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Phase composition and thermal properties of the Sakharinskoe deposit oxidized nickel ore 萨哈林斯克矿床氧化镍矿物相组成及热性质
Pub Date : 2019-02-22 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2019-1-16-24
E. Selivanov, S. Sergeeva, R. Gulyaeva
X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and X-ray microanalysis were used to determine the composition and distribution of elements in the main mineral constituents of oxidized nickel ore at the Sakhalin deposit (goethite, hematite, serpentine, talc and chlorite). The main fraction of nickel is concentrated in iron oxides, where its content reaches 2,4 %, while in magnesium silicates it does not exceed 0,4 %. The sequence and temperature intervals of transformations were established when heating ore in inert and reducing media by means of thermal analysis methods combined with mass-spectrometric analysis of gases and subsequent X-ray phase analysis of products. The temperature regimes of ore roasting for the reduction of nickel and iron from their minerals were justified. The temperature regimes of sample heating are assumed to be close to the conditions implemented in industrial units (electric furnaces) where the rate of charge heating varies within 5—15 degrees/min, up to the melting point (1450 °С) of ferronickel and slag. It is proposed to use information on material composition, thermal properties and metal forms in ore to select regimes and technologies for their pyro-or hydrometallurgical processing. Nickel and iron recovery from oxides in CO environment occurs above 800 °С, while serpentines remain stable up to 1200 °С. The use of coke as a reducing agent allows reducing iron and nickel from serpentines at temperatures above 1250 °С. The obtained data were used to substantiate the operating conditions of roaster and electric furnaces during ferronickel smelting from oxidized ores. When roasting, resulting ferronickel particles will contain 2—4 % Ni. Completing recovery processes in the electric furnace will ensure metal recovery from magnesium silicates, which will slightly increase the nickel content in ferro-nickel.
采用x射线衍射、光学显微镜和x射线显微分析方法测定了库页岛镍矿氧化镍矿石主要矿物成分(针铁矿、赤铁矿、蛇纹石、滑石和绿泥石)的元素组成和分布。镍的主要组分集中在氧化铁中,其含量达到2.4%,而在硅酸镁中,其含量不超过0.4%。采用热分析方法,结合气体质谱分析和产物x射线相分析,确定了在惰性介质和还原介质中加热矿石时的相变顺序和温度区间。对从镍和铁的矿物中还原镍和铁的焙烧温度进行了论证。样品加热的温度范围被假设接近于工业装置(电炉)中实施的条件,其中电荷加热速率在5-15度/分钟内变化,直到镍铁和炉渣的熔点(1450°С)。建议利用矿石中的材料成分、热性质和金属形态的资料来选择其热法或湿法冶金处理的制度和技术。在CO环境中,镍和铁可以在800°С以上的温度下从氧化物中回收,而蛇纹石在1200°С以上保持稳定。使用焦炭作为还原剂,可以在1250°以上的温度下还原蛇纹石中的铁和镍С。用所得数据验证了焙烧炉和电炉在氧化矿石冶炼镍铁过程中的操作条件。当焙烧时,产生的镍铁颗粒将含有2 - 4%的Ni。在电炉中完成回收工艺将确保从硅酸镁中回收金属,这将略微增加镍铁中的镍含量。
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引用次数: 3
Corrosion of carbon steel and cast iron in gas phase above salt melts used in magnesium industry 镁工业中碳钢和铸铁在盐熔体上气相的腐蚀
Pub Date : 2019-02-22 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2019-1-34-49
I. Komelin, A. P. Lysenko, D. S. Kondrat’eva
Corrosion tests of SCh15 cast iron, Steel 3 and Steel 3 with aluminized coating in some compositions of 10%MgCl2-KCl-NaCl and 10%MgCl2-KCl-Naa-Caa2 salt melts with 10 %, 25 % and 40 % CaCl2 concentrations, and also in 10MgCl2-45%KCl-20%NaCl-25%NaBr melt, and in the gas phase above these melts at 700 °C. A gravimetric method was used to determine corrosion rates of metal samples. Chemical analysis of absorption solutions was used to determine concentrations of halide and hydrogen halide impurities in air blown through the reactor with melts and samples. It was shown that carbon steel aluminizing can reduce the corrosion rate in the gas phase over the salt melt by a factor of 5 to 70. The formation mechanism of gases aggressive in relation to carbon steel and cast iron in atmospheric air in contact with salt chloride melt was considered. Accelerated hydrogen chloride and chlorine formation during the salt melt interaction with atmospheric air under the influence of iron corrosion products was found.
