Na2O doped cadmium borate glasses were prepared by standard melt quench method with the composition 70B2O3-(30-x)CdO-xNa2O (where x=0, 5,10,15 and 20 mol %).The prepared glass samples are subjected to characterization such as XRD, SEM, FTIR and DTA techniques. XRD and SEM reveal the amorphous nature of the glass samples. Various band positions are confirmed by FTIR and the fraction of BO4 units increases at the expense of BO3 structural units with the increasing concentration of Na2O. The glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting temperature(Tm) are determined using DTA analysis. Thermal stability factor against devitrification is calculated using Tg, Tc and Tm values.
{"title":"Effect of Na2O on Structural and Thermal Properties of Cadmium Borate Glasses","authors":"R. E. Pavai, P. P. Dharsini","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903026770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903026770","url":null,"abstract":"Na2O doped cadmium borate glasses were prepared by standard melt quench method with the composition 70B2O3-(30-x)CdO-xNa2O (where x=0, 5,10,15 and 20 mol %).The prepared glass samples are subjected to characterization such as XRD, SEM, FTIR and DTA techniques. XRD and SEM reveal the amorphous nature of the glass samples. Various band positions are confirmed by FTIR and the fraction of BO4 units increases at the expense of BO3 structural units with the increasing concentration of Na2O. The glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting temperature(Tm) are determined using DTA analysis. Thermal stability factor against devitrification is calculated using Tg, Tc and Tm values.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"24 1","pages":"67-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77553135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biya Motto Frederic, T. Roger, N. Benoît, Asonganyi Defang Nkafu Austin
This paper lists the restitution capacity of the spillway at different times and then shows by calculation that it is functioning properly. The Numerical modelling of the spillway was carried out using the HEC-RAS software of the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and is limited to a single passage of 8.75m wide. The aim of the calculation is to obtain the flow conditions at the entrance of the restitution bucket where the water flow is at supercritical depth.
{"title":"Hydraulic Operation of the Spillway for the Lom Pangar Dam in Cameroon","authors":"Biya Motto Frederic, T. Roger, N. Benoît, Asonganyi Defang Nkafu Austin","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903031320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903031320","url":null,"abstract":"This paper lists the restitution capacity of the spillway at different times and then shows by calculation that it is functioning properly. The Numerical modelling of the spillway was carried out using the HEC-RAS software of the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and is limited to a single passage of 8.75m wide. The aim of the calculation is to obtain the flow conditions at the entrance of the restitution bucket where the water flow is at supercritical depth.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89817133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Kaushik, Mamta Sharma, Anuradha Sharma, A. Tiwari
Acrylics are sometimes referred to as "plastic glass" which have not only captured the novelty trade for costume jewelry, pocketbooks, hairbrushes, umbrella handles, trays and ornaments, but also have found more practical purposes in many industrial and commercial products for everyday use.
{"title":"Dielectric and relaxation processes in PEG based polymeric networks","authors":"H. Kaushik, Mamta Sharma, Anuradha Sharma, A. Tiwari","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903032731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903032731","url":null,"abstract":"Acrylics are sometimes referred to as \"plastic glass\" which have not only captured the novelty trade for costume jewelry, pocketbooks, hairbrushes, umbrella handles, trays and ornaments, but also have found more practical purposes in many industrial and commercial products for everyday use.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":"27-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90877886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A set of exact solutions of the relativistic Schroedinger equation for central potential ) , where a and b are parameters of the given potential are to be obtained by using a suitable ansatz. For each solution, a separate relation interrelating the parameters of the potential and the orbital angular momentum quantum no. . The eigenfunctions obtained here are normalizable. The fractional power potential is relevant in connection with quark model of hadrons and some other branches of physics like particle and nuclear physics.
{"title":"Exact Solution of the relativistic Schroedinger equation for the central potential","authors":"V. Srivastava, S. Bose","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903012527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903012527","url":null,"abstract":"A set of exact solutions of the relativistic Schroedinger equation for central potential ) , where a and b are parameters of the given potential are to be obtained by using a suitable ansatz. For each solution, a separate relation interrelating the parameters of the potential and the orbital angular momentum quantum no. . The eigenfunctions obtained here are normalizable. The fractional power potential is relevant in connection with quark model of hadrons and some other branches of physics like particle and nuclear physics.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"31 1","pages":"25-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79255510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present research work aims to analyze the cosmogenic radionuclide like Be, C, Cl, Ca etc obtained in various previous research formed by cosmic ray spallations in quartz samples theoretically. It has been tried to come to the conclusion that the nature of the quartz samples for the study of cosmogenic radionuclides almost looks alike and their graphs for the ratio of radio isotopes to the stable isotope and the average age of the sample by the dating through various isotopes are similar.
