In this particular experiment we employ Chemical Bath deposition Technique. Initially the bath parameters such as temperature, pH of the precursors, molarity of the solutions, deposition time were optimized for synthesis of CdS thin films. Using above optimized parameters, we prepare Cd1-xZnxS thin films for the study of effect of Zn concentration on various properties of the films. The structural, Morphological and optical characterization were investigated. The XRD spectra of the Cd1-xZnxS films exhibit the hexagonal crystal structure with preferential orientations at (100), (002), (101), (203), (102), (110), (200) and (004) planes. The planes (101), (002), (100) exhibited the wurtzite (hexagonal type) structure. XRD pattern shows increase in half width at full maximum with Zn content. SEM micrograph shows the porous fibrous network consisting of regularly arranged matrix over which regular shaped fine particles systematically distributed. The effect of Zn concentration in Cd1-xZnxS thin films clearly understood from the improvement in the microstructure of the surface morphology. The optical spectra show that absorption was found decreased with Zn content of the Cd1xZnxS.The absorption spectra shows the significant blue shifting of absorption edge (approximately from 450 – 325 nm). The optical transmittance was found maximum in the visible region (450 800 nm) and increased on increasing the Zn concentration. The x=0.2 composition having maximum transmittance 78% show the maximum 3.9 eV optical band gap which may be high enough for solar cell applications.
{"title":"Effect of Zn Doping in CdS Thin Films on Structural, Morphological and Optical Characterization","authors":"B. S. Munde, L. Ravangave","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904015053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904015053","url":null,"abstract":"In this particular experiment we employ Chemical Bath deposition Technique. Initially the bath parameters such as temperature, pH of the precursors, molarity of the solutions, deposition time were optimized for synthesis of CdS thin films. Using above optimized parameters, we prepare Cd1-xZnxS thin films for the study of effect of Zn concentration on various properties of the films. The structural, Morphological and optical characterization were investigated. The XRD spectra of the Cd1-xZnxS films exhibit the hexagonal crystal structure with preferential orientations at (100), (002), (101), (203), (102), (110), (200) and (004) planes. The planes (101), (002), (100) exhibited the wurtzite (hexagonal type) structure. XRD pattern shows increase in half width at full maximum with Zn content. SEM micrograph shows the porous fibrous network consisting of regularly arranged matrix over which regular shaped fine particles systematically distributed. The effect of Zn concentration in Cd1-xZnxS thin films clearly understood from the improvement in the microstructure of the surface morphology. The optical spectra show that absorption was found decreased with Zn content of the Cd1xZnxS.The absorption spectra shows the significant blue shifting of absorption edge (approximately from 450 – 325 nm). The optical transmittance was found maximum in the visible region (450 800 nm) and increased on increasing the Zn concentration. The x=0.2 composition having maximum transmittance 78% show the maximum 3.9 eV optical band gap which may be high enough for solar cell applications.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"50-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86509484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. S. Shanthala, S. Devi, M. Murugendrappa, H. Nagabhushana
Polymer nanocomposites of Polypyrrole and Nickel zinc iron oxide (NiZnFe2O4) are prepared by insitu polymerisation using Ammonium persulphate as oxidising agent. Various nanocomposites have been prepared by varying the level of additive material NiZnFe2O4. The formation of nanocomposites and changes in the structural and microstructural properties were investigated by using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The size of the particle was analysed by XRD using Scherrer equation and found to be in the range of 15nm 20nm. The lattice parameters were evaluated by W-H plots. DC conductivity has been measured in which activation energy (Ea) of the composites has been evaluated. Activation energies were evaluated from Arrhenius plots for all compositions. Results show that the incorporation of additive material increases the activation energy ‘Ea’ for the DC conductivity of the composites, compared to the base polymer. The increase in the activation energy ‘Ea’ is found to depend on the level of the additive in the composites. Significant increase (196%) in DC conductivity was observed for nanocomposite of 50 wt.%. Therefore such polymer nanocomposites find applications in microwave absorbers, sensors, electromagnetishielding etc.,