在10%、25%和40% CaCl2浓度的10%MgCl2-KCl-NaCl和10%MgCl2-KCl-Naa-Caa2盐熔体以及10MgCl2-45%KCl-20%NaCl-25%NaBr熔体中,以及在700℃以上这些熔体的气相中,对镀铝涂层的SCh15铸铁、3号钢和3号钢进行腐蚀试验。用重量法测定了金属样品的腐蚀速率。吸收溶液的化学分析用于测定带熔体和样品吹过反应器的空气中卤化物和卤化氢杂质的浓度。结果表明,碳钢渗铝可使盐熔液气相腐蚀速率降低5 ~ 70倍。研究了大气中与氯化盐熔体接触的碳钢和铸铁腐蚀性气体的形成机理。发现在铁腐蚀产物的影响下,盐液与大气相互作用时加速了氯化氢和氯的形成。
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引用次数: 0
VALENTIN ALEXEEVICH CHANTURIYA CELEBRATES HIS 80TH BIRTHDAY 瓦伦丁·阿列克谢耶维奇·昌图里亚庆祝自己80岁生日
Pub Date : 2018-12-14 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-77-78
A. Editorial
.
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引用次数: 0
METHODS FOR COPPER EXTRACTION FROM PRECIPITATE AND USING OXIME MIXED WITH SODIUM CARBONATE 用肟和碳酸钠混合萃取沉淀物中铜的方法
A. Valkov, L. Krylova
The paper covers experimental and theoretical studies of technical solutions for copper liquid extraction by organic extractants from sulfuric acid solutions that neutralize the negative effect of hydrogen ions released as a result of copper cations interaction with oximes on the copper extraction into the organic phase, and increase the technical and economic parameters of the process. In order to reduce the volume of processed solutions, copper extraction by the extractant solution in a diluent from the previously obtained thickened copper precipitate by sodium carbonate addition was studied. Subsequent operations for copper organic phase purification from metal impurities and re-extraction were carried out by methods known in liquid extraction. It was experimentally found that the use of copper pre-concentration in the precipitate makes it possible to increase the copper content in the extractant by 3—4 times to 1 g per 1 % (abs.) of the oxime content in the organic phase. It is required to maintain a ratio of 2 moles of oxime to 1 mole of copper in the precipitate to ensure rapid delamination and full extraction of copper. Dependencies of parameters were calculated for the stages of copper extraction from the thickened solution precipitate and extract washing. It was shown that extraction system parameters can be increased by using copper from the extractant emulsion solution obtained by mixing the oxime solution in a diluent and the aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. Based on the results of experiments, extractant emulsion with sodium carbonate added into the first stage of the extraction process makes it possible to significantly increase the copper distribution coefficient and saturate the extractant in terms of copper as much as possible. Maximum copper extraction from the solution is achieved at a molar ratio of carbonate and oxime in the emulsion equal to 1 : 2. The proposed technical solutions increase distribution coefficients and maximize the extractant working capacity during copper extraction. The lower volume of phases involved in extraction results in a substantially reduced number of extraction equipment and costs of raffinate purification from extractant and diluent destruction products. The proposed extraction methods can be used to extract copper from natural and technological sulfuric acid solutions, for example from mine waters and solutions generated when processing mineral raw materials and man-made waste.
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引用次数: 0
THE USE OF ALUMINUM SLAG RECYCLING PRODUCTS IN INVESTMENT CASTING TECHNOLOGIES 铝渣回收产品在熔模铸造技术中的应用
Pub Date : 2018-12-14 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-58-71
K. Nikitin, A. V. Sokolov, V. I. Nikitin, N. V. D’yachkov
The studies of fractional, chemical and phase compositions of aluminum-containing slags of different origin found that slags are multi-component systems consisting of metal and non-metal parts. The non-metal part contains water-soluble and water-insoluble components. A practical scheme for recycling aluminum-containing slags was proposed in order to isolate the water-insoluble component to be further used a secondary refractory dusting material. It was found that the secondary refractory dusting material has a positive effect on the quality of refractory ceramic molds in investment casting and the surface finish of experimental aluminum castings. This material improves the strength of refractory ceramic molds by 9 times in comparison with silica sand molds and increases gas permeability by 15 % to 33 % in comparison with fused alumina and silica sand molds, respectively. The study covers the processes used to produce refractory ceramic molds based on the secondary refractory dusting material. The mechanism of interaction between dusting material particles and suspension is theoretically justified in terms of colloid chemistry. Negatively charged aluminum hydroxide micelles appear when ceramic mold layers are formed using the secondary refractory dusting material. Interaction between differently charged Al(OH)3 and SiO2 micelles makes secondary refractory dusting material particles come in close contact with each other. The theoretically justified processes of ceramic mold layer formation with the secondary refractory dusting material make it possible to explain the reduction in the surface roughness of castings made of AK9ch aluminum casting alloy using investment casting by 3.7 times compared with standard production processes.
