Very Low Frequency (VLF) wave is the plasma wave in the magnetosphere with frequency range of 3 kHz to 30 kHz. The universal distribution properties of Very Low Frequency wave (VLF) in the magnetosphere and its interactions with energetic particles, such as the wave-particle resonance, modulation, and particle acceleration, are active topics in space physics research. These problems are fundamentally important issues to understand the energy transport from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. In this paper we briefly reviewed the recent research progress on VLF wave and its interactions with energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere; furthermore, we suggested some open questions for future study.
{"title":"Recent Progress on VLF Wave and Its Interactions with Energetic Particles in the Magnetosphere","authors":"Ashok Kumar","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903037681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903037681","url":null,"abstract":"Very Low Frequency (VLF) wave is the plasma wave in the magnetosphere with frequency range of 3 kHz to 30 kHz. The universal distribution properties of Very Low Frequency wave (VLF) in the magnetosphere and its interactions with energetic particles, such as the wave-particle resonance, modulation, and particle acceleration, are active topics in space physics research. These problems are fundamentally important issues to understand the energy transport from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. In this paper we briefly reviewed the recent research progress on VLF wave and its interactions with energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere; furthermore, we suggested some open questions for future study.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"53 1","pages":"76-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85083791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have calculated the one loop QED corrections in 1s1/2 level for hydrogen like atoms for Z=1-92. The self energy (which now automatically contains the vertex correction) and the vacuum polarization corrections are calculated with finite size nucleus. The results are calculated using non relativistic and relativistic approaches. For light nuclei (Z=1-20) the two approaches give approximately the same results. For heavy nuclei (Z=20-92) the relativistic effect increases with increasing Z. The effect of finite size on the low energy part of self energy and the total energy shift is very small for light atoms and increases slowly with Z until Z=20 and begins to decrease until Z=80 and then increases for higher Z. The volume of the nucleus gives a large difference for high Z in the vacuum polarization and increases the vertex correction slowly with Z. The contribution of the shape of the density of light nuclei is very small.
我们计算了类氢原子在Z=1-92时的单圈QED修正。自能(现在自动包含顶点校正)和真空极化校正是用有限尺寸的核计算的。计算结果采用非相对论和相对论两种方法。对于轻核(Z=1-20)，这两种方法得到的结果大致相同。重原子核(Z = 20 - 92)相对论效应增加而增加Z有限尺寸的影响在低能量的一部分自我能量和总能量的转变是非常小的光原子和增加与Z Z = 20,慢慢减少,直到高等Z Z = 80,然后增加核的体积给了一个很大的区别在真空极化高Z和增加顶点慢慢修正Z的贡献的光密度的形状原子核非常小。
{"title":"Quantum Electro-dynamic Corrections of 1s1/2 Energy Level in Hydrogen like Atoms","authors":"M. El-Shabshiry, M. Aziz, M. Khalil","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903036067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903036067","url":null,"abstract":"We have calculated the one loop QED corrections in 1s1/2 level for hydrogen like atoms for Z=1-92. The self energy (which now automatically contains the vertex correction) and the vacuum polarization corrections are calculated with finite size nucleus. The results are calculated using non relativistic and relativistic approaches. For light nuclei (Z=1-20) the two approaches give approximately the same results. For heavy nuclei (Z=20-92) the relativistic effect increases with increasing Z. The effect of finite size on the low energy part of self energy and the total energy shift is very small for light atoms and increases slowly with Z until Z=20 and begins to decrease until Z=80 and then increases for higher Z. The volume of the nucleus gives a large difference for high Z in the vacuum polarization and increases the vertex correction slowly with Z. The contribution of the shape of the density of light nuclei is very small.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"68 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89253298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some useful electrical components like resistance, capacitor, self inductance and also mutualinductance can be measured easily and accurately by different experiments. But experimentally to measure all these components at a time, no single method or apparatus is easily available, different methods are used to measure different components. In this experimental study, a new method (A.C Bridge) is developed to measure all the above mentioned components simultaneously and also accurately. The proposed method is nothing but a modified form of the existing bridge and some mathematical deductions are applied for the measurement of these components.
{"title":"Measurement of some Electrical Components by using a Single A.C. Bridge","authors":"D. Chanda","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904025963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904025963","url":null,"abstract":"Some useful electrical components like resistance, capacitor, self inductance and also mutualinductance can be measured easily and accurately by different experiments. But experimentally to measure all these components at a time, no single method or apparatus is easily available, different methods are used to measure different components. In this experimental study, a new method (A.C Bridge) is developed to measure all the above mentioned components simultaneously and also accurately. The proposed method is nothing but a modified form of the existing bridge and some mathematical deductions are applied for the measurement of these components.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"60 1","pages":"59-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89355723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanotechnology today is regarded as a revolutionary technology that can help address key needs relating to energy, environment, health, agriculture, electronics, textiles, construction, water treatment, food processing and cosmetics in developing countries. Most of these applications are very much relevant for a developing country like India. The government of India has been investing in nanotechnologies since 2001.Nanotechnology development in India is at a initial stage with policy initiatives directed towards promoting research and development. It is largely a government led initiative and industry participation is still emerging. This discussion paper attempts to capture the nanotechnology development in India by stressing the various initiatives taken by the government to promote basic R&D in it including global trends, the major factors involved and the state of regulatory framework existing in the country. the major challenges facing the adoption and diffusion of nanotechnology.
