Pub Date : 2020-04-28DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1759704
J. Craggs, J. Guest, Michelle J. Davis, M. Sweet
ABSTRACT Studies of broadcast spawning in corals are fundamental to our understanding of early life history characteristics, reproductive biology, restoration etc. Spawning of corals for research is routinely conducted, but this is mostly restricted to sites adjacent to reefs and from broodstock collected from the wild just prior to gamete release. Only recently has it been possible to induce predictable broadcast spawning in an ex situ environment, and nobody has successfully closed the life cycle (i.e., production of an F2 generation) of these corals. Here, for the first time, we closed the life cycle of the broadcast spawning coral Acropora millepora in a fully closed ex situ mesocosm. This breakthrough has numerous implications for our understanding of reproductive biology, specifically it offers potential to deepen our understanding of the genetic influence on adaptive traits such as heat tolerance, growth and disease resistance over multiple generations.
{"title":"Completing the life cycle of a broadcast spawning coral in a closed mesocosm","authors":"J. Craggs, J. Guest, Michelle J. Davis, M. Sweet","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1759704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1759704","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of broadcast spawning in corals are fundamental to our understanding of early life history characteristics, reproductive biology, restoration etc. Spawning of corals for research is routinely conducted, but this is mostly restricted to sites adjacent to reefs and from broodstock collected from the wild just prior to gamete release. Only recently has it been possible to induce predictable broadcast spawning in an ex situ environment, and nobody has successfully closed the life cycle (i.e., production of an F2 generation) of these corals. Here, for the first time, we closed the life cycle of the broadcast spawning coral Acropora millepora in a fully closed ex situ mesocosm. This breakthrough has numerous implications for our understanding of reproductive biology, specifically it offers potential to deepen our understanding of the genetic influence on adaptive traits such as heat tolerance, growth and disease resistance over multiple generations.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1759704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42183339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-17DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1748731
Liang-Wei Xiong, Shuaibing Wang, Quan Wang, Jianguo Wang
ABSTRACT Whitmania pigra is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases, but its reproductive behaviour has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reproduction efficiency and mating system of W. pigra. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. A total of 28 gravid leeches weighing 22.3 ± 6.1 g were used. The leeches deposited 6.00 ± 0.82 cocoons by losing 46.68 ± 9.89% in body weight. The cocoons, with a length of 20.93 ± 4.84 mm and diameter of 17.20 ± 4.41 mm, had 30.97 ± 11.19 hatchlings. An average of 182.70 ± 51.16 hatchlings per leech were obtained from the leeches. There was a significant negative correlation between the cocoon laying period and cocoon size. By genotyping 10 adult leeches and 200 of their offspring (20 offspring per leech) with six microsatellite loci, multiple paternity was observed for all families. We inferred a minimum of 2–5 mates per family, with an average of 3.30 ± 0.95 mates. This was the first direct evidence of multiple paternity in W. pigra. This result will be useful inartificial production and conservation of the leech W. pigra.
{"title":"Reproduction efficiency of the leech Whitmania pigra and multiple paternity revealed by microsatellite analyses","authors":"Liang-Wei Xiong, Shuaibing Wang, Quan Wang, Jianguo Wang","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1748731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1748731","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Whitmania pigra is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases, but its reproductive behaviour has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reproduction efficiency and mating system of W. pigra. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. A total of 28 gravid leeches weighing 22.3 ± 6.1 g were used. The leeches deposited 6.00 ± 0.82 cocoons by losing 46.68 ± 9.89% in body weight. The cocoons, with a length of 20.93 ± 4.84 mm and diameter of 17.20 ± 4.41 mm, had 30.97 ± 11.19 hatchlings. An average of 182.70 ± 51.16 hatchlings per leech were obtained from the leeches. There was a significant negative correlation between the cocoon laying period and cocoon size. By genotyping 10 adult leeches and 200 of their offspring (20 offspring per leech) with six microsatellite loci, multiple paternity was observed for all families. We inferred a minimum of 2–5 mates per family, with an average of 3.30 ± 0.95 mates. This was the first direct evidence of multiple paternity in W. pigra. This result will be useful inartificial production and conservation of the leech W. pigra.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1748731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43917960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-12DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1748126
L. Rodríguez-Graña, D. Calliari
ABSTRACT The effect of age on fertilization capacity and reproductive potential were examined in males from a laboratory population of Acartia tonsa over their life time providing new empirical data for a foundational estuarine species. The reproductive functions spermatophore production (SPR), number of fertilized females (NFF), percentage of males that effectively fertilized females (M), egg production rate (EPR), and hatching success (EHS) were evaluated during the adult life of male A. tonsa, from maturation until advanced age (38 d) under controlled laboratory conditions. The ageing process of the male was manifested occurred as a general decrease in most of the reproductive functions, but these followed specific patterns: SPR did not decay significantly with advanced male age, as it did happen with NFF, M and EPR; EHS increased at an intermediate age. Those changes were out of phase: while EPR declined already at intermediate age, NFF and M evidenced a decline at more advanced ages. Results suggest that reproductive senescence in copepod males involves the interaction of several mechanisms whose study will require comprehensive approaches.