通过对不同产地含铝炉渣的分数、化学组成和物相组成的研究,发现炉渣是由金属和非金属组成的多组分体系。非金属部分包含水溶性和不水溶性成分。提出了一种实用的含铝渣回收方案,以分离含铝渣中的水不溶性成分,进一步用作二次耐火除尘材料。研究发现,二次耐火粉尘材料对熔模铸造中耐火陶瓷模具的质量和实验铝铸件的表面光洁度都有积极的影响。与硅砂模相比,这种材料将耐火陶瓷模的强度提高了9倍,与熔融氧化铝和硅砂模相比,其透气性分别提高了15%至33%。研究了基于二次耐火粉尘材料的耐火陶瓷模具的生产工艺。从胶体化学的角度,理论上证明了粉尘颗粒与悬浮液相互作用的机理。当使用二次耐火粉尘材料形成陶瓷模层时,会出现带负电荷的氢氧化铝胶束。不同电荷的Al(OH)3与SiO2胶束之间的相互作用使得二次耐火粉尘颗粒之间的接触更加紧密。利用二次耐火粉尘材料形成陶瓷模层的理论证明,可以解释AK9ch铝合金精铸件表面粗糙度比标准生产工艺降低3.7倍的原因。
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引用次数: 0
STUDY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF THE GRAIN STRUCTURE REFINEMENT DEGREE OF ALLOY 6063 INGOTS ON THEIR PLASTICITY, EXTRUSION PARAMETERS AND PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED PROFILES 研究了6063合金铸锭组织细化程度对铸锭塑性、挤压参数及挤压型材性能的影响
Pub Date : 2018-12-14 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-51-57
R. S. Syryamkin, Y. Gorbunov, S. Sidelnikov, A. Y. Otmahova
The analysis of scientific and technical literature and practical data made it possible to found that changes in casting parameters for ingots using different mold designs allows varying the degree of ingot grain structure refinement in a sufficiently wide range, which should be reflected in the conditions of aluminum alloy profile extrusion as well as physical and mechanical properties of these profiles. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to assess the influence of the degree of grain structure refinement for Alloy 6063 ingots on extrusion deformation and speed parameters and mechanical properties of profiles produced. The study used several batches of Alloy 6063 ingots 178 mm in diameter cast under industrial conditions, as well as profiles obtained by direct extrusion on a 18 MN horizontal hydraulic press subjected to quenching and aging. The grain size in homogenized ingots was estimated by light microscopy using the Olimpus optical microscope, and mechanical properties tests were carried out using the Inspect 20 kN-1 universal test machine. It was found that the initial grain size in the ingot structure exerts a significant influence both on ingot plasticity during extrusion, and on the final structure and mechanical properties of profile products made of aluminum alloys. Having analyzed the results obtained, we can conclude that the increase in strength characteristics of products extruded from ingots with a more refined structure is due to the fact that fine grains are retained in the structure of metal after its deformation, and cast metal plasticity increases with the degree of grain structure refinement in the ingot. This leads to the higher efficiency of profile product hardening and metal outflow rate during extrusion.
