This is the review paper specifically touching upon the comprehensive aspects of general pattern of tobacco usage in India. The information on prevalent tobacco habits in India, health hazards and environmental hazards due to tobacco use, passive smoking and its impact, economics of tobacco, legislation to control tobacco in India, the tobacco cessation services and the way ahead for effective tobacco control are discussed. Tobacco use in India is as old as Indian civilisation and was very strongly embedded in Indian culture. Smoking among youth is in vogue due to slackening of stranglehold of rigid and orthodox Indian traditional behavioural diktats. Tobacco usage in India has gone through the ages and now exists in many forms – chewing, snuffing and smoking. Tobacco is a preventable cause of death and accounts for maximum number of killing after road accidents. This global epidemic kills more people than tuberculosis and malaria together. Understanding the tobacco problem in India, focusing more on measures and investigating the impact of sociocultural diversity and effectiveness of various modalities of tobacco control should be our priority.
{"title":"Tobacco use in India: an Epidemic of Smoking, Chewing and Snuffing","authors":"M. Gaur","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106021113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106021113","url":null,"abstract":"This is the review paper specifically touching upon the comprehensive aspects of general pattern of tobacco usage in India. The information on prevalent tobacco habits in India, health hazards and environmental hazards due to tobacco use, passive smoking and its impact, economics of tobacco, legislation to control tobacco in India, the tobacco cessation services and the way ahead for effective tobacco control are discussed. Tobacco use in India is as old as Indian civilisation and was very strongly embedded in Indian culture. Smoking among youth is in vogue due to slackening of stranglehold of rigid and orthodox Indian traditional behavioural diktats. Tobacco usage in India has gone through the ages and now exists in many forms – chewing, snuffing and smoking. Tobacco is a preventable cause of death and accounts for maximum number of killing after road accidents. This global epidemic kills more people than tuberculosis and malaria together. Understanding the tobacco problem in India, focusing more on measures and investigating the impact of sociocultural diversity and effectiveness of various modalities of tobacco control should be our priority.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"78 1","pages":"11-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83767960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Nofyan, Syafrina Lamin, Innocenthya Tygra Patriot, M. Kanedi
Though carbofuran has known to possess adverse effects in soil organisms including earthworms, little is known about the effects of carbofuran, either dirrectly or indirrectly, on the earthworm Pheretima javanica. This study aimed to investigate the effect of carbofuran at sublethal doses on the cocoons production and viability of Pheretima javanica worms. Six groups of earthworms, each consisted of four worms, were reared in plastic pots and fed on cow manure mixed with carbofuran as much as 0 mg (for control), 0.1mg , 0.2mg, 0.3mg, 0.4mg and 0.5mg repectively. Cocoons produced were hand sorted every two weeks for three months and presented as the number of cocoons per individual per moth. Cocoon viability was determined by observing the hatchling emerged from the cocoons incubated in Petri dish and expressed as percentage of viability. The results showed both cocoons production and cocoon viablity of the worms decreased significantly by the increasing concentration of the pesticide given (α = 0.05). Thus, it can be conclusively suggested that carbofuran (Furadan 3G) highly harmful to earthworm Pheretima javanica, even at low concentrations adversely affect growth and reproduction of the worms.
{"title":"Inhibitory Effect of Carbofuran Furadan 3G on the Cocoon Production and Viability in Pheretima javanica Gates","authors":"E. Nofyan, Syafrina Lamin, Innocenthya Tygra Patriot, M. Kanedi","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105045962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105045962","url":null,"abstract":"Though carbofuran has known to possess adverse effects in soil organisms including earthworms, little is known about the effects of carbofuran, either dirrectly or indirrectly, on the earthworm Pheretima javanica. This study aimed to investigate the effect of carbofuran at sublethal doses on the cocoons production and viability of Pheretima javanica worms. Six groups of earthworms, each consisted of four worms, were reared in plastic pots and fed on cow manure mixed with carbofuran as much as 0 mg (for control), 0.1mg , 0.2mg, 0.3mg, 0.4mg and 0.5mg repectively. Cocoons produced were hand sorted every two weeks for three months and presented as the number of cocoons per individual per moth. Cocoon viability was determined by observing the hatchling emerged from the cocoons incubated in Petri dish and expressed as percentage of viability. The results showed both cocoons production and cocoon viablity of the worms decreased significantly by the increasing concentration of the pesticide given (α = 0.05). Thus, it can be conclusively suggested that carbofuran (Furadan 3G) highly harmful to earthworm Pheretima javanica, even at low concentrations adversely affect growth and reproduction of the worms.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85083947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. AzharulHaque Chowdhury, M. Hoque, S. Hossain, K. Naher, M. Islam, U. Tamim, K. Alam, R. Khan
The work focused on the elemental and physicochemical analysis in the textile waste (Effluent and Sludge) where two effluent samples and one sludge sample were collected from Grameen Knit Dyeing Industry (GKDI). Every effluent sample is divided into liquid sample (L1 and L2) and residual sample (R1 and R2). Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) method used for the elemental analysis. The study revealed that, in the sludge (S) the Sb concentration was found 50.2 mg/L which exceeded the standard. Here Co concentration exceeded the standard. Here the highest Cr and Cd value was found in the (S) which exceeded the standard level. The total alkalinity, hardness and free CO2 level of discharged water was harmful for the environment. From this study it is revealed that the sludge contain high content of heavy metal and other harmful elements. Soda ash method can be applied to reduce the ‘Cr’ concentration. Keywordselement, grameen knit dyeing, neutron, sludge, waste.
