Abstract Invasive annual grasses such as medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis L.) are negatively impacting grasslands of the western United States. Over the last decade, research has shown that aminopyralid and other growth-regulator herbicides applied just before flowering greatly reduce viable seed production in several invasive annual grasses. Moreover, it has been shown with T. caput-medusae that using aminopyralid to reduce seed production in one year consistently reduces and sometimes nearly eliminates cover the following year. Our goal in this study was to extend this research to A. triuncialis, a weed for which limited herbicide and other management options exist. Based on previous research, we hypothesized aminopyralid applied several days before flowering at just 22% of the maximum registered rate (0.069 kg ae ha–1) would almost completely prevent production of viable A. triuncialis seeds in the greenhouse. In four experiments, aminopyralid reduced seed viability from between 65% and 95% to between 1% and 5%. Therefore, aminopyralid will likely control A. triuncialis in the field. Because aminopyralid is phytotoxic to many broadleaf species, it may be possible to use aminopyralid to simultaneously control mixed stands of invasive forbs, A. triuncialis, and T. caput-medusae. However, there are risks to applying aminopyralid where native and desirable nonnative forbs occur. Past research on T. caput-medusae suggests controlling A. triuncialis with aminopyralid will increase production of desirable annual forage grasses.
摘要入侵的一年生草本植物，如水母（Taeniatherum caput medusae（L.）Nevski）和倒钩山羊草（Aegilops triuncialis L.），正在对美国西部的草原产生负面影响。在过去的十年里，研究表明，在开花前使用的氨基吡喃酮和其他生长调节剂除草剂大大降低了几种入侵一年生草本植物的活种子产量。此外，已经证明，使用氨基吡喃糖在一年内减少种子产量，会持续减少，有时甚至在第二年几乎消除覆盖。我们在这项研究中的目标是将这项研究扩展到三叶草，一种除草剂和其他管理选择有限的杂草。根据之前的研究，我们假设在开花前几天，仅以最大登记速率的22%（0.069 kg ae ha–1）施用氨基吡喃酮，几乎完全阻止温室中产生有活力的三叶草种子。在四个实验中，氨基吡喃糖将种子活力从65%到95%降低到1%到5%。因此，吡喃氨基脲很可能在田间控制三钩A.triuncialis。由于氨基吡喃对许多阔叶物种具有植物毒性，因此可以使用氨基吡喃同时控制入侵的forbs、A.triuncialis和T.caput medusae的混合林。然而，在天然和理想的非天然forbs出现的地方应用氨基吡喃糖也有风险。过去对麦毒T.caput medusae的研究表明，用吡喃氨基脲控制三叶草A.triuncialis将增加理想的一年生牧草的产量。
{"title":"Low rate of aminopyralid nearly eliminates viable seed production in barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) in the greenhouse","authors":"M. Rinella, S. Bellows, Pamela A. Beitz","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Invasive annual grasses such as medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis L.) are negatively impacting grasslands of the western United States. Over the last decade, research has shown that aminopyralid and other growth-regulator herbicides applied just before flowering greatly reduce viable seed production in several invasive annual grasses. Moreover, it has been shown with T. caput-medusae that using aminopyralid to reduce seed production in one year consistently reduces and sometimes nearly eliminates cover the following year. Our goal in this study was to extend this research to A. triuncialis, a weed for which limited herbicide and other management options exist. Based on previous research, we hypothesized aminopyralid applied several days before flowering at just 22% of the maximum registered rate (0.069 kg ae ha–1) would almost completely prevent production of viable A. triuncialis seeds in the greenhouse. In four experiments, aminopyralid reduced seed viability from between 65% and 95% to between 1% and 5%. Therefore, aminopyralid will likely control A. triuncialis in the field. Because aminopyralid is phytotoxic to many broadleaf species, it may be possible to use aminopyralid to simultaneously control mixed stands of invasive forbs, A. triuncialis, and T. caput-medusae. However, there are risks to applying aminopyralid where native and desirable nonnative forbs occur. Past research on T. caput-medusae suggests controlling A. triuncialis with aminopyralid will increase production of desirable annual forage grasses.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"57 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43864725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Predictive models of aboveground plant biomass derived from nondestructive measurements greatly assist in monitoring and surveying natural areas. Where invasive species are concerned, these models can provide insights to the impacts of invasions and efficacy of management strategies. Furthermore, tools that facilitate a rapid inventory allow for multiple assessments of impact over larger areas. Downy rose myrtle [Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.] is an invasive shrub in Florida and Hawaii that is native to southeastern Asia. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was imported into Florida in the early 20th century through the ornamental plant trade and produces pink flowers and edible purple globe fruits. This woody shrub is particularly problematic in the understory of Florida's mesic pine forests, where it forms dense, impenetrable thickets. To characterize the populations more accurately in Florida and build predictive equations for biomass that could be used to inform control methods, we established a network of sites from which we harvested individuals over 3 yr. Based on these measurements, we built a simple predictive equation for R. tomentosa dry biomass. Crown area strongly associates with biomass in a linear relationship (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.82). Fruit production is highly variable, but positively correlates to plant height in individuals that have reached reproductive size (plants below 1 m generally do not produce fruit), albeit weakly (P < 0.002, R2 = 0.27). We demonstrate here that two simple measurements—height and crown area—can accurately predict biomass and, to some degree, fruit production for R. tomentosa in Florida and may guide control methods by focusing on removing individuals larger than 1 m tall.
{"title":"Crown area predicts total biomass for Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, an invasive shrub in Florida","authors":"Melissa C. Smith, P. Pratt, Min B. Rayamahji","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Predictive models of aboveground plant biomass derived from nondestructive measurements greatly assist in monitoring and surveying natural areas. Where invasive species are concerned, these models can provide insights to the impacts of invasions and efficacy of management strategies. Furthermore, tools that facilitate a rapid inventory allow for multiple assessments of impact over larger areas. Downy rose myrtle [Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.] is an invasive shrub in Florida and Hawaii that is native to southeastern Asia. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was imported into Florida in the early 20th century through the ornamental plant trade and produces pink flowers and edible purple globe fruits. This woody shrub is particularly problematic in the understory of Florida's mesic pine forests, where it forms dense, impenetrable thickets. To characterize the populations more accurately in Florida and build predictive equations for biomass that could be used to inform control methods, we established a network of sites from which we harvested individuals over 3 yr. Based on these measurements, we built a simple predictive equation for R. tomentosa dry biomass. Crown area strongly associates with biomass in a linear relationship (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.82). Fruit production is highly variable, but positively correlates to plant height in individuals that have reached reproductive size (plants below 1 m generally do not produce fruit), albeit weakly (P < 0.002, R2 = 0.27). We demonstrate here that two simple measurements—height and crown area—can accurately predict biomass and, to some degree, fruit production for R. tomentosa in Florida and may guide control methods by focusing on removing individuals larger than 1 m tall.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"61 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45807539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Devii R. Rao, Katherine A. Hovanes, Richard B. Smith, Josh S Davy, E. Gornish
Abstract Russian thistle, also known as tumbleweed (Salsola spp.), is a problematic invasive plant found on natural and working landscapes. On a California rangeland, we tested the singular and interactive treatments of grazing, herbicide, and seeding to determine how these approaches might influence Salsola cover across a 5-yr experiment. Total Salsola cover declined by 3% annually during the study. A single spring treatment of chlorsulfuron + 2,4-D followed by glyphosate applied in the fall just before seeding, and then 2,4-D the following spring, significantly reduced Salsola cover compared with the untreated control. Seeded forage species cover increased over time and was significantly higher than seeded native species cover at 5 yr after seeding. However, the seeding treatment had no effect on Salsola cover. Although grazing did not reduce Salsola cover, due to the beneficial effects of grazing on reducing other nonnative species, this study supports the use of an integrated approach of herbicide application, grazing, and seeding to achieve management goals on an arid working landscape.
