
扩大现有的水生除草剂组合，减少总喷洒量，或使用新型喷洒技术远程投放除草剂，可以改善针对入侵水生植物的管理机会，在这些领域，选择更加有限。然而，在载体体积≤140 L ha-1的情况下，对萨尔维尼亚(salvinia molesta Mitchell)叶面施用除草剂的响应研究尚不完整。同样的，也没有数据记录S. molesta控制与无人空中应用系统(UAAS)。在北卡罗来纳州盖普韦沼泽最近发生的100多公顷的大蠊入侵事件之后，开展了一项案例研究，为正在进行的管理工作提供指导。总共进行了三次田间试验，使用140 L ha-1载体体积评估已注册的水生除草剂和实验除草剂。此外，还对不同叶面施用UAAS进行了评价。治疗后8周(WAT)的结果显示，实验用原卟啉原氧化酶抑制剂PPO-699-01 (424 g ai ha-1)联合管内双钾盐(2370 g ai ha-1)可提供78%的视觉控制，而单独使用PPO-699-01 (212 g ai ha-1)的控制率较低，为35%。评估还显示，单独使用双喹酮(3,136 g / ha-1)、单独使用草甘膦(4,539 g / ha-1)和单独使用甲磺龙-甲基(42 g / ha-1)在8瓦特时可达到86%至94%的目视植物控制效果。在暴露于水中氟啶酮处理6周后，连续叶面施用diquat、氟恶嗪(210 g ai ha-1)和卡芬曲酮(67 g ai ha-1)，由于植物再生，到6 WAT时不再有效。使用双肩包喷雾器制作的卡芬曲酮应用程序比使用UAAS在2瓦特时部署相同载体体积的应用程序显示出更好的控制效果;然而，两种应用方法均不能有效控制8 WAT。需要进一步的田间验证，以进一步指导利用低载流子体积叶面施用的管理方向。
{"title":"Low carrier volume herbicide trials and UAAS support management efforts of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta): a case study","authors":"A. Howell, Erika J. Haug, W. Everman, R. León, R. Richardson","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Expanding the current aquatic herbicide portfolio, reducing total spray volumes, or remotely delivering herbicide using novel spray technologies could improve management opportunities targeting invasive aquatic plants, where options are more limited. However, research on giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) response to foliar herbicide applications at carrier volumes ≤140 L ha–1 is incomplete. Likewise, no data exist documenting S. molesta control with unoccupied aerial application systems (UAAS). Following the recent >100-ha incursion of S. molesta in Gapway Swamp, NC, a case study was developed to provide guidance for ongoing management efforts. In total, three field trials evaluated registered aquatic and experimental herbicides using a 140 L ha–1 carrier volume. Select foliar applications from UAAS were also evaluated. Results at 8 wk after treatment (WAT) indicated the experimental protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, PPO-699-01 (424 g ai ha–1), in combination with endothall dipotassium salt (2,370 g ae ha–1) provided 78% visual control, whereas control when PPO-699-01 (212 g ai ha–1) was applied alone was lower at 35%. Evaluations also showed diquat (3,136 g ai ha–1) alone, glyphosate (4,539 g ae ha–1) alone, and metsulfuron-methyl (42 g ai ha–1) alone achieved 86% to 94% visual plant control at 8 WAT. Sequential foliar applications of diquat, flumioxazin (210 g ai ha–1), and carfentrazone (67 g ai ha–1) at 6 wk following exposure to in-water fluridone treatments were no longer efficacious by 6 WAT due to plant regrowth. Carfentrazone applications made from a backpack sprayer displayed greater control than applications made with UAAS deploying identical carrier volumes at 2 WAT; however, neither application method provided effective control at 8 WAT. Additional field validation is needed to further guide management direction of S. molesta control using low carrier volume foliar applications.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"130 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43487862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin P. Sperry, S. Enloe, Candice M. Prince, Michael W. Durham
Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2020 to investigate the effects of carrier volume and sethoxydim rate on torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) control and sand cordgrass (Spartina bakeri Merr.) response from a single application. Panicum repens control and biomass reduction generally increased with increasing sethoxydim rates in evaluations at 14, 28, and 42 d after treatment (DAT); however, increasing the rate to 2X the maximum labeled rate did not always result in increased efficacy. In the first experimental run, which consisted of small plants, P. repens control and biomass reductions were largely similar among tested carrier volumes (37, 187, and 935 L ha–1). However, in run 2, which consisted of larger, mature P. repens plants, efficacy increased when carrier volume was reduced. Spartina bakeri injury increased with sethoxydim rate, reaching a maximum of 45% by 42 