{"title":"Characterization and Evaluation of Activation Energy for Dc Conductivity of Polypyrrole/Nickel Zinc Iron Oxide Nanocomposites","authors":"V. S. Shanthala, S. Devi, M. Murugendrappa, H. Nagabhushana","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904022936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904022936","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer nanocomposites of Polypyrrole and Nickel zinc iron oxide (NiZnFe2O4) are prepared by insitu polymerisation using Ammonium persulphate as oxidising agent. Various nanocomposites have been prepared by varying the level of additive material NiZnFe2O4. The formation of nanocomposites and changes in the structural and microstructural properties were investigated by using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The size of the particle was analysed by XRD using Scherrer equation and found to be in the range of 15nm 20nm. The lattice parameters were evaluated by W-H plots. DC conductivity has been measured in which activation energy (Ea) of the composites has been evaluated. Activation energies were evaluated from Arrhenius plots for all compositions. Results show that the incorporation of additive material increases the activation energy ‘Ea’ for the DC conductivity of the composites, compared to the base polymer. The increase in the activation energy ‘Ea’ is found to depend on the level of the additive in the composites. Significant increase (196%) in DC conductivity was observed for nanocomposite of 50 wt.%. Therefore such polymer nanocomposites find applications in microwave absorbers, sensors, electromagnetishielding etc.,","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"3 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88249199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical imaging systems find applications from medicine to military, nano chip to deep space. Their imaging efficiency is deteriorated by Aberrations. Aberration theory has very long history of development. Different types of aberrations, different notations of their description are available in the literature. Often a situation of ambiguity arises for an interdisciplinary scholar to understand them. This paper emphasizes the need of commonness and presents an effort to put them at one place.
{"title":"Aberrations in Theories of Optical Aberrations","authors":"P. Krishna, D. K. Sagar","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904013743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904013743","url":null,"abstract":"Optical imaging systems find applications from medicine to military, nano chip to deep space. Their imaging efficiency is deteriorated by Aberrations. Aberration theory has very long history of development. Different types of aberrations, different notations of their description are available in the literature. Often a situation of ambiguity arises for an interdisciplinary scholar to understand them. This paper emphasizes the need of commonness and presents an effort to put them at one place.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"200 1","pages":"37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79928264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and Optical properties of Eu3+ doped Sr2SiO4 Phosphor for Solid State lighting applications","authors":"B. ChaudhariDilip, Z. ZambarePradip, H. MahajanO.","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904023741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904023741","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"35 1","pages":"37-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73783705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ternary Strontium Borate glasses were prepared using the conventional meltquenching method. Longitudinal and shear velocities were measured at 4 MHz at room temperature by Pulse Echo technique. Density is measured using the Archimedes principle. Elastic properties, Debye Temperature and micro hardness have been investigated using the measured velocities and densities. Results indicate that these parameters increase as the composition of SrO increases in the manganese borate glasses.
{"title":"Structural and Elastic Studies of Strontium Doped Manganese Borate Glasses","authors":"P. Vasantharani, S. Vichitra","doi":"10.9790/4861-0904014449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0904014449","url":null,"abstract":"Ternary Strontium Borate glasses were prepared using the conventional meltquenching method. Longitudinal and shear velocities were measured at 4 MHz at room temperature by Pulse Echo technique. Density is measured using the Archimedes principle. Elastic properties, Debye Temperature and micro hardness have been investigated using the measured velocities and densities. Results indicate that these parameters increase as the composition of SrO increases in the manganese borate glasses.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"85 1","pages":"44-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84901608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A theoretical investigation has been made of obliquely propagating electrostatic solitary structures in a magnetized dusty plasma, composed of negatively charged dust, nonthermal ions of distinct temperatures, and Boltzmann distributed electrons. The properties of small but finite amplitude dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) in this dusty plasma system are studied by deriving the Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation. It has been inferred that the effects of obliqueness, external magnetic field, nonthermal ions of two distinct temperatures, and Boltzmann electrons cause modification of the characteristics (i.e., amplitude and width) of these solitary structures. The implications of our present investigation in understanding the basic features of nonlinear electrostatic perturbations observed in many space plasma systems and laboratory devices are briefly discussed.
