Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1961885
M. João, N. Kriegler, A. Freire, M. A. A. Pinheiro
ABSTRACT Hard-shell-mating is the typical way that semi-terrestrial and terrestrial crabs copulate, when females reproduce with a hard carapace during the intermoult period and the couples have a brief or absent pre- and post-copulatory behaviour. For Gecarcinidae crabs there are few studies on reproductive behaviour, and are especially rare for isolated species, as in the genus Johngarthia. Here, we describe the mating behaviour of the endangered insular crab J. lagostoma endemic of the South Atlantic Ocean, with a focus on pre-, copulatory, and post-copulatory behaviours. Observations were made on 20 pairs in the field, with every female in intermoult. Accessory behaviours were absent, with copulation beginning after sexual recognition. After mating, there were no records of males guarding or embracing females. All couples had the female in an upper position and passive males, which do not react when other males are near the mating site. The size of the chelipeds and males were random and not determinant to mating. However, yellow crabs predominated (95%) in mating pairs and the linkage of colouration to sexual selection needs to be more elucidated because purple crabs are less frequent in the population and the lower representation in the couples can be an effect of this. Experimental studies are required to investigate sexual selection and the occurrence of the behaviour described herein at other locations.
{"title":"Mating strategies of the endangered insular land crab Johngarthia lagostoma (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)","authors":"M. João, N. Kriegler, A. Freire, M. A. A. Pinheiro","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1961885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1961885","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hard-shell-mating is the typical way that semi-terrestrial and terrestrial crabs copulate, when females reproduce with a hard carapace during the intermoult period and the couples have a brief or absent pre- and post-copulatory behaviour. For Gecarcinidae crabs there are few studies on reproductive behaviour, and are especially rare for isolated species, as in the genus Johngarthia. Here, we describe the mating behaviour of the endangered insular crab J. lagostoma endemic of the South Atlantic Ocean, with a focus on pre-, copulatory, and post-copulatory behaviours. Observations were made on 20 pairs in the field, with every female in intermoult. Accessory behaviours were absent, with copulation beginning after sexual recognition. After mating, there were no records of males guarding or embracing females. All couples had the female in an upper position and passive males, which do not react when other males are near the mating site. The size of the chelipeds and males were random and not determinant to mating. However, yellow crabs predominated (95%) in mating pairs and the linkage of colouration to sexual selection needs to be more elucidated because purple crabs are less frequent in the population and the lower representation in the couples can be an effect of this. Experimental studies are required to investigate sexual selection and the occurrence of the behaviour described herein at other locations.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48610538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Studies on temperature-dependent phenology and morphology of insects facilitate examination of the consequences of temperature on their growth, development and population dynamics. The effects of seasonal changes on the life cycle and morphometry of Anisops breddini were studied by rearing eggs to adults under laboratory conditions during the wet and dry seasons. The average incubation period of eggs, developmental durations of instars I–V and total developmental time were significantly less at warm temperature (wet season) than in cold temperature (dry season). However, the hatching percentage was significantly higher at warm temperature than in cold temperature. Morphometric measurements of nymphs and adults were also significantly less at warm temperature than in cold temperature. Laboratory reared individuals during the wet season at warm temperature had faster development and produced smaller individuals as compared with the dry season. The developmental durations and body size of the experimental individuals were significantly negatively correlated with rearing temperature. The study further revealed that in warm temperature the developmental duration of the experimental individuals become shorter which in turn might increase the number of generations of this insect.