{"title":"Analysis of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Textile Waste Using Neutron Activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry","authors":"Md. AzharulHaque Chowdhury, M. Hoque, S. Hossain, K. Naher, M. Islam, U. Tamim, K. Alam, R. Khan","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106011423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106011423","url":null,"abstract":"The work focused on the elemental and physicochemical analysis in the textile waste (Effluent and Sludge) where two effluent samples and one sludge sample were collected from Grameen Knit Dyeing Industry (GKDI). Every effluent sample is divided into liquid sample (L1 and L2) and residual sample (R1 and R2). Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) method used for the elemental analysis. The study revealed that, in the sludge (S) the Sb concentration was found 50.2 mg/L which exceeded the standard. Here Co concentration exceeded the standard. Here the highest Cr and Cd value was found in the (S) which exceeded the standard level. The total alkalinity, hardness and free CO2 level of discharged water was harmful for the environment. From this study it is revealed that the sludge contain high content of heavy metal and other harmful elements. Soda ash method can be applied to reduce the ‘Cr’ concentration. Keywordselement, grameen knit dyeing, neutron, sludge, waste.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"60 1","pages":"14-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73692455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Climatic Trends In Relation To Land Use Change in the Mount Marsabit Region of Marsabit County, Kenya","authors":"C. Mulinya","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106027279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106027279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"4 9","pages":"72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72601226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cement Production: A Possible Menace to South-Western Part of Nigeria.","authors":"I. Abel, A. Adebayo","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106020110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106020110","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"01-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76951568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masuma Ferdaush Laskar, S. Kar, P. Das, U. Das, S. Kar
Zooplankton diversity and Limnological parameters are the most important criteria for determining the suitability of an aquatic ecosystem for any kind of aquacultural programme. Water quality of the freshwater habitats provides information about the existing resoureces which depend on physico-chemical parameters and biological features. Some of the limnological parameters and Zooplankton composition of Salchapra Anua was studied for a period of six months from October, 2016 to March, 2017. The limnological parameters of the study site was found to be highest during the month of October, 2016. A total of 15 taxa belonging to three groups were recorded during the investigation of which 5 taxa were from Cladocera group, 4 from Copepoda and 6 taxa from Rotifera group. The highest Zooplankton abundance was recorded from the site during the month of October, 2016 and lowest during the month of February, 2017. Cladocera contribute highest percentage of 43% of the total Zooplankton composition followed by 42% of Rotifera and 15% of Copepoda. Presence of highest percentage of Cladocera again depicts the better condition of the water body and can be used for aquacultural program.