DAT. However, no differences in S. bakeri injury among carrier volumes were observed at 14 and 28 DAT evaluations. Spartina bakeri aboveground biomass reductions were also largely driven by sethoxydim rate increases rather than reduced carrier volumes, reaching 40% to 50% reduction in initial aboveground biomass. However, S. bakeri belowground biomass was 20% to 32% greater in treatments applied at 37 or 187 L ha–1 compared with those at 935 L ha–1. Overall, these data suggest that selective P. repens control with sethoxydim may be enhanced through reducing carrier volumes from 935 L ha–1 and that native, perennial, caespitose grasses may exhibit greater tolerance to sethoxydim compared with the rhizomatous P. repens. Future research should further test these hypotheses under field conditions at operational scales.
摘要/ Abstract摘要:2020年通过温室试验，研究了单次施用载体体积和乙氧基肟对水雷草(Panicum repens L.)防治和沙草(Spartina bakeri Merr.)反应的影响。在处理后14、28和42 d (DAT)的评价中，随着乙氧基肟用量的增加，白蚁的控制和生物量减少普遍增加;然而，将速率提高到最大标记速率的2倍并不总是导致疗效的提高。在由小型植物组成的第一次实验中，在测试的载体体积(37,187和935 L ha-1)中，白杨的控制和生物量减少基本相似。然而，在运行2中，由较大的成熟的重蓬草植株组成，随着载体体积的减少，效果增加。随着sethoxydim率的增加，米草草的伤害也在增加，在42个DAT时达到45%的最大值。然而，在14和28次DAT评估中，没有观察到不同载体体积的面包球菌伤害差异。bakeri的地上生物量减少主要是由于sethoxydim速率的增加而不是载体体积的减少，初始地上生物量减少了40% ~ 50%。与935 L ha-1处理相比，37或187 L ha-1处理的烤面包草地下生物量增加了20% ~ 32%。综上所述，这些数据表明，通过减少935 L ha-1的载体体积，乙醛氧基肟可以增强对白刺草的选择性控制，并且与根生白刺草相比，本地多年生枯生草可能对乙醛氧基肟表现出更强的耐受性。未来的研究应在实际规模的现场条件下进一步检验这些假设。
{"title":"Sethoxydim performance on torpedograss (Panicum repens) and sand cordgrass (Spartina bakeri) as affected by carrier volume and rate","authors":"Benjamin P. Sperry, S. Enloe, Candice M. Prince, Michael W. Durham","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.14","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2020 to investigate the effects of carrier volume and sethoxydim rate on torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) control and sand cordgrass (Spartina bakeri Merr.) response from a single application. Panicum repens control and biomass reduction generally increased with increasing sethoxydim rates in evaluations at 14, 28, and 42 d after treatment (DAT); however, increasing the rate to 2X the maximum labeled rate did not always result in increased efficacy. In the first experimental run, which consisted of small plants, P. repens control and biomass reductions were largely similar among tested carrier volumes (37, 187, and 935 L ha–1). However, in run 2, which consisted of larger, mature P. repens plants, efficacy increased when carrier volume was reduced. Spartina bakeri injury increased with sethoxydim rate, reaching a maximum of 45% by 42 DAT. However, no differences in S. bakeri injury among carrier volumes were observed at 14 and 28 DAT evaluations. Spartina bakeri aboveground biomass reductions were also largely driven by sethoxydim rate increases rather than reduced carrier volumes, reaching 40% to 50% reduction in initial aboveground biomass. However, S. bakeri belowground biomass was 20% to 32% greater in treatments applied at 37 or 187 L ha–1 compared with those at 935 L ha–1. Overall, these data suggest that selective P. repens control with sethoxydim may be enhanced through reducing carrier volumes from 935 L ha–1 and that native, perennial, caespitose grasses may exhibit greater tolerance to sethoxydim compared with the rhizomatous P. repens. Future research should further test these hypotheses under field conditions at operational scales.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"119 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47086363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabrielle Rouleau, Marianne Bouchard, Rébecca Matte, C. Lavoie