{"title":"Seasonal variations in the life cycle and morphology of Anisops breddini (Hemiptera: Notonectidae)","authors":"Chongtham Memtombi Chanu, Susmita Gupta, Abhik Gupta","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1961884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1961884","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies on temperature-dependent phenology and morphology of insects facilitate examination of the consequences of temperature on their growth, development and population dynamics. The effects of seasonal changes on the life cycle and morphometry of Anisops breddini were studied by rearing eggs to adults under laboratory conditions during the wet and dry seasons. The average incubation period of eggs, developmental durations of instars I–V and total developmental time were significantly less at warm temperature (wet season) than in cold temperature (dry season). However, the hatching percentage was significantly higher at warm temperature than in cold temperature. Morphometric measurements of nymphs and adults were also significantly less at warm temperature than in cold temperature. Laboratory reared individuals during the wet season at warm temperature had faster development and produced smaller individuals as compared with the dry season. The developmental durations and body size of the experimental individuals were significantly negatively correlated with rearing temperature. The study further revealed that in warm temperature the developmental duration of the experimental individuals become shorter which in turn might increase the number of generations of this insect.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1961884","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47897170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1958933
Takeo Yamamoto, Y. Ueda, K. Hamasaki
ABSTRACT In the Sea of Japan, the mature red snow crab Chionoecetes japonicus is distributed at a depth of 500–2,700 m. However, its planktonic larvae occur at depths shallower than 300 m. To better understand the factors influencing larval dispersal and settlement of the red snow crab in its natural habitat, we tested the effects of temperatures ranging from 1°C to 18°C on the survival, developmental period, and growth of red snow crab zoeal and megalopal larvae. The mean number of days from hatching to second zoeae and megalopae and from megalopae to the first crab instar was significantly shorter at warmer temperatures. Moreover, the relationships between mean temperatures and larval periods were well described by heat summation theory equations and a nonlinear thermodynamic Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) model. The higher survival rate, intrinsic optimum temperatures in the SSI model, and larger carapace width suggested that the optimum temperatures for the development of zoeal and megalopal stages of the red snow crab are 9–10°C and 7–8°C, respectively. A lower optimum temperature in the megalopal stage than in the zoeal stages was considered an adaptation to facilitate deeper vertical distributions in the megalopal stage.
{"title":"Effect of temperature on red snow crab Chionoecetes japonicus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Majoidea) larval survival, development, and growth under laboratory conditions","authors":"Takeo Yamamoto, Y. Ueda, K. Hamasaki","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1958933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1958933","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the Sea of Japan, the mature red snow crab Chionoecetes japonicus is distributed at a depth of 500–2,700 m. However, its planktonic larvae occur at depths shallower than 300 m. To better understand the factors influencing larval dispersal and settlement of the red snow crab in its natural habitat, we tested the effects of temperatures ranging from 1°C to 18°C on the survival, developmental period, and growth of red snow crab zoeal and megalopal larvae. The mean number of days from hatching to second zoeae and megalopae and from megalopae to the first crab instar was significantly shorter at warmer temperatures. Moreover, the relationships between mean temperatures and larval periods were well described by heat summation theory equations and a nonlinear thermodynamic Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) model. The higher survival rate, intrinsic optimum temperatures in the SSI model, and larger carapace width suggested that the optimum temperatures for the development of zoeal and megalopal stages of the red snow crab are 9–10°C and 7–8°C, respectively. A lower optimum temperature in the megalopal stage than in the zoeal stages was considered an adaptation to facilitate deeper vertical distributions in the megalopal stage.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46112640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1955756
Mario Martínez-Mayén
ABSTRACT Alpheus packardii is widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, from Cape Charles Virginia to São Paulo, Brazil and part of the West Indies. The goal of this study is to provide preliminary data on sex ratio, size at sexual maturity, fecundity, volume of the embryos, and brood loss on the basis of material collected in July 1997 at Mahahual, Quintana Roo, Mexico. The 483 specimens had a sex ratio of 0.88 males per female, which did not differ statistically from the expected value of 1:1. The estimated size (carapace length) at sexual maturity for females was 5.57 ± 0.69 mm. Fecundity varied between 31 and 302 embryos and increased with female size. The newly extruded embryos of A. packardii were small (0.069 ± 0.015 mm3) and similar in size to those reported for other species of the genus. Embryo volume increased by 59.42% during the incubation period, and the estimated brood loss was 38.6%. This study of specimens from the Atlantic coast of Mexico is the first to document the reproductive features of any population of A. packardii.