{"title":"Analysis of Zooplankton Diversity and Limnological Parameters of Salchapra Anua, an Oxbow Lake in Silchar, Assam","authors":"Masuma Ferdaush Laskar, S. Kar, P. Das, U. Das, S. Kar","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106031215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106031215","url":null,"abstract":"Zooplankton diversity and Limnological parameters are the most important criteria for determining the suitability of an aquatic ecosystem for any kind of aquacultural programme. Water quality of the freshwater habitats provides information about the existing resoureces which depend on physico-chemical parameters and biological features. Some of the limnological parameters and Zooplankton composition of Salchapra Anua was studied for a period of six months from October, 2016 to March, 2017. The limnological parameters of the study site was found to be highest during the month of October, 2016. A total of 15 taxa belonging to three groups were recorded during the investigation of which 5 taxa were from Cladocera group, 4 from Copepoda and 6 taxa from Rotifera group. The highest Zooplankton abundance was recorded from the site during the month of October, 2016 and lowest during the month of February, 2017. Cladocera contribute highest percentage of 43% of the total Zooplankton composition followed by 42% of Rotifera and 15% of Copepoda. Presence of highest percentage of Cladocera again depicts the better condition of the water body and can be used for aquacultural program.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"81 1","pages":"12-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75996629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A physiologically-based biokinetic (PBBK) model has been developed for predicting simultaneously the ADME properties of lead, mercury, and selenium in a number of target tissues of humans. Independent models for mercury, lead and selenium which were developed in a previous study undertaken by us were integrated into a single model for the mixture of these elements. Oral doses were presented in μmol/kg/day, while tissue concentrations were in μmol/kg. The integration was based on the fact that interaction among these elements affects their bioaccumulation in the respective tissues, resulting in alterations to their partition coefficients. Combined oral doses of mercury and lead were categorized as either low or high, while selenium doses were categorized as either low, adequate or high. With the combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as low, and selenium dose also categorized as low, the concentration of mercury and lead in the liver, kidney, brain, richly perfused tissues, and slowly perfused tissues were modulated by factors of 2.01, 0.91, 1.5, 0.91, and 0.90, respectively, while the concentration of selenium in these tissues were modulated by factors of 0.03, 0.21, 0.89, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively. On the other hand, with the combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as high and selenium dose categorized as low, the concentration of mercury and lead in these tissues were modulated by factors of 1.51, 0.68, 1.28, 1.45, and 1.45, respectively, while that of selenium were modified by factors of 0.05, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.60, respectively. With adequate selenium intake and combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as high, the concentration of mercury and lead in the various tissues were not modulated, while the concentration of selenium in the liver, kidney, brain, richly perfused tissues, and slowly perfused tissues were modulated by factors of 0.82, 2.89, 0.96, 0.64, and 0.64, respectively.
{"title":"Development of a Human PBBK Model for Mixtures: Trio Mixture of Mercury, Lead, and Selenium","authors":"D. D. Maza, J. Ojo","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106010613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106010613","url":null,"abstract":"A physiologically-based biokinetic (PBBK) model has been developed for predicting simultaneously the ADME properties of lead, mercury, and selenium in a number of target tissues of humans. Independent models for mercury, lead and selenium which were developed in a previous study undertaken by us were integrated into a single model for the mixture of these elements. Oral doses were presented in μmol/kg/day, while tissue concentrations were in μmol/kg. The integration was based on the fact that interaction among these elements affects their bioaccumulation in the respective tissues, resulting in alterations to their partition coefficients. Combined oral doses of mercury and lead were categorized as either low or high, while selenium doses were categorized as either low, adequate or high. With the combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as low, and selenium dose also categorized as low, the concentration of mercury and lead in the liver, kidney, brain, richly perfused tissues, and slowly perfused tissues were modulated by factors of 2.01, 0.91, 1.5, 0.91, and 0.90, respectively, while the concentration of selenium in these tissues were modulated by factors of 0.03, 0.21, 0.89, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively. On the other hand, with the combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as high and selenium dose categorized as low, the concentration of mercury and lead in these tissues were modulated by factors of 1.51, 0.68, 1.28, 1.45, and 1.45, respectively, while that of selenium were modified by factors of 0.05, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.60, respectively. With adequate selenium intake and combined dose of mercury and lead categorized as high, the concentration of mercury and lead in the various tissues were not modulated, while the concentration of selenium in the liver, kidney, brain, richly perfused tissues, and slowly perfused tissues were modulated by factors of 0.82, 2.89, 0.96, 0.64, and 0.64, respectively.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"06-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90999382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
National Ground Water Monitoring wells in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh (presently Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States) were used to create a baseline data on content of boron in the phreatic zone. The study area is spread over by about 2.7 lakh sq km and has three distinct hyrogeological formations-Consolidated, Semiconsolidated and Unconsolidated formations. In the study 618 dugwells were monitored for various chemical parameters including boron. The data obtained was classified formation wise and discussed on the basis of boron tolerance of various crops.