通过对科技文献和实际数据的分析发现,采用不同模具设计的铸锭,其铸造参数的变化可以在足够大的范围内改变铸锭晶粒组织的细化程度,这应反映在铝合金型材的挤压条件和型材的物理力学性能上。因此,本研究的目的是评估6063合金锭组织细化程度对型材挤压变形、速度参数及力学性能的影响。本研究使用了在工业条件下铸造的几批直径为178 mm的6063合金铸锭,以及在18mn卧式液压机上进行淬火和时效直接挤压得到的型材。采用Olimpus光学显微镜对均质铸锭的晶粒度进行光镜估计,并在Inspect 20 kN-1万能试验机上进行力学性能测试。结果表明,铸锭组织的初始晶粒尺寸对铸锭挤压塑性和铝合金型材的最终组织和力学性能都有重要影响。通过对所得结果的分析,可以得出组织细化的铸锭挤压出的产品强度特性的提高是由于变形后的金属组织中保留了细小的晶粒,铸造金属的塑性随着铸锭组织细化程度的提高而提高。这提高了型材制品的硬化效率和挤压过程中的金属流出率。
{"title":"STUDY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF THE GRAIN STRUCTURE REFINEMENT DEGREE OF ALLOY 6063 INGOTS ON THEIR PLASTICITY, EXTRUSION PARAMETERS AND PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED PROFILES","authors":"R. S. Syryamkin, Y. Gorbunov, S. Sidelnikov, A. Y. Otmahova","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-51-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-51-57","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of scientific and technical literature and practical data made it possible to found that changes in casting parameters for ingots using different mold designs allows varying the degree of ingot grain structure refinement in a sufficiently wide range, which should be reflected in the conditions of aluminum alloy profile extrusion as well as physical and mechanical properties of these profiles. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to assess the influence of the degree of grain structure refinement for Alloy 6063 ingots on extrusion deformation and speed parameters and mechanical properties of profiles produced. The study used several batches of Alloy 6063 ingots 178 mm in diameter cast under industrial conditions, as well as profiles obtained by direct extrusion on a 18 MN horizontal hydraulic press subjected to quenching and aging. The grain size in homogenized ingots was estimated by light microscopy using the Olimpus optical microscope, and mechanical properties tests were carried out using the Inspect 20 kN-1 universal test machine. It was found that the initial grain size in the ingot structure exerts a significant influence both on ingot plasticity during extrusion, and on the final structure and mechanical properties of profile products made of aluminum alloys. Having analyzed the results obtained, we can conclude that the increase in strength characteristics of products extruded from ingots with a more refined structure is due to the fact that fine grains are retained in the structure of metal after its deformation, and cast metal plasticity increases with the degree of grain structure refinement in the ingot. This leads to the higher efficiency of profile product hardening and metal outflow rate during extrusion.","PeriodicalId":14523,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90231081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
FEM SIMULATION OF MANNESMANN PIERCING OF ALUMINUM ALLOY INGOTS 铝合金铸锭曼内斯曼穿孔有限元模拟
Pub Date : 2018-12-14 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-42-50
M. M. Skripalenko, B. Romantsev, V. Bazhenov, B. Tran, M. N. Skripalenko, S. P. Galkin, M. B. Savonkin, Y. Gladkov
Mannesmann piercing of ingots, which were made of aluminum alloy by casting, was done using plugs of different shape: entire plug, plug with cavity and hollow plug. Plugs had same diameter of calibrating segment. Piercing was carried out at 400 °C ofbillets. Influence of plugs’ shape on variation of hollow shells’ diameter, wall thickness and density along their length was estimated. Hollow shells were cut into 15 equal rings to measure density using hydrostatic (Archimedean) weighing. Experimental operations were simulated using FEM computer software. Casting was simulated using ProCAST, piercing — using QForm. Variation of hollow shells’ diameter, wall thickness and density along their length was estimated after simulation had been done. Experimental and simulation data were compared to check FEM simulation accuracy. Difference between experiment and simulation for density was not more than 2 %, for hollow shells’ dimensions — 20 %. Conducted investigation allowed estimation of how plug’s shape affects hollow shells’ dimensions accuracy and density. It was established that hollow plug or plug with cavity, in terms of dimensions accuracy and density variation, are preferable for piercing. Each of plugs being used, provides manufacturing of hollow shells with maximum density for all volume except close to hollow shell’s edges domains, where density is 1 % less than maximum value.