{"title":"Development of Nanotechnology in India: A Review","authors":"N. Rajput","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903034550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903034550","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology today is regarded as a revolutionary technology that can help address key needs relating to energy, environment, health, agriculture, electronics, textiles, construction, water treatment, food processing and cosmetics in developing countries. Most of these applications are very much relevant for a developing country like India. The government of India has been investing in nanotechnologies since 2001.Nanotechnology development in India is at a initial stage with policy initiatives directed towards promoting research and development. It is largely a government led initiative and industry participation is still emerging. This discussion paper attempts to capture the nanotechnology development in India by stressing the various initiatives taken by the government to promote basic R&D in it including global trends, the major factors involved and the state of regulatory framework existing in the country. the major challenges facing the adoption and diffusion of nanotechnology.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76149783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This paper is all about explaining the role of dark energy in the accelerated expansion of universe by using simple mathematical tools. The aim of this paper is to render the complicated idea of expansion of universe in simple mathematics so that the people with less profound mathematical foundation can also understand this concept. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 15-04-2017 Date of acceptance: 15-07-2017 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
{"title":"Explanation of the Concept of Dark Energy and Its Role in Acceleratedexpansion of Universe","authors":"R. Mishra","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904020106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904020106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This paper is all about explaining the role of dark energy in the accelerated expansion of universe by using simple mathematical tools. The aim of this paper is to render the complicated idea of expansion of universe in simple mathematics so that the people with less profound mathematical foundation can also understand this concept. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 15-04-2017 Date of acceptance: 15-07-2017 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"91 1","pages":"01-06"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72548230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The General Directorate of Metrology (GDM) Albania, signed the agreement on collaboration with the Accredited Laboratory ERAMED N.T.SH from Kosovo, to conduct a proficiency testing (PT) in the field of calibration of weghing instrument. Usually testing and calibrating laboratories work with ISO/IEC 17025 standard, one of which requirements is that the laboratories should have quality control procedures for monitoring the validity of tests and calibrations undertaken. It is therefore important that such laboratories should regularly participate in a PT. A weighing instrument with capacity Max = 520 g and resolution d = 0.1mg was the subject of this comparison. The measurements were performed on February 2017, at mass laboratory of GDM. This paper describes and analyzes the comparative results and uncertainties associated obtained by this two laboratories. The aim of this comparison is to verify the competence of ERAMED laboratory in the field of calibration of NAWI (non automatic weighing instrument.) The results are analyzed using normalized errors values (En).
{"title":"Comparison on Weighing Instrument Calibration between Eramed Kosovo and GDM Albania","authors":"Luljeta Disha, D. Bulku, A. Deda","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904016063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904016063","url":null,"abstract":"The General Directorate of Metrology (GDM) Albania, signed the agreement on collaboration with the Accredited Laboratory ERAMED N.T.SH from Kosovo, to conduct a proficiency testing (PT) in the field of calibration of weghing instrument. Usually testing and calibrating laboratories work with ISO/IEC 17025 standard, one of which requirements is that the laboratories should have quality control procedures for monitoring the validity of tests and calibrations undertaken. It is therefore important that such laboratories should regularly participate in a PT. A weighing instrument with capacity Max = 520 g and resolution d = 0.1mg was the subject of this comparison. The measurements were performed on February 2017, at mass laboratory of GDM. This paper describes and analyzes the comparative results and uncertainties associated obtained by this two laboratories. The aim of this comparison is to verify the competence of ERAMED laboratory in the field of calibration of NAWI (non automatic weighing instrument.) The results are analyzed using normalized errors values (En).","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":"60-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81279781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon is unique in its own ways, the most special attribute of carbon is that it can make rings and long chains; even life on the earth is possible due to this property of carbon. Graphene is the first twodimensional material and it has many outstanding properties which have resulted in many exciting applications. Graphene is claimed to be so versatile that it will be able to replace present day materials. It is thought to be the perfect two-dimensional carbon crystal as it is the unique blend of properties both mechanical and electronics. Graphene is the thinnest, highly elastic, ambipolar, chemically inert ,hydrophobic ,possesses record electron conductivity, high value of mobility, high thermal conductivity, high opacity, low resistivity and shows fractional quantum Hall effect and ballistic conduction and many other interesting properties that are yet be explored. Recently it has been found that the magnetic field of graphene can be switched on and off. In this paper, I have done a comparative study of properties of graphene and tried to write a review on application of graphene in two fields which affect us most, that are, Medicine and Electronics.