{"title":"Russian thistle (Salsola spp.) control in California rangelands over five years","authors":"Devii R. Rao, Katherine A. Hovanes, Richard B. Smith, Josh S Davy, E. Gornish","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Russian thistle, also known as tumbleweed (Salsola spp.), is a problematic invasive plant found on natural and working landscapes. On a California rangeland, we tested the singular and interactive treatments of grazing, herbicide, and seeding to determine how these approaches might influence Salsola cover across a 5-yr experiment. Total Salsola cover declined by 3% annually during the study. A single spring treatment of chlorsulfuron + 2,4-D followed by glyphosate applied in the fall just before seeding, and then 2,4-D the following spring, significantly reduced Salsola cover compared with the untreated control. Seeded forage species cover increased over time and was significantly higher than seeded native species cover at 5 yr after seeding. However, the seeding treatment had no effect on Salsola cover. Although grazing did not reduce Salsola cover, due to the beneficial effects of grazing on reducing other nonnative species, this study supports the use of an integrated approach of herbicide application, grazing, and seeding to achieve management goals on an arid working landscape.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"33 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44250874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.; Scrophulariaceae) is an invasive herbaceous perennial weed of agricultural and natural habitats throughout North America. In pastures or native rangelands, use of biological control is an attractive option, particularly if the agent can be established quickly. Rhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a stem-galling weevil, was first released in Canada in 2014 to evaluate its potential to control L. vulgaris. Rhinusa pilosa requires young, vigorously growing shoots to establish. Ability to estimate when adequate shoots will be available could inform release timing, thus improving establishment success. There is currently no growing degree-day (GDD) model for L. vulgaris. Our main objective was to develop a GDD model for the emergence of L. vulgaris shoots and discuss the utility of such a model in relation to the establishment of R. pilosa in Nova Scotia. Four sites containing five randomly placed 1-m2 quadrats were monitored for the emergence of L. vulgaris shoots twice weekly in spring to summer 2017 and 2018 by recording number of shoots and shoots with flower buds. A GDD (Tbase 2 C) model for shoot emergence of L. vulgaris was developed and validated using independent shoot emergence data. Shoots emerged in the spring between 124 and 244 GDD with 90% of all shoots emerged between 681 and 1,117 GDD. Model estimation for the initiation of shoot emergence was 74 GDD, with 10%, 50%, and 90% shoot emergence estimated to occur at 179, 409, and 811 GDD, respectively. Rhinusa pilosa adults were released in 2016 (three sites) and 2017 (one site), and number of shoots with galls was recorded. Galls were observed in all three sites in 2016 and in three of the four sites in 2017, with none found in 2018. Timing of release and soil moisture are discussed as factors affecting establishment of R. pilosa in Nova Scotia.
{"title":"Development of a growing degree-day model to estimate Linaria vulgaris shoot emergence and prospects for improving biological control efforts","authors":"S. Blatt, R. De Clerck-Floate, S. White","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.; Scrophulariaceae) is an invasive herbaceous perennial weed of agricultural and natural habitats throughout North America. In pastures or native rangelands, use of biological control is an attractive option, particularly if the agent can be established quickly. Rhinusa pilosa (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a stem-galling weevil, was first released in Canada in 2014 to evaluate its potential to control L. vulgaris. Rhinusa pilosa requires young, vigorously growing shoots to establish. Ability to estimate when adequate shoots will be available could inform release timing, thus improving establishment success. There is currently no growing degree-day (GDD) model for L. vulgaris. Our main objective was to develop a GDD model for the emergence of L. vulgaris shoots and discuss the utility of such a model in relation to the establishment of R. pilosa in Nova Scotia. Four sites containing five randomly placed 1-m2 