{"title":"FEM SIMULATION OF MANNESMANN PIERCING OF ALUMINUM ALLOY INGOTS","authors":"M. M. Skripalenko, B. Romantsev, V. Bazhenov, B. Tran, M. N. Skripalenko, S. P. Galkin, M. B. Savonkin, Y. Gladkov","doi":"10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-42-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-42-50","url":null,"abstract":"Mannesmann piercing of ingots, which were made of aluminum alloy by casting, was done using plugs of different shape: entire plug, plug with cavity and hollow plug. Plugs had same diameter of calibrating segment. Piercing was carried out at 400 °C ofbillets. Influence of plugs’ shape on variation of hollow shells’ diameter, wall thickness and density along their length was estimated. Hollow shells were cut into 15 equal rings to measure density using hydrostatic (Archimedean) weighing. Experimental operations were simulated using FEM computer software. Casting was simulated using ProCAST, piercing — using QForm. Variation of hollow shells’ diameter, wall thickness and density along their length was estimated after simulation had been done. Experimental and simulation data were compared to check FEM simulation accuracy. Difference between experiment and simulation for density was not more than 2 %, for hollow shells’ dimensions — 20 %. Conducted investigation allowed estimation of how plug’s shape affects hollow shells’ dimensions accuracy and density. It was established that hollow plug or plug with cavity, in terms of dimensions accuracy and density variation, are preferable for piercing. Each of plugs being used, provides manufacturing of hollow shells with maximum density for all volume except close to hollow shell’s edges domains, where density is 1 % less than maximum value.","PeriodicalId":14523,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81576128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR SYNTHESIZING PEROVSKITE STRUCTURE TITANATES AND DOPING THEM WITH RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS 展望了钙钛矿结构钛酸盐的合成及稀土元素掺杂方法的发展
Pub Date : 2018-12-13 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-31-41
V. Cherepov, A. Kropachev, O. N. Budin
The paper presents an overview of methods for obtaining perovskite structure titanates and doping them with rare-earth elements. The results of scientific research conducted by authors from different countries related to the study of the effect of doping perovskite structure titanates with rare-earth elements on their electromagnetic properties are discussed. The paper also comprises information on the use of perovskite structure titanates in various industries. As exemplified by barium titanate (BaTiO3), a comparative analysis of some morphological properties (particle size, structure) and electromagnetic characteristics (dielectric constant, Curie temperature, modulus of longitudinal oscillations (d33)) of powders obtained (and doped) by different methods is carried out. Techniques for various BaTiO3 preparation methods such as solvothermic, hydrothermal, sol-gel, chemical deposition, and solid-phase sintering are described. The paper provides the results of studies on the effect of changes in process parameters (temperature, pH, composition of the initial mixture of materials and concentration of reagents) on the phase, morphology and BaTiO3particle formation rate in hydrothermal synthesis (using BaCl2, TiCl4and NaOH as initial materials). In addition, experiments were conducted to study the effect of microwave radiation power in ВаСОз and ТЮ2 solid-phase sintering on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of ВаТЮз ceramics. The analysis of methods for obtaining BaTiO3 and doping it with rare-earth elements found that at present the hydrothermal method and the method of solid-phase sintering (including with microwave radiation) can be regarded as advanced technologies for obtaining perovskite structure materials with predetermined properties.