{"title":"Senescence in Acartia tonsa (Copepoda, Calanoida): male’s reproductive performance preliminary results from a southern population","authors":"L. Rodríguez-Graña, D. Calliari","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1748126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1748126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effect of age on fertilization capacity and reproductive potential were examined in males from a laboratory population of Acartia tonsa over their life time providing new empirical data for a foundational estuarine species. The reproductive functions spermatophore production (SPR), number of fertilized females (NFF), percentage of males that effectively fertilized females (M), egg production rate (EPR), and hatching success (EHS) were evaluated during the adult life of male A. tonsa, from maturation until advanced age (38 d) under controlled laboratory conditions. The ageing process of the male was manifested occurred as a general decrease in most of the reproductive functions, but these followed specific patterns: SPR did not decay significantly with advanced male age, as it did happen with NFF, M and EPR; EHS increased at an intermediate age. Those changes were out of phase: while EPR declined already at intermediate age, NFF and M evidenced a decline at more advanced ages. Results suggest that reproductive senescence in copepod males involves the interaction of several mechanisms whose study will require comprehensive approaches.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1748126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45978630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1695680
T. Hawes
ABSTRACT The Brooks-Dyar rule predicts a geometric progression in the growth increments of successive instars. Although these increments are readily calculated as ratios, analysis of the relationship between these ratios has been more problematic. In the early twentieth century, the use of logarithms was proposed as a method for calculating the equation of the line. This is as close to a standardized method of analysis that the ratios have come in entomology. It is argued here: (a) that a log scale is a misleading and misunderstood criterion in this context because growth increments do not span multiple orders of magnitude; and (b) a straight-line is an inappropriate mode of representation for growth patterns that are discontinuous. Moreover, the transformation does not provide any means for quantifying the degree of geometric progression. A simple exponential equation can be applied easily to any ratio data set to provide a more realistically curved plot of growth increments. A property of geometric progression sequences (b2 = ac) can be utilized to provide an equation for evaluating the degree of geometric progression in development. Transformations are replaced by greater biological realism and a precise method of quantifying agreement with Brooks-Dyar’s rule.
{"title":"An equation for geometric progression in Brooks-Dyar growth ratios","authors":"T. Hawes","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2019.1695680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2019.1695680","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Brooks-Dyar rule predicts a geometric progression in the growth increments of successive instars. Although these increments are readily calculated as ratios, analysis of the relationship between these ratios has been more problematic. In the early twentieth century, the use of logarithms was proposed as a method for calculating the equation of the line. This is as close to a standardized method of analysis that the ratios have come in entomology. It is argued here: (a) that a log scale is a misleading and misunderstood criterion in this context because growth increments do not span multiple orders of magnitude; and (b) a straight-line is an inappropriate mode of representation for growth patterns that are discontinuous. Moreover, the transformation does not provide any means for quantifying the degree of geometric progression. A simple exponential equation can be applied easily to any ratio data set to provide a more realistically curved plot of growth increments. A property of geometric progression sequences (b2 = ac) can be utilized to provide an equation for evaluating the degree of geometric progression in development. Transformations are replaced by greater biological realism and a precise method of quantifying agreement with Brooks-Dyar’s rule.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2019.1695680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48884315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1699176
R. A. Pescinelli, F. Mantelatto, R. C. Costa
ABSTRACT Recent molecular analyses characterized the freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis as a species complex. Considering this new scenario, studies about the population features are fundamental to understanding the biology of species belongs to this complex. We investigated the population from southeastern Brazil identify as Trichodactylus cf. fluviatilis, testing the hypotheses that sex ratio differs from the expected 1:1, and that the species shows sexual dimorphism in size, weaponry and body weight. The reproductive period and handedness were also investigated. Population features were determined based on the size-frequency distribution, gonadal development and sex ratio. Sexual dimorphism was analysed comparing the average size and the allometric coefficient. Handedness was verified according to the proportion of right and left chelipeds. Sex ratio skewed towards males and the reproduction was continuous. The sexual dimorphism in T. cf. fluviatilis was found in structures related to weaponry and reproduction. In weaponry, sexual dimorphism was demonstrated by robust chelipeds and high allometric values in males. In females, a high allometric was recorded to the abdomen, structure directly related to reproduction. The right-handedness was observed to the species. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the species’ life history.