quadrats were monitored for the emergence of L. vulgaris shoots twice weekly in spring to summer 2017 and 2018 by recording number of shoots and shoots with flower buds. A GDD (Tbase 2 C) model for shoot emergence of L. vulgaris was developed and validated using independent shoot emergence data. Shoots emerged in the spring between 124 and 244 GDD with 90% of all shoots emerged between 681 and 1,117 GDD. Model estimation for the initiation of shoot emergence was 74 GDD, with 10%, 50%, and 90% shoot emergence estimated to occur at 179, 409, and 811 GDD, respectively. Rhinusa pilosa adults were released in 2016 (three sites) and 2017 (one site), and number of shoots with galls was recorded. Galls were observed in all three sites in 2016 and in three of the four sites in 2017, with none found in 2018. Timing of release and soil moisture are discussed as factors affecting establishment of R. pilosa in Nova Scotia.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"9 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42543361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sulphur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta L.) is an invasive perennial forb threatening rangelands in western North America. To identify best management strategies to control P. recta, we examined targeted goat (Capra hircus L.) grazing conducted once (pre-flowering) versus twice (pre-flowering and flowering and seed set), aminopyralid application, and integrated targeted grazing and aminopyralid as management strategies. We also examined the interaction between treatments and seasonality (spring and summer) and explored the possibility of off-target effects to non-target species. Two intermountain rangelands in British Columbia, Canada, were treated, one with targeted grazing treatments only and one with targeted grazing and herbicide treatments. Targeted grazing treatments were implemented in 2019 and 2020, and aminopyralid was applied once in 2019 at a rate of 56 g ai ha–1. Potentilla recta aboveground biomass and number of seed heads declined following targeted grazing treatments at both field sites in 2019 and 2020 when compared with the control, with no differences between targeted grazing treatments. In May 2020, before the implementation of targeted grazing for the second year, a decrease in P. recta biomass was not measured in the targeted grazing treatments, but biomass was 87% to 99% less in the herbicide-only and targeted grazing plus herbicide treatments. In July 2020, declines in biomass and seed heads in the herbicide-only and targeted grazing plus herbicide treatments did not differ from grazing twice, and aminopyralid effects did not differ among the three herbicide treatments. Further research is required to examine legacy effects of targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid on P. recta, establish reapplication frequency of treatments, and determine whether integrating targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid is needed in the long term to manage P. recta. A long-term study is also needed to examine off-target effects from targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid and ways to mitigate these effects to promote healthy native rangeland plant communities.
摘要五香委陵菜（Potentilla recta L.）是一种入侵性多年生草本植物，威胁着北美西部的牧场。为了确定控制P.recta的最佳管理策略，我们研究了目标山羊（Capra hircus L.）一次放牧（开花前）与两次放牧（开花前、开花和结实）、氨基吡喃的应用以及综合目标放牧和氨基吡喃作为管理策略。我们还研究了处理与季节性（春季和夏季）之间的相互作用，并探讨了对非目标物种产生脱靶效应的可能性。对加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的两处山间牧场进行了处理，一处仅进行了定向放牧处理，另一处进行了定向牧场和除草剂处理。2019年和2020年实施了有针对性的放牧处理，2019年以56 g ai ha–1的速率施用了一次吡喃氨基脲。与对照相比，2019年和2020年，在两个场地进行定向放牧处理后，委陵菜的地上生物量和种子头数都有所下降，定向放牧处理之间没有差异。2020年5月，在第二年实施靶向放牧之前，靶向放牧处理中没有测量到recta P.recta生物量的下降，但仅使用除草剂和靶向放牧加除草剂处理的生物量减少了87%至99%。2020年7月，仅使用除草剂和定向放牧加除草剂处理的生物量和种子头的下降与两次放牧没有差异，三种除草剂处理的氨基吡喃酮效应也没有差异。需要进一步的研究来检查靶向山羊放牧和氨基吡喃对P.recta的遗留影响，确定治疗的重新应用频率，并确定是否需要长期整合靶向山羊牧场和氨基吡嗪来管理P.recta。还需要进行一项长期研究，以检查有针对性的山羊放牧和氨基吡喃的脱靶影响，以及减轻这些影响以促进健康的本地牧场植物群落的方法。