Abstract Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is an invasive Asian plant abundant along rivers in its introduced range. In riparian areas, floods and ice flows uproot the rhizomes, facilitating their dissemination downstream. Control of large, well-established R. japonica clones in riparian areas is difficult if the use of herbicides is prohibited. An alternative to controlling entrenched clones is the rapid detection and manual unearthing of rhizome fragments that have recently rooted after being deposited by floodwaters. We applied this strategy along a Canadian river where spring floods with abundant ice are recurrent. Two river stretches, with approximately 10 km of shoreline each, were selected for the fragment removal campaign. One of the stretches was heavily invaded by R. japonica, while the other was only sparsely invaded. In the heavily invaded stretch, 1,550 and 737 R. japonica rhizome fragments were unearthed in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Unearthed fragments had an average length of 27 to 32 cm. Only 21 fragments were found in the sparsely invaded stretch in 2020. Despite similar distances being surveyed, the detection and unearthing took 62% less time (overall) in the sparsely invaded than in the heavily invaded stretch. Along sparsely invaded riverbanks, a rapid response removal campaign for R. japonica cost, including transportation and labor, an estimated Can$142 (US$105) per aborted clone (i.e., fragment removed). A rapid response removal campaign is economically advantageous compared with the hypothetical eradication of large, well-established clones, but for it to be cost-effective, the time spent locating rhizome fragments must exceed the time spent unearthing them. The question is not whether rapid response unearthing is economically feasible—it is—but rather what invasion level renders the intervention practicable. In highly invaded river stretches generating thousands of fragments annually, finding and removing these fragments year after year would require a massive, unsustainable effort.
{"title":"Effectiveness and cost of a rapid response campaign against Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) along a Canadian river","authors":"Gabrielle Rouleau, Marianne Bouchard, Rébecca Matte, C. Lavoie","doi":"10.1017/inp.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is an invasive Asian plant abundant along rivers in its introduced range. In riparian areas, floods and ice flows uproot the rhizomes, facilitating their dissemination downstream. Control of large, well-established R. japonica clones in riparian areas is difficult if the use of herbicides is prohibited. An alternative to controlling entrenched clones is the rapid detection and manual unearthing of rhizome fragments that have recently rooted after being deposited by floodwaters. We applied this strategy along a Canadian river where spring floods with abundant ice are recurrent. Two river stretches, with approximately 10 km of shoreline each, were selected for the fragment removal campaign. One of the stretches was heavily invaded by R. japonica, while the other was only sparsely invaded. In the heavily invaded stretch, 1,550 and 737 R. japonica rhizome fragments were unearthed in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Unearthed fragments had an average length of 27 to 32 cm. Only 21 fragments were found in the sparsely invaded stretch in 2020. Despite similar distances being surveyed, the detection and unearthing took 62% less time (overall) in the sparsely invaded than in the heavily invaded stretch. Along sparsely invaded riverbanks, a rapid response removal campaign for R. japonica cost, including transportation and labor, an estimated Can$142 (US$105) per aborted clone (i.e., fragment removed). A rapid response removal campaign is economically advantageous compared with the hypothetical eradication of large, well-established clones, but for it to be cost-effective, the time spent locating rhizome fragments must exceed the time spent unearthing them. The question is not whether rapid response unearthing is economically feasible—it is—but rather what invasion level renders the intervention practicable. In highly invaded river stretches generating thousands of fragments annually, finding and removing these fragments year after year would require a massive, unsustainable effort.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"124 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47615656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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