{"title":"Population features, sexual dimorphism and handedness of the primary freshwater crab Trichodactylus cf. fluviatilis (Brachyura: Trichodactylidae) from southeastern Brazil","authors":"R. A. Pescinelli, F. Mantelatto, R. C. Costa","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2019.1699176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2019.1699176","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent molecular analyses characterized the freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis as a species complex. Considering this new scenario, studies about the population features are fundamental to understanding the biology of species belongs to this complex. We investigated the population from southeastern Brazil identify as Trichodactylus cf. fluviatilis, testing the hypotheses that sex ratio differs from the expected 1:1, and that the species shows sexual dimorphism in size, weaponry and body weight. The reproductive period and handedness were also investigated. Population features were determined based on the size-frequency distribution, gonadal development and sex ratio. Sexual dimorphism was analysed comparing the average size and the allometric coefficient. Handedness was verified according to the proportion of right and left chelipeds. Sex ratio skewed towards males and the reproduction was continuous. The sexual dimorphism in T. cf. fluviatilis was found in structures related to weaponry and reproduction. In weaponry, sexual dimorphism was demonstrated by robust chelipeds and high allometric values in males. In females, a high allometric was recorded to the abdomen, structure directly related to reproduction. The right-handedness was observed to the species. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the species’ life history.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2019.1699176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45205823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1741454
E. Shaurub, Aziza E. Abdel Aal, S. A. Emara
ABSTRACT The insect growth regulators (IGRs) chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and pyriproxyfen were evaluated, using the leaf-dip technique, on the various developmental and reproductive aspects of Spodoptera littoralis in the parental generation (P), first filial generation (F1) and second filial generation (F2). Additionally, the effect of these IGRs on nutritional indices was also evaluated. The effect on development and reproduction was IGR and generation dependent, with a profound negative impact in the case of the P generation treated with chlorfluazuron. In all treatments, fecundity and fertility increased progressively from the P generation to the F2 generation, and thereby both approached those of the controls. The change in nutritional indices was found to be a function in the candidate IGR and age of the same instar larvae, with a drastic change in late last larval instar (3-day-old 6th larval instar), particularly in the case of treatment with chlorfluazuron. Furthermore, toxicity and morphological deformities induced by the IGRs were reported. The overall results suggest that the IGRs under investigation, particularly chlorfluazuron, interfere with the development process and have the potential for S. littoralis control.
{"title":"Suppressive effects of insect growth regulators on development, reproduction and nutritional indices of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"E. Shaurub, Aziza E. Abdel Aal, S. A. Emara","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1741454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1741454","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The insect growth regulators (IGRs) chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron and pyriproxyfen were evaluated, using the leaf-dip technique, on the various developmental and reproductive aspects of Spodoptera littoralis in the parental generation (P), first filial generation (F1) and second filial generation (F2). Additionally, the effect of these IGRs on nutritional indices was also evaluated. The effect on development and reproduction was IGR and generation dependent, with a profound negative impact in the case of the P generation treated with chlorfluazuron. In all treatments, fecundity and fertility increased progressively from the P generation to the F2 generation, and thereby both approached those of the controls. The change in nutritional indices was found to be a function in the candidate IGR and age of the same instar larvae, with a drastic change in late last larval instar (3-day-old 6th larval instar), particularly in the case of treatment with chlorfluazuron. Furthermore, toxicity and morphological deformities induced by the IGRs were reported. The overall results suggest that the IGRs under investigation, particularly chlorfluazuron, interfere with the development process and have the potential for S. littoralis control.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1741454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44715101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1744742
Takashi Shimizu
ABSTRACT In the present study, videos were recorded to observe oviposition in living, mature worms of Tubifex tubifex. After the formation of a lemon shaped cocoon around the clitellum at segments 11 and 12, mature eggs that have been stored in the ovisac at segments 12–14 begin to move into segments 11–12 through the constricted posterior end of the cocoon. Within a second or so, ovisac eggs emerge out of the posterior margin and return to the posterior segments. Such movements are repeated several times before the ovisac eggs settle in the ovarian coelom of segment 11. Within a few seconds of the eggs moving into the ovarian coelom, the clitellar region begins to change its contour slightly; it looks as if something round is tapping on the coelomic wall of this region. As this tapping ceases, the coelomic eggs begin to move to the space between the cocoon and the clitellum. Coelomic eggs are individually squeezed out of the female gonopores located near the midpoint of the cocoon. This process, referred to as egg deposition, is accomplished within 30 s. The egg deposition is followed by the backward withdrawal of the anterior segments from the cocoon.