{"title":"Suppression of Potentilla recta by targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid on northern intermountain rangelands","authors":"Myra Juckers, K. Stewart","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sulphur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta L.) is an invasive perennial forb threatening rangelands in western North America. To identify best management strategies to control P. recta, we examined targeted goat (Capra hircus L.) grazing conducted once (pre-flowering) versus twice (pre-flowering and flowering and seed set), aminopyralid application, and integrated targeted grazing and aminopyralid as management strategies. We also examined the interaction between treatments and seasonality (spring and summer) and explored the possibility of off-target effects to non-target species. Two intermountain rangelands in British Columbia, Canada, were treated, one with targeted grazing treatments only and one with targeted grazing and herbicide treatments. Targeted grazing treatments were implemented in 2019 and 2020, and aminopyralid was applied once in 2019 at a rate of 56 g ai ha–1. Potentilla recta aboveground biomass and number of seed heads declined following targeted grazing treatments at both field sites in 2019 and 2020 when compared with the control, with no differences between targeted grazing treatments. In May 2020, before the implementation of targeted grazing for the second year, a decrease in P. recta biomass was not measured in the targeted grazing treatments, but biomass was 87% to 99% less in the herbicide-only and targeted grazing plus herbicide treatments. In July 2020, declines in biomass and seed heads in the herbicide-only and targeted grazing plus herbicide treatments did not differ from grazing twice, and aminopyralid effects did not differ among the three herbicide treatments. Further research is required to examine legacy effects of targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid on P. recta, establish reapplication frequency of treatments, and determine whether integrating targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid is needed in the long term to manage P. recta. A long-term study is also needed to examine off-target effects from targeted goat grazing and aminopyralid and ways to mitigate these effects to promote healthy native rangeland plant communities.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"49 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46991966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hybridization can play an important role in the evolution of invasiveness. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) is a widespread aquatic invasive plant species that hybridizes with native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.). Previous studies have found mixed evidence for whether hybrid watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum × sibiricum) and pure M. spicatum differ in vegetative growth rate and herbicide response. While several studies have emphasized variation in these traits among M. spicatum × sibiricum genotypes, variation within M. spicatum has not been considered. Therefore, it is unclear how much genetic variation influences invasive traits and management outcomes within M. spicatum versus between M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum. If M. spicatum × sibiricum genotypes are always more invasive than M. spicatum genotypes, simply distinguishing taxa may be sufficient for identifying lake management priorities; however, if significant phenotypic overlap is observed between taxa, distinguishing individual genotypes may be important for tailoring management strategies. We performed replicated trials of a vegetative growth and 2,4-D assay to measure clonal variation in growth rate and herbicide response of M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum. Our results indicate that M. spicatum × sibiricum exhibits higher average vegetative growth than M. spicatum, regardless of whether it was treated with subsurface applications of 2,4-D. We did not observe interactions between taxon and treatment or between genotype and treatment. Despite differences between M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum in average vegetative growth, there was substantial overlap between taxa. For example, we found that the fastest-growing genotype of pure M. spicatum did not differ significantly in average growth from the fastest-growing M. spicatum × sibiricum genotype. The potential for overlap between these invasive Myriophyllum taxa suggests that distinguishing and characterizing genotypes may be more informative for management than simply distinguishing between M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum.