{"title":"Dust-Acoustic Solitary Waves in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma With Ions Of Distinct Temperatures","authors":"M. Anowar, I. Tasnim, M. Masud","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903036875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903036875","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical investigation has been made of obliquely propagating electrostatic solitary structures in a magnetized dusty plasma, composed of negatively charged dust, nonthermal ions of distinct temperatures, and Boltzmann distributed electrons. The properties of small but finite amplitude dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) in this dusty plasma system are studied by deriving the Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation. It has been inferred that the effects of obliqueness, external magnetic field, nonthermal ions of two distinct temperatures, and Boltzmann electrons cause modification of the characteristics (i.e., amplitude and width) of these solitary structures. The implications of our present investigation in understanding the basic features of nonlinear electrostatic perturbations observed in many space plasma systems and laboratory devices are briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"30 1","pages":"68-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82789802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of PVP capped Er and Cu codoped ZnS Nanoparticles","authors":"S. Rajesh, K. Thyagarajan, G. Harish, V. Reddy","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903026266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903026266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":"62-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75352268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. M. Ahmed, Suhaib Alameen, Y. Khairi, M. E. Gar-elnabi
: The main objective of this study to assess the spatial resolution of SPECT gamma camera using developed Algorithm via image processing procedure. Usually assessment done through visual inspection of phantom images i.e. visual perception trend; in this study, separate algorithm was developed using Interactive Data Language IDL software to quantify the resolution with Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The data were collected from Departments of nuclear medicine in main hospitals in Khartoum – Sudan (RCIH & RICK) in period from 2015 to 2017; images of QC test were taken from SPECT gamma camera as DICOM format. The result showed that the resolution for minimum object used 4mm was 70% and increased with object size increased to reach 100% resolution for an object size of 10 mm i.e. 100% resolution corresponds to the coordinate of the MTF at 10% and frequency of 0.05cycle /mm. Inconclusion the developed algorithm can be used objectively and improved as required without looking for expertise from other country, as well it can be made to check the acceptance of the device performance regardless the built-in programs.
{"title":"Assessment of Spatial Resolution on SPECT using Image Processing","authors":"E. M. Ahmed, Suhaib Alameen, Y. Khairi, M. E. Gar-elnabi","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903025256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903025256","url":null,"abstract":": The main objective of this study to assess the spatial resolution of SPECT gamma camera using developed Algorithm via image processing procedure. Usually assessment done through visual inspection of phantom images i.e. visual perception trend; in this study, separate algorithm was developed using Interactive Data Language IDL software to quantify the resolution with Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The data were collected from Departments of nuclear medicine in main hospitals in Khartoum – Sudan (RCIH & RICK) in period from 2015 to 2017; images of QC test were taken from SPECT gamma camera as DICOM format. The result showed that the resolution for minimum object used 4mm was 70% and increased with object size increased to reach 100% resolution for an object size of 10 mm i.e. 100% resolution corresponds to the coordinate of the MTF at 10% and frequency of 0.05cycle /mm. Inconclusion the developed algorithm can be used objectively and improved as required without looking for expertise from other country, as well it can be made to check the acceptance of the device performance regardless the built-in programs.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":"52-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73199140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The time dependence of the equation-of-state (EoS) parameter has been determined in the framework of the Brans-Dicke (BD) theory, using BD field equations and the wave equation for the scalar field, for a homogeneous, isotropic and spatially flat universe. This study is based on a model where a linear combination of BD field equations has been taken. The generalized expression of the EoS parameter is a function of the ratio of the constant coefficients used for this linear combination. Expressions of the densities of matter and dark energy and also the density parameters for matter and dark energy have been derived in terms of the EoS parameter. The value of the EoS parameter, at the present epoch, is found to depend, almost solely, on a constant that determines the time dependence of the scalar field. This parameter and the ratio of constant coefficients have been varied, to show graphically, the time dependence of the matter density and the density parameters for matter and dark energy. For certain combinations of these parameters, the matter density is found to decrease with time after initially rising to a peak value, indicating generation of matter, probably from dark energy, during an era in the past.