{"title":"Oviposition behaviour in the clitellate annelid Tubifex tubifex: video recordings of mature worms under laboratory culture conditions","authors":"Takashi Shimizu","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1744742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1744742","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the present study, videos were recorded to observe oviposition in living, mature worms of Tubifex tubifex. After the formation of a lemon shaped cocoon around the clitellum at segments 11 and 12, mature eggs that have been stored in the ovisac at segments 12–14 begin to move into segments 11–12 through the constricted posterior end of the cocoon. Within a second or so, ovisac eggs emerge out of the posterior margin and return to the posterior segments. Such movements are repeated several times before the ovisac eggs settle in the ovarian coelom of segment 11. Within a few seconds of the eggs moving into the ovarian coelom, the clitellar region begins to change its contour slightly; it looks as if something round is tapping on the coelomic wall of this region. As this tapping ceases, the coelomic eggs begin to move to the space between the cocoon and the clitellum. Coelomic eggs are individually squeezed out of the female gonopores located near the midpoint of the cocoon. This process, referred to as egg deposition, is accomplished within 30 s. The egg deposition is followed by the backward withdrawal of the anterior segments from the cocoon.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1744742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41435955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-13DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1739151
T. H. Ayaad, Rasha K. Al-Akeel, Ebtisam M. Al-Olayan, E. Shaurub, A. Aloufi
ABSTRACT Eco-friendly alternatives to unsafe conventional pesticides against disease vectors are currently needed. Host vaccination using an insect gut antigen is a feasible approach. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the effect of ingestion of antibodies from hamsters, raised via immunization of hamsters with a partially purified midgut lectin of Aedes aegypti, in a blood meal of this disease vector on the different biological parameters (mortality percentage, number of eggs/female (fecundity), longevity, egg incubation period, larval duration and larval weight). The biological parameters of the parental (P), first (F1) and second (F2) filial generations of Ae. aegypti adult females fed for 48 h on immunized hamsters were compared with those of the controls at each generation separately, and among the different generations. Mortality percentage, egg incubation period and larval duration were significantly higher than those of the controls at each generation tested. In contrast, fecundity, longevity and larval weight were significantly lower than those of the controls at each generation tested. The greatest change in all the biological parameters tested was observed in the F2 generation. The results obtained provide preliminary evidence for the potential of anti-mosquito antibodies to disrupt the development of mosquito vectors. Future studies using monoclonal antibodies as well as cytotoxicity will be evaluated.