{"title":"Reproductive aspects of the snapping shrimp Alpheus packardii (Decapoda, Alpheidae) in Mahahual reef lagoon, southern coast of Quintana Roo, Mexican Caribbean","authors":"Mario Martínez-Mayén","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1955756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1955756","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Alpheus packardii is widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, from Cape Charles Virginia to São Paulo, Brazil and part of the West Indies. The goal of this study is to provide preliminary data on sex ratio, size at sexual maturity, fecundity, volume of the embryos, and brood loss on the basis of material collected in July 1997 at Mahahual, Quintana Roo, Mexico. The 483 specimens had a sex ratio of 0.88 males per female, which did not differ statistically from the expected value of 1:1. The estimated size (carapace length) at sexual maturity for females was 5.57 ± 0.69 mm. Fecundity varied between 31 and 302 embryos and increased with female size. The newly extruded embryos of A. packardii were small (0.069 ± 0.015 mm3) and similar in size to those reported for other species of the genus. Embryo volume increased by 59.42% during the incubation period, and the estimated brood loss was 38.6%. This study of specimens from the Atlantic coast of Mexico is the first to document the reproductive features of any population of A. packardii.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1955756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41566640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1935335
Chang-Pu Song, Lian-lian Sun, Li-bing Zheng, Chang-feng Chi
ABSTRACT Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a decapeptide secreted by hypothalamic neurons, is a key signalling molecule of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis for the control of reproduction in vertebrates. In this study, a full-length cDNA of GnRH-like gene from the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis (denoted as SpGnRH, GenBank Accession NO. QPB69198.1) was cloned, which is 432 bp and the open reading frame (ORF) encodes a protein of 90 aa. Multi-sequence alignment revealed high homology of SpGnRH with GnRH from other cephalopod species: 99%, 91%, 86% and 71% similarity with Sepia lycidas, Sepiella japonica, Uroteuthis edulis and Octopus vulgaris, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis supported the finding that SpGnRH was a new member of the GnRH protein family, which was clustered into a group with octopus, squid, and other cuttlefish species. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that SpGnRH mRNA was highly expressed in the brain at three developmental stages (stage III, stage IV, and stage V). In situ hybridization showed that SpGnRH was localized throughout several different functional brain lobes, suggesting SpGnRH might be involved in physiological regulations such as reproduction and feeding. This study might provide a useful theoretical basis for studying reproductive regulation, genetic resource conservation, and artificial breeding.
{"title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like gene in the cephalopod, Sepia pharaonis: characterization, expression analysis, and localization in the brain","authors":"Chang-Pu Song, Lian-lian Sun, Li-bing Zheng, Chang-feng Chi","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1935335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1935335","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a decapeptide secreted by hypothalamic neurons, is a key signalling molecule of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis for the control of reproduction in vertebrates. In this study, a full-length cDNA of GnRH-like gene from the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis (denoted as SpGnRH, GenBank Accession NO. QPB69198.1) was cloned, which is 432 bp and the open reading frame (ORF) encodes a protein of 90 aa. Multi-sequence alignment revealed high homology of SpGnRH with GnRH from other cephalopod species: 99%, 91%, 86% and 71% similarity with Sepia lycidas, Sepiella japonica, Uroteuthis edulis and Octopus vulgaris, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis supported the finding that SpGnRH was a new member of the GnRH protein family, which was clustered into a group with octopus, squid, and other cuttlefish species. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that SpGnRH mRNA was highly expressed in the brain at three developmental stages (stage III, stage IV, and stage V). In situ hybridization showed that SpGnRH was localized throughout several different functional brain lobes, suggesting SpGnRH might be involved in physiological regulations such as reproduction and feeding. This study might provide a useful theoretical basis for studying reproductive regulation, genetic resource conservation, and artificial breeding.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1935335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47930445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-11DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1933222
Christian Bojorquez, Colette J. Feehan
ABSTRACT Marine heatwaves are discrete periods of anomalously warm sea temperatures that are globally increasing in frequency and intensity. Marine heatwaves that occur in spring and summer may coincide with the developmental timing of sensitive early life-history stages of benthic marine invertebrates. The successful development of these early life stages, along with other physical and biological factors, will determine the abundance of benthic populations. Here, we examine the effects of a laboratory-simulated marine heatwave on early development (fertilization and embryonic cleavage) in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata taken from its cold (northern) range edge in the Northwest Atlantic. We predicted that a marine heatwave would yield accelerated development given that ambient temperatures at this cold range edge are likely suboptimal for development of A. punctulata. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observed faster fertilization and cleavage rates in a marine heatwave treatment (27.5°C) as compared to an ambient temperature treatment (21.8°C) within the first 3 hours of development. The results contribute to our understanding of how marine heatwaves can affect the earliest life stage of A. punctulata.