本文综述了钙钛矿结构钛酸盐的制备方法和稀土元素掺杂方法。本文讨论了国内外有关掺杂稀土元素的钙钛矿结构钛酸盐对其电磁性能影响的研究成果。本文还包括钙钛矿结构钛酸盐在各种工业中的使用信息。以钛酸钡(BaTiO3)为例,对比分析了不同方法制备(和掺杂)的钛酸钡粉体的一些形态特性(粒度、结构)和电磁特性(介电常数、居里温度、纵向振荡模量(d33))。介绍了溶剂热法、水热法、溶胶-凝胶法、化学沉积法和固相烧结法等制备BaTiO3的技术。本文提供了水热合成(以BaCl2、ticl4和NaOH为初始材料)过程中工艺参数(温度、pH、初始材料混合物组成和试剂浓度)变化对物相、形貌和batio3颗粒形成速率影响的研究结果。此外,通过实验研究了ВаСОз和ТЮ2固相烧结过程中微波辐射功率对ВаТЮз陶瓷介电性能和铁电性能的影响。通过对制备BaTiO3并掺杂稀土元素的方法分析发现,目前水热法和固相烧结法(包括微波辐射法)是制备具有预定性能的钙钛矿结构材料的先进技术。
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引用次数: 0
RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON EFFICIENCY OF ZINC ELECTROLYSIS FROM ALKALINE SOLUTIONS 工艺参数对碱性电解锌效率的影响研究
Pub Date : 2018-12-13 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-12-19
S. Mamyachenkov, S. Yakornov, O. S. Anisimova, P. Kozlov, D. A. Ivakin
The effect that the main parameters of zinc electrolysis from an alkaline zincate solution have on current efficiency and power con­sumption was studied in laboratory conditions. Zinc concentration (initial and final), current density and temperature were chosen as variable parameters. The study used both model electrolytes (prepared using standard reagents) and real ones produced by leaching the calcined middling product obtained when processing zinc-bearing dusts of ferrous metallurgy. It was shown that the current efficiency of zinc can be quite high (more than 90 %) even at an initial zinc concentration in the alkaline electrolyte of 10 g/dm 3 . However, this requires low current loads (100—400 A/m 2 ) that are impractical in industrial electrolysis used to produce powdered metal, since the actual current density decreases as the cathode deposit surface develops and may fall below the limiting diffusion current of complex ions. In this case, the growth of enlarged dendrites is expected with the formation of «short-circuited» sections in the interelectrode space, which as a whole will reduce the zinc current efficiency. Larger-scale laboratory studies focused on zinc electrolysis from a real zincate solution made it possible to determine the most energy-efficient (with the highest zinc current efficiency and the lowest power consumption) process parameters: current density — 1000—2000 A/m 2 ; electrolyte temperature — 50—80 °С; initial zinc concentra­tion — 20—50 g/dm 3 ; residual zinc concentration — not less than 15 g/dm 3 . These conditions will ensure high current efficiency (85 — 95 %) and electric power consumption (2,28—3,20 kW-h/kg Zn ). For the «depleted» zincate solution with a zinc content of 10 g/dm 3 , the highest current efficiency (more than 90 %) is achieved at a current density of 125 A/m 2 , close to the diffusion current density j = = 95,7 A/m 2 . With j > 500 A/m 2 , the current efficiency is significantly lower due to the intensive hydrogen release. A qualitative evalu­ation of the resulting cathode deposit was made (by the visible dimensions of crystals) in studies on an enlarged electrolytic cell.
在实验室条件下,研究了碱性锌酸盐电解锌的主要工艺参数对电流效率和电耗的影响。选择锌浓度(初始和终浓度)、电流密度和温度作为可变参数。本研究既采用标准试剂制备的模型电解质,也采用冶炼含锌粉尘时煅烧的中间产物浸出制备的实际电解质。结果表明,在初始锌浓度为10 g/dm的碱性电解液中,锌的电流效率仍可达到90%以上。然而,这需要低电流负载(100-400 A/ m2),这在用于生产粉末金属的工业电解中是不切实际的,因为实际电流密度随着阴极沉积表面的发展而降低,并且可能低于复合离子的极限扩散电流。在这种情况下,随着“短路”部分在电极间空间的形成,增大的枝晶的生长预计会增加,这将整体上降低锌的电流效率。大规模的实验室研究集中在真正的锌酸盐溶液中进行锌电解,这使得确定最节能(具有最高的锌电流效率和最低的功耗)的工艺参数成为可能:电流密度- 1000-2000 a / m2;电解液温度- 50-80°С;初始锌浓度- 20-50 g/dm 3;残留锌浓度-不低于15g / m3。这些条件将确保高电流效率(85 - 95%)和电力消耗(2,28 - 3,20 kW-h/kg Zn)。对于锌含量为10 g/dm的“贫”锌酸盐溶液,在125 a / m2的电流密度下实现了最高的电流效率(超过90%),接近扩散电流密度j = = 95,7 a / m2。在500a / m2时,由于氢气的大量释放,电流效率显著降低。在一个放大的电解槽的研究中(通过晶体的可见尺寸)对所得到的阴极沉积进行了定性评价。
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引用次数: 3
SB-PB-AG ALLOY PROCESSING BY VACUUM DISTILLATION 真空蒸馏法加工Sb-pb-ag合金
Pub Date : 2018-12-13 DOI: 10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-20-30