{"title":"Hybridization and invasiveness in Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum): is prioritizing hybrids in management justified?","authors":"Hannah K. Hoff, R. Thum","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hybridization can play an important role in the evolution of invasiveness. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) is a widespread aquatic invasive plant species that hybridizes with native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.). Previous studies have found mixed evidence for whether hybrid watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum × sibiricum) and pure M. spicatum differ in vegetative growth rate and herbicide response. While several studies have emphasized variation in these traits among M. spicatum × sibiricum genotypes, variation within M. spicatum has not been considered. Therefore, it is unclear how much genetic variation influences invasive traits and management outcomes within M. spicatum versus between M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum. If M. spicatum × sibiricum genotypes are always more invasive than M. spicatum genotypes, simply distinguishing taxa may be sufficient for identifying lake management priorities; however, if significant phenotypic overlap is observed between taxa, distinguishing individual genotypes may be important for tailoring management strategies. We performed replicated trials of a vegetative growth and 2,4-D assay to measure clonal variation in growth rate and herbicide response of M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum. Our results indicate that M. spicatum × sibiricum exhibits higher average vegetative growth than M. spicatum, regardless of whether it was treated with subsurface applications of 2,4-D. We did not observe interactions between taxon and treatment or between genotype and treatment. Despite differences between M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum in average vegetative growth, there was substantial overlap between taxa. For example, we found that the fastest-growing genotype of pure M. spicatum did not differ significantly in average growth from the fastest-growing M. spicatum × sibiricum genotype. The potential for overlap between these invasive Myriophyllum taxa suggests that distinguishing and characterizing genotypes may be more informative for management than simply distinguishing between M. spicatum and M. spicatum × sibiricum.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"3 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43498548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Globally, giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize [sacchariflorus × sinensis]) is used as a biofuel crop due to its ability to persist in a wide range of climates. However, little work has assessed this plant's ability to invade and persist in wetland habitats. In outdoor mesocosms, we examined M. × giganteus's ability to grow in simulated wetland versus upland habitats and examined chemical control strategies for both habitats using aquatic-labeled herbicides. Miscanthus × giganteus growth was consistently greater in simulated wetland habitats, with wetland plants 2.4 to 3 times taller than upland plants at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) and 2.8 to 3.3 times taller than upland plants at 12 WAT. Miscanthus × giganteus aboveground biomass was 12.7 to 17.7 times greater in wetland-versus upland-grown plants at 6 WAT and 9.6 to 12.5 times greater at 12 WAT. Belowground biomass was 4.5 to 10.7 times greater in wetland versus upland grown plants at 6 WAT and 4.0 to 6.1 times greater at 12 WAT. Miscanthus × giganteus belowground biomass was always greater than aboveground in both habitats at 6 (6.0 times greater in wetlands and 2.9 times greater in uplands) and 12 WAT (3.8 times greater in wetlands and 1.3 times greater in uplands). Generally, all herbicide treatments reduced M. × giganteus height (66% to 100% reduction) and biomass (84% to 100%) compared with nontreated plants at 12 WAT; however, glyphosate (5,716.3 g ai ha–1) and imazapyr (1,120.8 g ai ha–1) performed better than imazamox (560.4 g ai ha–1) and penoxsulam (98.6 g ai ha–1). This is the first work to provide evidence that M. × giganteus can be chemically controlled in wetland habitats. Furthermore, this is the first work to show that penoxsulam (an acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicide) can reduce M. × giganteus growth in upland or wetland habitats.