{"title":"Laboratory-simulated marine heatwave accelerates early embryonic development in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata at its cold range edge","authors":"Christian Bojorquez, Colette J. Feehan","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1933222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1933222","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Marine heatwaves are discrete periods of anomalously warm sea temperatures that are globally increasing in frequency and intensity. Marine heatwaves that occur in spring and summer may coincide with the developmental timing of sensitive early life-history stages of benthic marine invertebrates. The successful development of these early life stages, along with other physical and biological factors, will determine the abundance of benthic populations. Here, we examine the effects of a laboratory-simulated marine heatwave on early development (fertilization and embryonic cleavage) in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata taken from its cold (northern) range edge in the Northwest Atlantic. We predicted that a marine heatwave would yield accelerated development given that ambient temperatures at this cold range edge are likely suboptimal for development of A. punctulata. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observed faster fertilization and cleavage rates in a marine heatwave treatment (27.5°C) as compared to an ambient temperature treatment (21.8°C) within the first 3 hours of development. The results contribute to our understanding of how marine heatwaves can affect the earliest life stage of A. punctulata.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1933222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47172438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1932614
J. P. Sánchez-Ovando, F. Benítez-Villalobos, J. R. Bastida-Zavala
ABSTRACT Species of the genus Spirobranchus are sessile polychaetes with an important role in marine ecosystems since they are suspension-feeding invertebrates. However, for most species almost nothing is known about their early and larval development, so we describe the early development of two species of Spirobranchus from the Southern Mexican Pacific. The early trochophore larva of S. incrassatus was formed 12 h post-fertilization at 28°C and was described up to a 24-day-old metamorph, whilst it was only possible to follow S. cf. corniculatus to the eight-day-old early trochophore larva. With this study, we describe the early embryological stages, which provide an understanding of the reproductive biology of these polychaetes. Furthermore, this type of information is the basis for future experimental work on the possible response of embryos and larvae to changes in environmental variables, such as temperature.
{"title":"Early development of two species of Spirobranchus Blainville, 1818 (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Southern Mexican Pacific","authors":"J. P. Sánchez-Ovando, F. Benítez-Villalobos, J. R. Bastida-Zavala","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1932614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1932614","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Species of the genus Spirobranchus are sessile polychaetes with an important role in marine ecosystems since they are suspension-feeding invertebrates. However, for most species almost nothing is known about their early and larval development, so we describe the early development of two species of Spirobranchus from the Southern Mexican Pacific. The early trochophore larva of S. incrassatus was formed 12 h post-fertilization at 28°C and was described up to a 24-day-old metamorph, whilst it was only possible to follow S. cf. corniculatus to the eight-day-old early trochophore larva. With this study, we describe the early embryological stages, which provide an understanding of the reproductive biology of these polychaetes. Furthermore, this type of information is the basis for future experimental work on the possible response of embryos and larvae to changes in environmental variables, such as temperature.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1932614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43844476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-06DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1935334
K. G. Bonilla, J. Guest, Dexter W Dela Cruz, M. V. Baria‐Rodriguez
ABSTRACT Despite decades of research, many aspects of coral reproductive biology, such as colony size and age at the onset of sexual maturity remain poorly studied. In this study, wild colonies of different size classes and colonies of a known age of the massive scleractinian Favites abdita were examined for the presence or absence of mature oocytes to determine size and age at the onset of maturity. Fecundity for each size class was also determined for wild colonies. Both sexually propagated and wild F. abdita colonies that are 1.8 cm in diameter were found to be sexually mature. Colonies of size class A (0.1–4.0 cm maximum diameter) had lower mean oocyte counts but greater mean oocyte geometric mean diameter per polyp (44 ± 6.08, 340.38 ± 7.68 µm; mean ± SE) compared to colonies of classes B (4.1–8.0 cm) and C (>8.1 cm) (469 ± 62.41, 283.96 ± 6.94 µm; 278 ± 57.15, 317.57 ± 9.18 µm, respectively). Results of this study bring into question the widely applied operational definition of juveniles being colonies ≤4.0 cm diameter and suggest that even quite small colonies can play a role in contributing to the natural larval pool on reefs than previously thought.