{"title":"Study of Cosmogenic Radionuclides Formed By Cosmic Ray Spallations in Quartz Samples","authors":"Ashok Kumar, R. Sinha, S. Bera","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903020103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903020103","url":null,"abstract":"The present research work aims to analyze the cosmogenic radionuclide like Be, C, Cl, Ca etc obtained in various previous research formed by cosmic ray spallations in quartz samples theoretically. It has been tried to come to the conclusion that the nature of the quartz samples for the study of cosmogenic radionuclides almost looks alike and their graphs for the ratio of radio isotopes to the stable isotope and the average age of the sample by the dating through various isotopes are similar.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"01-03"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89886094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the electronic and optical properties of corrugated and non-corrugated (311) (GaAs)/(AlAs) superlattices using the tight-binding method. These systems grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (311) GaAs oriented substrates. We present the valence and conduction band dispersion relations (band structures) for the corrugated (311) (GaAs)16/(AlAs)16 superlattice. We have studied the probability densities of the lowest conduction band and highest valence band interband transition probabilities of the non-corrugated (311) (GaAs)8/(AlAs)8 superlattice and the corrugated (311) (GaAs)16/(AlAs)16 superlattice. We have also computed the interband transition probabilities for these systems. We found that the anisotropy rate of the interband transitions for the corrugated superlattice is larger than for the non-corrugated superlattice one. We concluded that whatever the type of superlattice studied here, the optical anisotropy is reduced when the light polarization pass from the [-2,3,3] direction to [0,-1,1] direction for the transitions from the heavy-hole-like states. The opposite situation occurs for the transition from the light-hole and split-off-like states.
{"title":"Comparaison of the Optical Anisotropy of Corrugated and NonCorrugated (311) Superlattices","authors":"A. Hallaoui, H. Essaoudi, A. Essahlaoui","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903018291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903018291","url":null,"abstract":"We report the electronic and optical properties of corrugated and non-corrugated (311) (GaAs)/(AlAs) superlattices using the tight-binding method. These systems grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (311) GaAs oriented substrates. We present the valence and conduction band dispersion relations (band structures) for the corrugated (311) (GaAs)16/(AlAs)16 superlattice. We have studied the probability densities of the lowest conduction band and highest valence band interband transition probabilities of the non-corrugated (311) (GaAs)8/(AlAs)8 superlattice and the corrugated (311) (GaAs)16/(AlAs)16 superlattice. We have also computed the interband transition probabilities for these systems. We found that the anisotropy rate of the interband transitions for the corrugated superlattice is larger than for the non-corrugated superlattice one. We concluded that whatever the type of superlattice studied here, the optical anisotropy is reduced when the light polarization pass from the [-2,3,3] direction to [0,-1,1] direction for the transitions from the heavy-hole-like states. The opposite situation occurs for the transition from the light-hole and split-off-like states.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":"82-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79097228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study attempts to expand the Theory of the Electromagnetic Field to a more general Theory of the Field that also includes the gravitational field. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom which states that the even movement of a vector E leads to movement in a closed loop (div rot E = 0). The author replaces this axiom with a new one, according to which the uneven movement of a vector E leads to an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or an open uneven vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0). The derived 2 axioms and 10 laws lead to the following results: even movement is replaced with uneven movement (decelerating or accelerating); movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop; movement in 2D leads to movement in 3D; during their movement decelerating vortices emit elementary vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in elementary vortices; a cross vortex generates a longitudinal vortex through special transformation and vice versaa longitudinal vortex through another special transformation generates a cross vortex .
{"title":"Extended Field Theory. New axioms, Laws and consequences.","authors":"V. Markova","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903015966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903015966","url":null,"abstract":"The present study attempts to expand the Theory of the Electromagnetic Field to a more general Theory of the Field that also includes the gravitational field. It is known that Maxwell’s laws (1864) are based on a single axiom which states that the even movement of a vector E leads to movement in a closed loop (div rot E = 0). The author replaces this axiom with a new one, according to which the uneven movement of a vector E leads to an open loop (div rot E ≠ 0) or an open uneven vortex (div Vor E ≠ 0). The derived 2 axioms and 10 laws lead to the following results: even movement is replaced with uneven movement (decelerating or accelerating); movement in a closed loop is replaced with movement in an open loop; movement in 2D leads to movement in 3D; during their movement decelerating vortices emit elementary vortices, while accelerating vortices suck in elementary vortices; a cross vortex generates a longitudinal vortex through special transformation and vice versaa longitudinal vortex through another special transformation generates a cross vortex .","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"155 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78595042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrophobic silica aerogel have been prepared through two step acid-base catalysis recipe, via ambient pressure drying method. tetraethylorthosilicate was used as precursor, and trimethylchlorosilan as surface modifier. Three adopted molar concentrations of Chromium chloride are used; 0.019, 0.032, 0.051 [M]. In this paper, the molar ratio of chemicals; precursor, alcohol and catalyst, was kept constant at (1:8.6:0.23) respectively. The hydrophobic property was obtained by socking the final gel in trimethylchlorosilan -hexane solution at 6 wt. % of modifiers in hexane. The physical properties of the prepared aerogel samples; optical, structural and morphological were examined through UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR spectra, X ray diffraction, contact angle measurement and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that, the doping process offers an enhancement of the aerogel hydrophobic property. As well as, the doped aerogel being of lower density, relatively have smaller particle size and of more homogenous surface.