A. A. Korolev, G. Maltsev, K. Timofeev, V. G. Lobanov
The paper relevance is determined by the need to create an environmentally safe, high-performance and cost-efficient integrated vacuum distillation technology for the processing of lead-containing middling products and wastes, in particular, a Sb-Pb-Ag (SPA) alloy resulting from the recovery of silicate slag from copper anode slime melting to obtain sellable mono-element concentrates of an­timony, lead and silver. Laboratory studies were carried out on SPA alloy processing with the calculations of «T—x» temperature-com­position VLE (vapor liquid equilibrium) diagrams to analyze the behavior of Sb-Pb and Pb-Ag binary alloys during processing, select preliminary system temperature and pressure, and assess component separation efficiency in the following conditions: T = = 900+2100 K, P = 1+133 Pa, т = 8+16 hours. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of temperature and pressure in the system, the duration of sublimation on the completeness of extraction and the degree of antimony, lead and silver separation from the SPA composition. Activity coefficients of binary alloy components when constructing VLE diagrams were calculated using the MI- VM (molecular interaction volume model). The information is obtained regarding the effect of temperature and vacuum level on the degree of sublimation and separation of metals from Sb—Pb and Pb—Ag compositions of different contents. Saturated vapor pressures were calculated for Sb (p* = 273.664+ 67436.9 Pa), Pb (0.149+485.9), Ag (5.05440 -5 -6.558) at T = 1073+1773 K. It was demonstrat­ed that the high values of the pSb /PPb = 1832.98+138.79, рр ь /pA g = 2948.16+74.09 ratio and lgPsb = 2.099+3.33 and lgPp b = 1.813+ +3.944 separation factor create theoretical prerequisites for a selective isolation of these metals by vacuum distillation, when anti­mony and lead are successively enriched in the gas phase (Ps^ > 1, Pp b > 1), and silver — in the liquid phase. The molar fraction of hard-to-sublimate lead/silver in the gaseous phase ур Ь /уA g = (1.55+982)T0 -3 /(36+772)T0 -3 is increased with rising temperature 894+1601/1399+2099 K, pressure 1.33+133 Pa and metal content in the alloy x Pb /x Ag = 0.9+0.9999/0.9+0.99. The MIVM model was used to calculate the activity factors of antimony Ysb = 0.832+0.999, lead yp b = 0.474+1.0, YA g = 0.331+0.999 for Sb/Pb and Pb/Ag al­loys with the following composition 0.1+0.9/0.9+0.1 in the investigated temperature range. The found dependences of the amount and composition of polymetallic alloy sublimation products on the process parameters are important for practical application due to the development of a principal technology for SPA processing by vacuum distillation.
本文的相关性取决于需要创造一种环境安全、高性能和成本效益高的综合真空蒸馏技术,用于处理含铅中间产品和废物,特别是从铜阳极泥熔化中回收硅酸盐渣,以获得可销售的锑、铅和银的单元素精矿,从而产生一种Sb-Pb-Ag (SPA)合金。通过计算«T - x»温度-成分VLE(汽液平衡)图对SPA合金的加工进行了实验室研究,分析了Sb-Pb和Pb-Ag二元合金在加工过程中的行为,选择了初步的系统温度和压力,并评估了在以下条件下的组分分离效率:T = = 900+2100 K, P = 1+133 Pa, et = 8+16 h。本研究的目的是研究系统中的温度和压力、升华时间对萃取的完整性以及锑、铅和银从SPA成分中分离的程度的影响。采用MI- VM(分子相互作用体积模型)计算了二元合金组分在构建VLE图时的活度系数。得到了温度和真空度对不同含量的锑铅和铅银组合物升华和金属分离程度的影响。在T = 1073+1773 K时,计算了Sb (p* = 273.664+ 67436.9 Pa)、Pb(0.149+485.9)、Ag(5.05440 -5 -6.558)的饱和蒸汽压。结果表明,当锑和铅在气相(Ps^ > 1, Pp b > 1)和液相中依次富集时,pSb /PPb = 1832.98+138.79, r /pA g = 2948.16+74.09, lgPsb = 2.099+3.33和lgppb = 1.813+ +3.944的高分离系数为真空蒸馏选择性分离这些金属创造了理论前提。随着温度(894+1601/1399+2099 K)、压力(1.33+133 Pa)和合金中金属含量(x Pb /x Ag = 0.9+0.9999/0.9+0.99)的升高,气相中难以升华的铅/银的摩尔分数ур Ь /уA g = (1.55+982)T0 -3 /(36+772)T0 -3增大。采用MIVM模型计算了0.1+0.9/0.9+0.1组成的Sb/Pb和Pb/Ag合金在研究温度范围内,锑Ysb = 0.832+0.999,铅yp b = 0.474+1.0, YA g = 0.331+0.999的活度因子。多金属合金升华产物的数量和成分与工艺参数的关系对实际应用具有重要意义,这是由于真空蒸馏加工SPA的主要技术的发展。
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Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy
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