{"title":"Onset of sexual maturity of sexually propagated and wild colonies of the massive coral Favites abdita in northwestern Philippines","authors":"K. G. Bonilla, J. Guest, Dexter W Dela Cruz, M. V. Baria‐Rodriguez","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1935334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1935334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite decades of research, many aspects of coral reproductive biology, such as colony size and age at the onset of sexual maturity remain poorly studied. In this study, wild colonies of different size classes and colonies of a known age of the massive scleractinian Favites abdita were examined for the presence or absence of mature oocytes to determine size and age at the onset of maturity. Fecundity for each size class was also determined for wild colonies. Both sexually propagated and wild F. abdita colonies that are 1.8 cm in diameter were found to be sexually mature. Colonies of size class A (0.1–4.0 cm maximum diameter) had lower mean oocyte counts but greater mean oocyte geometric mean diameter per polyp (44 ± 6.08, 340.38 ± 7.68 µm; mean ± SE) compared to colonies of classes B (4.1–8.0 cm) and C (>8.1 cm) (469 ± 62.41, 283.96 ± 6.94 µm; 278 ± 57.15, 317.57 ± 9.18 µm, respectively). Results of this study bring into question the widely applied operational definition of juveniles being colonies ≤4.0 cm diameter and suggest that even quite small colonies can play a role in contributing to the natural larval pool on reefs than previously thought.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1935334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48825919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1929519
S. Gaur, Krishna Kumar
ABSTRACT Topical administration of root and seed extracts (5, 10, 15 and 20 µg/µL) of Withania somnifera to 0, 1, 2, and 3 days post-moult third instar larvae of Chrysomya megacephala resulted in disruption of moulting and metamorphosis. This leads to several developmental aberrations, such as prolongation of larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis, larval mortality, abnormal pupariation, formation of pupal-adult mosaics and adultoids, ecdysial failure, reduced pupariation and adult emergence. Treatment with seed extracts of W. somnifera was more effective as it causes greater toxicity in all the treated groups as compared to that observed with the root extracts. There was a significant interaction among all three factors viz. extract type (root and seed extracts), larval stage (0, 1, 2, 3 days post-moult third instar larvae) and concentration (5 µg/µL, 10 µg/µL, 15 µg/µL, 20 µg/µL) for prolongation of larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis. The results are similar to those observed with the administration of juvenoids and hence it can be inferred that the plant extracts mimic the action of juvenoids. The results clearly suggest that W. somnifera acts as a potential IGR disrupting the moulting and metamorphosis as a consequence of interference with the normal hormonal mechanism in C. megacephala. Abbreviations: Co Sf=coarse surface; Cy W=cylindrical wings; De Ae = deformed anterior end; De W = deformed wings; Ev G = everted genitalia; Ev Pt = everted ptilinium; L Mp = larval mouth parts; Nm W = non-membranous wings; P Ab = pupal abdomen; P Cu = pupal cuticle; Pa T L = partial tanned legs; Pg E = pigmented eyes; Pm = puparium; Re W = reduced wings; Sr G = scar of genitalia; T Pm = tanned puparium; Tu L = tubular legs; Tw Pm = twisted puparium; Un Ab = untanned abdomen; Un Pm = untanned puparium; W Pri = wing primordia
摘要:对换壳后0、1、2和3天的巨头金蝇(Chrysomya megacephala) 3龄幼虫局部给予Withania somnifera的根和种子提取物(5、10、15和20µg/µL)，会破坏其换壳和变态。这导致了一些发育异常，如幼虫-蛹和蛹-成虫蜕皮时间延长、幼虫死亡、蛹化异常、蛹-成虫嵌合体和成虫样的形成、蜕皮失败、蛹化减少和成虫羽化。与用根提取物观察到的毒性相比，用冬茅种子提取物处理更有效，因为它在所有处理组中引起更大的毒性。提取物类型(根和种子提取物)、幼虫期(换羽后3龄幼虫0、1、2、3 d)和浓度(5µg/µL、10µg/µL、15µg/µL、20µg/µL)对延长幼虫-蛹和蛹-成虫蜕皮有显著的交互作用。结果与观察到的幼体相似，因此可以推断植物提取物模拟幼体的作用。这些结果清楚地表明，由于干扰了巨头鲸正常的激素机制，somnifera作为一种潜在的IGR破坏了巨头鲸的蜕皮和变态。缩略语:Co Sf=粗面;Cy W=圆柱形机翼;De Ae =前端变形;De W =变形机翼;Ev G =外翻生殖器;Ev Pt =旋转的柱头;L Mp =幼虫口部;Nm W =非膜质翅;P Ab =蛹腹;P Cu =蛹角质层;Pa T L =部分晒黑的腿;Pg E =色素眼睛;Pm =蛹;Re W =简化翼;Sr G =生殖器瘢痕;tpm =晒黑蛹;Tu L =管状腿;Tw Pm =扭曲蛹;Un Ab =未晒黑的腹部;unpm =未晒黑的蛹;wpri =翼原基