{"title":"Study the Effect of Doping with Chromium Chloride on Silica Aerogel Properties Prepared with Ambient Pressure","authors":"Israa F. Al-Sharueez, W. A. Twej","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903012832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903012832","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrophobic silica aerogel have been prepared through two step acid-base catalysis recipe, via ambient pressure drying method. tetraethylorthosilicate was used as precursor, and trimethylchlorosilan as surface modifier. Three adopted molar concentrations of Chromium chloride are used; 0.019, 0.032, 0.051 [M]. In this paper, the molar ratio of chemicals; precursor, alcohol and catalyst, was kept constant at (1:8.6:0.23) respectively. The hydrophobic property was obtained by socking the final gel in trimethylchlorosilan -hexane solution at 6 wt. % of modifiers in hexane. The physical properties of the prepared aerogel samples; optical, structural and morphological were examined through UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR spectra, X ray diffraction, contact angle measurement and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that, the doping process offers an enhancement of the aerogel hydrophobic property. As well as, the doped aerogel being of lower density, relatively have smaller particle size and of more homogenous surface.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":"28-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88905218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal noise is one of the most important challenges in analogue intergrated circuits design. This problem is more critical in switched capacitor (Sc) filters due to the aliasing effect of wide band thermal noise. In these circuits, switching introduces a boost in the power spectral density of the thermal noise due to aliasing. Unfortunately, even though the theory of noise in Sc circuits is discussed in the literature, it is very tedious and requires highly sophisticated and not widely available software. The purpose of this paper is twofold. It provides a tutorial description of the physical phenomena taking place in anSc circuit while it processes noise. It also proposes some specialized but highly efficient algorithms for estimating the resulting sampled noise in Sc circuits, which need only simple calculations. A practical design procedure, which follows directly from the estimate, is also described. The accuracy of the proposed estimation algorithms is verified by simulation using spectre RF. As an example, it is applied to the estimation of the total thermal noise in a second order lowdistortion delta sigma converter.
{"title":"THERMAL NOISE ANALYSIS OF SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORKS","authors":"S. Pan","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903011113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903011113","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal noise is one of the most important challenges in analogue intergrated circuits design. This problem is more critical in switched capacitor (Sc) filters due to the aliasing effect of wide band thermal noise. In these circuits, switching introduces a boost in the power spectral density of the thermal noise due to aliasing. Unfortunately, even though the theory of noise in Sc circuits is discussed in the literature, it is very tedious and requires highly sophisticated and not widely available software. The purpose of this paper is twofold. It provides a tutorial description of the physical phenomena taking place in anSc circuit while it processes noise. It also proposes some specialized but highly efficient algorithms for estimating the resulting sampled noise in Sc circuits, which need only simple calculations. A practical design procedure, which follows directly from the estimate, is also described. The accuracy of the proposed estimation algorithms is verified by simulation using spectre RF. As an example, it is applied to the estimation of the total thermal noise in a second order lowdistortion delta sigma converter.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"141 1","pages":"11-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89774051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyvinylidene fluoride or simply PVDF is one of the most important semicrystalline polymers which generate piezoelectricity when a pressure or mechanical force applied on it. It has four crystalline phases α, β, ɣ and δ depending on the chain conformation structure. Among them α is non polar phase and β and ɣ are polar phase. Piezoelectricity in PVDF arises due to the β and ɣ phase formation. Several materials have been introduced for the preparation of nanogenerator. Among them PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) is most interesting material used in nanogenerator preparation due to its flexibility, biocompatiable, nontoxic in nature. It is used in nanogenerator application due to its good ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. In this article we describe little bit concept about PVDF, its piezoelectricity and PVDF based nanogenerator. Application of piezoelectric nanogenerator is also briefly described here.
{"title":"Piezoelectricity in PVDF and PVDF Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator: A Concept","authors":"Binoy Bera, M. Sarkar","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903019599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903019599","url":null,"abstract":"Polyvinylidene fluoride or simply PVDF is one of the most important semicrystalline polymers which generate piezoelectricity when a pressure or mechanical force applied on it. It has four crystalline phases α, β, ɣ and δ depending on the chain conformation structure. Among them α is non polar phase and β and ɣ are polar phase. Piezoelectricity in PVDF arises due to the β and ɣ phase formation. Several materials have been introduced for the preparation of nanogenerator. Among them PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) is most interesting material used in nanogenerator preparation due to its flexibility, biocompatiable, nontoxic in nature. It is used in nanogenerator application due to its good ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. In this article we describe little bit concept about PVDF, its piezoelectricity and PVDF based nanogenerator. Application of piezoelectric nanogenerator is also briefly described here.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"54 1","pages":"95-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91145003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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