摘要在全球范围内，巨型芒草（miscanthus×giganteus J.M.Greef&Deuter ex Hodkinson&Renvoize[糖化菌×sinensis]）因其能够在多种气候下持续生长而被用作生物燃料作物。然而，很少有研究评估这种植物入侵湿地并在湿地栖息地持续存在的能力。在室外中尺度中，我们研究了M.×giganteus在模拟湿地和高地栖息地的生长能力，并研究了使用水生标记除草剂对这两个栖息地的化学控制策略。在模拟湿地栖息地中，芒草×巨型芒草的生长始终更大，在处理后6周（WAT），湿地植物比高地植物高2.4至3倍，在处理12周时，湿地植物是高地植物高2.8至3.3倍。湿地中的芒×巨型地上生物量在6瓦特时是陆地植物的12.7至17.7倍，在12瓦特时是9.6至12.5倍。湿地地下生物量在6瓦特时是旱地植物的4.5至10.7倍，在12瓦特时是陆地植物的4.0至6.1倍。在这两个栖息地，芒属×巨型芒属地下生物量始终大于地上生物量，分别为6倍（湿地为6.0倍，高地为2.9倍）和12倍（湿地和高地分别为3.8倍和1.3倍）。一般来说，在12WAT下，与未处理的植物相比，所有除草剂处理都降低了M.×giganteus的高度（减少66%至100%）和生物量（减少84%至100%）；然而，草甘膦（5716.3 g ai ha–1）和伊玛扎吡（1120.8 g ai ha-1）的表现要好于伊玛扎莫（560.4 g ai ha-1）和哌诺沙仑（98.6 g ai ha－1）。这是第一项提供证据，证明M.×giganteus可以在湿地栖息地进行化学控制。此外，这是第一项表明penoxsulam（一种抑制乙酰乳酸合酶的除草剂）可以减少M.×giganteus在高地或湿地栖息地的生长的工作。
{"title":"Miscanthus × giganteus growth and control in simulated upland and wetland habitats","authors":"G. Turnage, J. Byrd, J. Madsen","doi":"10.1017/inp.2022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2022.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Globally, giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize [sacchariflorus × sinensis]) is used as a biofuel crop due to its ability to persist in a wide range of climates. However, little work has assessed this plant's ability to invade and persist in wetland habitats. In outdoor mesocosms, we examined M. × giganteus's ability to grow in simulated wetland versus upland habitats and examined chemical control strategies for both habitats using aquatic-labeled herbicides. Miscanthus × giganteus growth was consistently greater in simulated wetland habitats, with wetland plants 2.4 to 3 times taller than upland plants at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) and 2.8 to 3.3 times taller than upland plants at 12 WAT. Miscanthus × giganteus aboveground biomass was 12.7 to 17.7 times greater in wetland-versus upland-grown plants at 6 WAT and 9.6 to 12.5 times greater at 12 WAT. Belowground biomass was 4.5 to 10.7 times greater in wetland versus upland grown plants at 6 WAT and 4.0 to 6.1 times greater at 12 WAT. Miscanthus × giganteus belowground biomass was always greater than aboveground in both habitats at 6 (6.0 times greater in wetlands and 2.9 times greater in uplands) and 12 WAT (3.8 times greater in wetlands and 1.3 times greater in uplands). Generally, all herbicide treatments reduced M. × giganteus height (66% to 100% reduction) and biomass (84% to 100%) compared with nontreated plants at 12 WAT; however, glyphosate (5,716.3 g ai ha–1) and imazapyr (1,120.8 g ai ha–1) performed better than imazamox (560.4 g ai ha–1) and penoxsulam (98.6 g ai ha–1). This is the first work to provide evidence that M. × giganteus can be chemically controlled in wetland habitats. Furthermore, this is the first work to show that penoxsulam (an acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicide) can reduce M. × giganteus growth in upland or wetland habitats.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"25 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42130704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Bonilla-Valencia, Mariana Hernández-Apolinar, J. Zúñiga‐Vega, F. Espinosa-García, Yuriana Martínez-Orea, S. Castillo-Argüero
Abstract Although it has been demonstrated that environmental changes within a year can affect the reproduction, survival, and growth of invasive species, these factors have rarely been incorporated into demographic analyses. Therefore, we applied multistate demographic models (based on capture–recapture animal methods accounting for imperfect detectability of individuals in natural conditions) to evaluate the effects of reproductive phenology and rainy season on the survival and transition/retrogression rates among stage categories of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.)—an invasive tree species widely distributed in temperate forests of Europe and America. In the Abies religiosa temperate forest, Mexico City, a multistate demographic model of S. nigra was built using bimonthly censuses during a year. We selected the best-fitting model according to Akaike's information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc). We determined the response of reproductive phenology of S. nigra to the rainy season for 2 yr through repeatability and phenotypic plasticity indexes. Our results showed that the reproductive phenology of S. nigra has a low repeatability index and a high phenotypic plasticity index. We demonstrated that additive and interactive effects of reproductive phenology and rainy season promote changes in survival and transition/retrogression rates among stage categories. During the rainy season, the survival probability of seedlings and transition probability toward the adult category increased. Therefore, our study represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of the demographic dynamics of invasive species on an intra-annual scale.