{"title":"Applications of Graphene in Medicine and Electronics: A Review","authors":"Yagya Gera","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904021928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904021928","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon is unique in its own ways, the most special attribute of carbon is that it can make rings and long chains; even life on the earth is possible due to this property of carbon. Graphene is the first twodimensional material and it has many outstanding properties which have resulted in many exciting applications. Graphene is claimed to be so versatile that it will be able to replace present day materials. It is thought to be the perfect two-dimensional carbon crystal as it is the unique blend of properties both mechanical and electronics. Graphene is the thinnest, highly elastic, ambipolar, chemically inert ,hydrophobic ,possesses record electron conductivity, high value of mobility, high thermal conductivity, high opacity, low resistivity and shows fractional quantum Hall effect and ballistic conduction and many other interesting properties that are yet be explored. Recently it has been found that the magnetic field of graphene can be switched on and off. In this paper, I have done a comparative study of properties of graphene and tried to write a review on application of graphene in two fields which affect us most, that are, Medicine and Electronics.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"77 1","pages":"19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79047167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Density and ultrasonic velocity have been measured in the binary liquid mixtures of methyl acetate (MA) and ethyl acetate (EA) in 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) over the temperature range from 303.15 to 323.15 K. The measured data are used to compute the excess thermodynamic parameters namely excess adiabatic compressibility (βs E ), excess intermolecular free length (Lf E ) and excess molar volume (V E ). A plot of these excess thermodynamic parameters against the mole fraction of methyl acetate and ethyl acetate over the entire composition range shows a negative deviation indicating a strong interaction between the component molecules of liquid mixtures. The results are discussed in terms of formation of hydrogen bonding between the component molecules of the liquid mixtures.
{"title":"Thermoacoustical studies on the Binary mixtures of Methyl and Ethyl acetate (MA & EA) in 2-Methoxyethanol (2ME) at different temperatures","authors":"G. Ravichandran, D. Gopinath","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903035159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903035159","url":null,"abstract":"Density and ultrasonic velocity have been measured in the binary liquid mixtures of methyl acetate (MA) and ethyl acetate (EA) in 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) over the temperature range from 303.15 to 323.15 K. The measured data are used to compute the excess thermodynamic parameters namely excess adiabatic compressibility (βs E ), excess intermolecular free length (Lf E ) and excess molar volume (V E ). A plot of these excess thermodynamic parameters against the mole fraction of methyl acetate and ethyl acetate over the entire composition range shows a negative deviation indicating a strong interaction between the component molecules of liquid mixtures. The results are discussed in terms of formation of hydrogen bonding between the component molecules of the liquid mixtures.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":"51-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74654189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theoretical geometric parameters (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angle ) were calculated using ab initio Hartree Fock (HF) and density functional B3LYP method with 6-31+G (d, p) and 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Thermodynamic parameters such as total energy,zero-point energy, rotational constants dipole moment, thermal energy, specific heat and entropy of 2-amino-4-methoxy-6-methyl pyrimidine are calculated. The plots of thermodynamic parameters have been given in following paper.
{"title":"Comparision of Molecular Geometry Based On Ab Initio (HF) and DFT (B3LYP) and Thermodynamic Parameters of 2-Amino- 4-Methoxy-6-Methyl Pyrimidine","authors":"L. Kumar, J. Chaudhary","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903038588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903038588","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical geometric parameters (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angle ) were calculated using ab initio Hartree Fock (HF) and density functional B3LYP method with 6-31+G (d, p) and 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Thermodynamic parameters such as total energy,zero-point energy, rotational constants dipole moment, thermal energy, specific heat and entropy of 2-amino-4-methoxy-6-methyl pyrimidine are calculated. The plots of thermodynamic parameters have been given in following paper.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"28 1","pages":"30-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80968620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermo Electric Power (TEP) measurement of gel grown strontium oxalate crystals was carried out. Different parameters such as Fermi energy and mode of scattering were calculated. To calculate Fermi energy and scattering parameter of a material, a graph of Seebeck coefficient(S) versus reciprocal of temperature difference (1/ΔT) is plotted. The slope of the graph is 26.92 mV and intercept is 0.179 mV/K, and hence Fermi energy, EF = 0.027 eV. Scattering parameter has calculated 0.425. The experimental value obtained for A = 2.075 is in well agreement to conclude that the conduction of heat in the material may be due to the lattice or phonons and can be associated with lattice or phonon scattering.
{"title":"Thermoelectric Power Measurement of Gel Grown Strontium Oxalate Crystals","authors":"P. Dalal","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904013436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904013436","url":null,"abstract":"Thermo Electric Power (TEP) measurement of gel grown strontium oxalate crystals was carried out. Different parameters such as Fermi energy and mode of scattering were calculated. To calculate Fermi energy and scattering parameter of a material, a graph of Seebeck coefficient(S) versus reciprocal of temperature difference (1/ΔT) is plotted. The slope of the graph is 26.92 mV and intercept is 0.179 mV/K, and hence Fermi energy, EF = 0.027 eV. Scattering parameter has calculated 0.425. The experimental value obtained for A = 2.075 is in well agreement to conclude that the conduction of heat in the material may be due to the lattice or phonons and can be associated with lattice or phonon scattering.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"102 1","pages":"34-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88972681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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