{"title":"Reproductive and developmental performance of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, fed on the Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, immunized with a mosquito midgut lectin","authors":"T. H. Ayaad, Rasha K. Al-Akeel, Ebtisam M. Al-Olayan, E. Shaurub, A. Aloufi","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1739151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1739151","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Eco-friendly alternatives to unsafe conventional pesticides against disease vectors are currently needed. Host vaccination using an insect gut antigen is a feasible approach. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the effect of ingestion of antibodies from hamsters, raised via immunization of hamsters with a partially purified midgut lectin of Aedes aegypti, in a blood meal of this disease vector on the different biological parameters (mortality percentage, number of eggs/female (fecundity), longevity, egg incubation period, larval duration and larval weight). The biological parameters of the parental (P), first (F1) and second (F2) filial generations of Ae. aegypti adult females fed for 48 h on immunized hamsters were compared with those of the controls at each generation separately, and among the different generations. Mortality percentage, egg incubation period and larval duration were significantly higher than those of the controls at each generation tested. In contrast, fecundity, longevity and larval weight were significantly lower than those of the controls at each generation tested. The greatest change in all the biological parameters tested was observed in the F2 generation. The results obtained provide preliminary evidence for the potential of anti-mosquito antibodies to disrupt the development of mosquito vectors. Future studies using monoclonal antibodies as well as cytotoxicity will be evaluated.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1739151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45420797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-27DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1729260
Ekaterina T. Shevchenko, M. Varfolomeeva, U. A. Nekliudova, O. N. Kotenko, N. Usov, A. Granovitch, A. Ostrovsky
ABSTRACT The life histories of two common boreal-Arctic bryozoans – Electra pilosa and Callopora craticula – living on kelps in the White Sea are described for the first time using colony mapping. Colony functional dynamics (sexual, feeding, budding and rejuvenation) was traced seasonally via recording zooidal states. During the ice-free season the population of the zygote spawner E. pilosa was represented by three generations – overwintered (maternal) and two young ones (daughter and granddaughter). The overwintered colonies exhibited two-phased reproduction and the ‘early’ daughter colonies reproduced just once. ‘Late’ colonies, together with the granddaughter generation, remained sterile. Four generations are described for the brooder C. craticula, three of which continuously produced larvae. While the two species co-exist on the same substratum, reproduction in E. pilosa started almost 1 month later (in late June), which could be explained by the insufficient abundance of phytoplankton in early summer to support the start of oogenesis and feeding cyphonautes larvae. The estimated maximal colony lifespan is 13 months in E. pilosa and 15 months in C. craticula. The broad comparison of bryozoan reproductive ecology in the White Sea showed that their life histories are much more diverse, complex and evolutionarily flexible than previously acknowledged.
{"title":"Electra vs Callopora: life histories of two bryozoans with contrasting reproductive strategies in the White Sea","authors":"Ekaterina T. Shevchenko, M. Varfolomeeva, U. A. Nekliudova, O. N. Kotenko, N. Usov, A. Granovitch, A. Ostrovsky","doi":"10.1080/07924259.2020.1729260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2020.1729260","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The life histories of two common boreal-Arctic bryozoans – Electra pilosa and Callopora craticula – living on kelps in the White Sea are described for the first time using colony mapping. Colony functional dynamics (sexual, feeding, budding and rejuvenation) was traced seasonally via recording zooidal states. During the ice-free season the population of the zygote spawner E. pilosa was represented by three generations – overwintered (maternal) and two young ones (daughter and granddaughter). The overwintered colonies exhibited two-phased reproduction and the ‘early’ daughter colonies reproduced just once. ‘Late’ colonies, together with the granddaughter generation, remained sterile. Four generations are described for the brooder C. craticula, three of which continuously produced larvae. While the two species co-exist on the same substratum, reproduction in E. pilosa started almost 1 month later (in late June), which could be explained by the insufficient abundance of phytoplankton in early summer to support the start of oogenesis and feeding cyphonautes larvae. The estimated maximal colony lifespan is 13 months in E. pilosa and 15 months in C. craticula. The broad comparison of bryozoan reproductive ecology in the White Sea showed that their life histories are much more diverse, complex and evolutionarily flexible than previously acknowledged.","PeriodicalId":14482,"journal":{"name":"Invertebrate Reproduction & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07924259.2020.1729260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44034388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-23DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1732485
Athina Giannakara, S. A. Ramm
ABSTRACT Self-fertilization (selfing) is thought to evolve as a way of guaranteeing reproduction when mate availability is low. Nevertheless, because it often leads to inbreeding depression (ID), many hermaphrodites postpone reproduction via selfing when mates are scarce to wait for potential outcrossing opportunities. Owing to varying demographic histories and mate availabilities causing differing optimal selfing propensities, species exhibiting such delayed selfing may show inter-population variation in waiting time (WT) to commence selfing. To test this, we quantified WT across two natural populations of the hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum hystrix. In one of the populations we additionally estimated ID and sex allocation (SA), which are expected to covary with selfing propensity. We found no evidence for a WT in either population, but nevertheless observed both ID in the selfed progeny and plasticity in SA in the population we measured these traits. Our results contrast starkly to the pattern previously observed in another natural M. hystrix population, which exhibited a substantial WT and a corresponding reduction in selfed offspring fitness. Our study establishes the presence of natural diversity in selfing propensity in this species and highlights the importance of characterizing such among-population variation to further understand mating system evolution.
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