{"title":"Effect of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera on the development of a medico-veterinary pest Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)","authors":"S. Gaur, Krishna Kumar","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1929519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1929519","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Topical administration of root and seed extracts (5, 10, 15 and 20 µg/µL) of Withania somnifera to 0, 1, 2, and 3 days post-moult third instar larvae of Chrysomya megacephala resulted in disruption of moulting and metamorphosis. This leads to several developmental aberrations, such as prolongation of larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis, larval mortality, abnormal pupariation, formation of pupal-adult mosaics and adultoids, ecdysial failure, reduced pupariation and adult emergence. Treatment with seed extracts of W. somnifera was more effective as it causes greater toxicity in all the treated groups as compared to that observed with the root extracts. There was a significant interaction among all three factors viz. extract type (root and seed extracts), larval stage (0, 1, 2, 3 days post-moult third instar larvae) and concentration (5 µg/µL, 10 µg/µL, 15 µg/µL, 20 µg/µL) for prolongation of larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdysis. The results are similar to those observed with the administration of juvenoids and hence it can be inferred that the plant extracts mimic the action of juvenoids. The results clearly suggest that W. somnifera acts as a potential IGR disrupting the moulting and metamorphosis as a consequence of interference with the normal hormonal mechanism in C. megacephala. Abbreviations: Co Sf=coarse surface; Cy W=cylindrical wings; De Ae = deformed anterior end; De W = deformed wings; Ev G = everted genitalia; Ev Pt = everted ptilinium; L Mp = larval mouth parts; Nm W = non-membranous wings; P Ab = pupal abdomen; P Cu = pupal cuticle; Pa T L = partial tanned legs; Pg E = pigmented eyes; Pm = puparium; Re W = reduced wings; Sr G = scar of genitalia; T Pm = tanned puparium; Tu L = tubular legs; Tw Pm = twisted puparium; Un Ab = untanned abdomen; Un Pm = untanned puparium; W Pri = wing primordia","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1929519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46506401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1923578
E. Darin
ABSTRACT Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an ingredient used in phenol resins, epoxy resins, polyesters and polycarbonate plastics. BPA gets released into the aquatic environment through toxic waste disposal, groundwater, sewage runoff and plastic leaching. When BPA enters aquatic environments, it can affect the development and physiology of marine organisms. This study aimed to understand the effects of relatively low concentrations of BPA on the larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Embryos and larvae were exposed to four treatment solutions (no additives, vehicle control, 50 µg/L BPA, and 500 µg/L BPA) for 7 days. The two BPA treatment concentrations were higher than have usually been detected in coastal marine waters, but lower than those used in most other studies of BPA effects on echinoderm development. After exposure, larval midline body length, postoral arm length, frequency of normal development and survyivorship were measured. Midline body length, frequency of normal development and survivorship all decreased in the presence of BPA, in a dose-dependent manner. Relatively low concentrations of BPA can thus have strong effects on the development of sand dollar larvae.
{"title":"Effects of Bisphenol-A on the morphology and survival of larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea)","authors":"E. Darin","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2021.1923578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2021.1923578","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an ingredient used in phenol resins, epoxy resins, polyesters and polycarbonate plastics. BPA gets released into the aquatic environment through toxic waste disposal, groundwater, sewage runoff and plastic leaching. When BPA enters aquatic environments, it can affect the development and physiology of marine organisms. This study aimed to understand the effects of relatively low concentrations of BPA on the larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. Embryos and larvae were exposed to four treatment solutions (no additives, vehicle control, 50 µg/L BPA, and 500 µg/L BPA) for 7 days. The two BPA treatment concentrations were higher than have usually been detected in coastal marine waters, but lower than those used in most other studies of BPA effects on echinoderm development. After exposure, larval midline body length, postoral arm length, frequency of normal development and survyivorship were measured. Midline body length, frequency of normal development and survivorship all decreased in the presence of BPA, in a dose-dependent manner. Relatively low concentrations of BPA can thus have strong effects on the development of sand dollar larvae.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2021.1923578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46530465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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