虽然研究表明，一年内的环境变化会影响入侵物种的繁殖、生存和生长，但这些因素很少被纳入人口统计学分析。因此，我们应用多状态人口统计学模型(基于捕获-再捕获动物方法，考虑自然条件下个体的不完全可检测性)来评估生殖物候和雨季对黑接骨木(Sambucus nigra L.)的生存和过渡/倒退率的影响。黑接骨木是一种广泛分布于欧洲和美洲温带森林的入侵树种。在墨西哥城的冷杉温带森林中，利用一年中每两个月一次的人口普查，建立了一个多州的黑马人口模型。我们根据小样本量调整后的赤池信息准则(Akaike’s information criterion for small sample sizes, AICc)选择最佳拟合模型。通过可重复性和表型可塑性指标，测定了黑曲霉生殖物候对2年雨季的响应。结果表明，黑曲霉生殖物候具有较低的重复指数和较高的表型可塑性指数。我们证明了生殖物候和雨季的加性和交互作用促进了阶段类别之间的生存和过渡/倒退率的变化。在雨季，幼苗的成活率和向成虫类别过渡的概率增加。因此，我们的研究对了解年内入侵物种的人口动态具有重要的贡献。
{"title":"Incorporating rainy season and reproductive phenology into the survival and transition rates of the invasive species Sambucus nigra: an approximation with multistate models","authors":"L. Bonilla-Valencia, Mariana Hernández-Apolinar, J. Zúñiga‐Vega, F. Espinosa-García, Yuriana Martínez-Orea, S. Castillo-Argüero","doi":"10.1017/inp.2021.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.37","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although it has been demonstrated that environmental changes within a year can affect the reproduction, survival, and growth of invasive species, these factors have rarely been incorporated into demographic analyses. Therefore, we applied multistate demographic models (based on capture–recapture animal methods accounting for imperfect detectability of individuals in natural conditions) to evaluate the effects of reproductive phenology and rainy season on the survival and transition/retrogression rates among stage categories of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.)—an invasive tree species widely distributed in temperate forests of Europe and America. In the Abies religiosa temperate forest, Mexico City, a multistate demographic model of S. nigra was built using bimonthly censuses during a year. We selected the best-fitting model according to Akaike's information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc). We determined the response of reproductive phenology of S. nigra to the rainy season for 2 yr through repeatability and phenotypic plasticity indexes. Our results showed that the reproductive phenology of S. nigra has a low repeatability index and a high phenotypic plasticity index. We demonstrated that additive and interactive effects of reproductive phenology and rainy season promote changes in survival and transition/retrogression rates among stage categories. During the rainy season, the survival probability of seedlings and transition probability toward the adult category increased. Therefore, our study represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of the demographic dynamics of invasive species on an intra-annual scale.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"16 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44761769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Scientists and natural resource managers require suitable vegetation survey methods to assess the success of rangeland restoration projects. Visual estimation and point intercept methods are commonly used to evaluate vegetation cover. This study compared the performance of one visual (quadrat-based) and two line-point intercept (LPI, canopy and basal) methods to assess biodiversity and cover and to estimate biomass production on sites invaded by introduced annual grasses across Wyoming, USA. Greater species richness and higher Shannon index values were measured in quadrats, while introduced annual and native perennial graminoid cover values were higher in LPI canopy in general. Overall, these outcomes indicate quadrats as the most suitable survey method when biodiversity monitoring is the primary objective, while suggesting LPI canopy when monitoring vegetation cover is prioritized. Finally, our regression models indicated quadrat-based estimates as the most reliable to predict introduced annual and native perennial graminoid biomass.
{"title":"Comparison of visual estimation and line-point intercept vegetation survey methods on annual grass–invaded rangelands of Wyoming","authors":"A. De Stefano, Beth Fowers, B. Mealor","doi":"10.1017/inp.2021.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.36","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Scientists and natural resource managers require suitable vegetation survey methods to assess the success of rangeland restoration projects. Visual estimation and point intercept methods are commonly used to evaluate vegetation cover. This study compared the performance of one visual (quadrat-based) and two line-point intercept (LPI, canopy and basal) methods to assess biodiversity and cover and to estimate biomass production on sites invaded by introduced annual grasses across Wyoming, USA. Greater species richness and higher Shannon index values were measured in quadrats, while introduced annual and native perennial graminoid cover values were higher in LPI canopy in general. Overall, these outcomes indicate quadrats as the most suitable survey method when biodiversity monitoring is the primary objective, while suggesting LPI canopy when monitoring vegetation cover is prioritized. Finally, our regression models indicated quadrat-based estimates as the most reliable to predict introduced annual and native perennial graminoid biomass.","PeriodicalId":14470,"journal":{"name":"Invasive Plant Science and Management","volume":"14 1","pages":"240 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47369356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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