{"title":"Time Dependence of Density Parameters for a Variable EoS Parameter in Brans-Dicke Framework","authors":"S. Roy","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903029096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903029096","url":null,"abstract":"The time dependence of the equation-of-state (EoS) parameter has been determined in the framework of the Brans-Dicke (BD) theory, using BD field equations and the wave equation for the scalar field, for a homogeneous, isotropic and spatially flat universe. This study is based on a model where a linear combination of BD field equations has been taken. The generalized expression of the EoS parameter is a function of the ratio of the constant coefficients used for this linear combination. Expressions of the densities of matter and dark energy and also the density parameters for matter and dark energy have been derived in terms of the EoS parameter. The value of the EoS parameter, at the present epoch, is found to depend, almost solely, on a constant that determines the time dependence of the scalar field. This parameter and the ratio of constant coefficients have been varied, to show graphically, the time dependence of the matter density and the density parameters for matter and dark energy. For certain combinations of these parameters, the matter density is found to decrease with time after initially rising to a peak value, indicating generation of matter, probably from dark energy, during an era in the past.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"234 5 1","pages":"90-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76675951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) was used for deposition of Cd1-xMnxs Thin Films. Initially bath parameters were optimized by physical observation of sustainable Deposition of CdS thin films. The deposited films have been characterized by using X-ray diferactometer, Scanning electron microscopy, EDAX and spectrophotometer. The film thickness was estimated using weight and difference method. Film thickness was found increased with increase in Mn concentration in CdS material. All the films show polycrystalline crystal structure. The observed diffraction patterns were well fitted with the standard JCPDS card data: 772306 of CdS and 76-2049 for MnS. Cd1-xMnxS thin films exhibit the hexagonal as well as cubic crystal structure. The micrograph shows that the films deposited cover the whole substrate with uniform surface morphology. The significant effect of Mn doping has been observed from SEM micrographs of the CdxMn1-xS thin film. Very small amount of Mn doping can show significant change in the microstructure of the SEM. The nanowire morphology was found changed into granular morphology. The absorption spectra show significant blue shifting for the composition x=0.8, having very low absorption. The optical transmittance was higher in the visible region (350 900 nm) and was found increased from 5 to 68 %. The optical band gap was found increased on Mn doping. The x=0.8 exhibit 3.58eV band gap. The maximum transmittance and higher band gap shows that Cd0.2Mn0.8S Composition can be used for solar cell applications.
{"title":"Physical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Chemically Deposited Cd1-xMnxs Thin Films","authors":"B. S. Munde, S. RavangaveL.SRavangaveL.","doi":"10.9790/4861-0903028589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/4861-0903028589","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) was used for deposition of Cd1-xMnxs Thin Films. Initially bath parameters were optimized by physical observation of sustainable Deposition of CdS thin films. The deposited films have been characterized by using X-ray diferactometer, Scanning electron microscopy, EDAX and spectrophotometer. The film thickness was estimated using weight and difference method. Film thickness was found increased with increase in Mn concentration in CdS material. All the films show polycrystalline crystal structure. The observed diffraction patterns were well fitted with the standard JCPDS card data: 772306 of CdS and 76-2049 for MnS. Cd1-xMnxS thin films exhibit the hexagonal as well as cubic crystal structure. The micrograph shows that the films deposited cover the whole substrate with uniform surface morphology. The significant effect of Mn doping has been observed from SEM micrographs of the CdxMn1-xS thin film. Very small amount of Mn doping can show significant change in the microstructure of the SEM. The nanowire morphology was found changed into granular morphology. The absorption spectra show significant blue shifting for the composition x=0.8, having very low absorption. The optical transmittance was higher in the visible region (350 900 nm) and was found increased from 5 to 68 %. The optical band gap was found increased on Mn doping. The x=0.8 exhibit 3.58eV band gap. The maximum transmittance and higher band gap shows that Cd0.2Mn0.8S Composition can be used for solar cell applications.","PeriodicalId":14502,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics","volume":"101 1","pages":"85-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75812546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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