{"title":"Boron Content in Shallow Ground Water of Andhra Pradesh And Telangana States, India","authors":"K. Sankar, J. Bhargav, S. Karmakar","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106025660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106025660","url":null,"abstract":"National Ground Water Monitoring wells in erstwhile Andhra Pradesh (presently Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States) were used to create a baseline data on content of boron in the phreatic zone. The study area is spread over by about 2.7 lakh sq km and has three distinct hyrogeological formations-Consolidated, Semiconsolidated and Unconsolidated formations. In the study 618 dugwells were monitored for various chemical parameters including boron. The data obtained was classified formation wise and discussed on the basis of boron tolerance of various crops.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"56-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86526135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study sought to determine the relationship between occupational safety and health, and staff satisfaction in the Kenyan Kisumu County Water Service industry. The study utilized a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of employees of Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) and Lake Victoria South Water Service Board (LVSWSB) working in water treatment works, waste water treatment plants and construction sites. From population of 410, Sample size was determined using standard formula by Fisher (1983). Since the population was <10,000, the formula by Mugenda & Mugenda, (2003) was applied and 81 number of Questionnaires used to obtain primary data finally analyzed using quantitative techniques. A simple random sampling was employed to draw the respondents from each site and self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to acquire data. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Frequencies and percentages were obtained and correlations done using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. On the respondents organizations, majority at 57(75%) worked at KIWASCO, 12(15.79%) worked at LVSWSB while the minority at 7(9.21%) worked at GULF. Preponderance of the respondents at 61(80.3%) were males while the least at 15(19.7%) females. Most of the respondents at 28(36.6%) were between 29-39 years of age while the same number of respondents forming the minority at 24(31.6%) were both between 18-28 years and 40-50 years of ages. Preponderance of the respondents at 61(80.3%) had attained college level of education as their highest, 9(11.8%) attained secondary while the minority at 6(7.9%) had attained primary level of education as their highest. On the number of years worked for the organization, majority at 27(35.5%) had worked for 4 years, 24(31.6%) had worked 1 year, 15(19.7%) had worked for 3 years while the least number of respondents at 10 (13.2%) had worked for 2 years for their organization. Preponderance of the respondents at 49(64.5%) stated that water supply was their nature of work, 14(18.4%) stated construction as their nature of work while the minority at 13(17.1%) stated waste water as their nature of work. The study analyzed the relationship between occupational safety and health management practices and work environment using Spearman’s rho coefficient, CL=95%. Logistic regression analysis was done to ascertain the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables pulled together but holding the rest constant each time. It was established that there is a significant strong positive relationship between occupational safety and health management practices and the work environment, r (76)= 0.690 ** p=0.000. There is therefore a direct proportionality between occupational safety and health and work environment; hence direct impact on staff perception/ satisfaction that finally affect staff performance in the water sector industry. This study recommends that manag
{"title":"Relationship between Occupational Safety and Health, and staff satisfaction in the Water Service Industry in Kisumu County - Kenya.","authors":"I. Oluoch, J. Ndeda, P. Njogu","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106014249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106014249","url":null,"abstract":"The study sought to determine the relationship between occupational safety and health, and staff satisfaction in the Kenyan Kisumu County Water Service industry. The study utilized a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of employees of Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) and Lake Victoria South Water Service Board (LVSWSB) working in water treatment works, waste water treatment plants and construction sites. From population of 410, Sample size was determined using standard formula by Fisher (1983). Since the population was <10,000, the formula by Mugenda & Mugenda, (2003) was applied and 81 number of Questionnaires used to obtain primary data finally analyzed using quantitative techniques. A simple random sampling was employed to draw the respondents from each site and self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to acquire data. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Frequencies and percentages were obtained and correlations done using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. On the respondents organizations, majority at 57(75%) worked at KIWASCO, 12(15.79%) worked at LVSWSB while the minority at 7(9.21%) worked at GULF. Preponderance of the respondents at 61(80.3%) were males while the least at 15(19.7%) females. Most of the respondents at 28(36.6%) were between 29-39 years of age while the same number of respondents forming the minority at 24(31.6%) were both between 18-28 years and 40-50 years of ages. Preponderance of the respondents at 61(80.3%) had attained college level of education as their highest, 9(11.8%) attained secondary while the minority at 6(7.9%) had attained primary level of education as their highest. On the number of years worked for the organization, majority at 27(35.5%) had worked for 4 years, 24(31.6%) had worked 1 year, 15(19.7%) had worked for 3 years while the least number of respondents at 10 (13.2%) had worked for 2 years for their organization. Preponderance of the respondents at 49(64.5%) stated that water supply was their nature of work, 14(18.4%) stated construction as their nature of work while the minority at 13(17.1%) stated waste water as their nature of work. The study analyzed the relationship between occupational safety and health management practices and work environment using Spearman’s rho coefficient, CL=95%. Logistic regression analysis was done to ascertain the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables pulled together but holding the rest constant each time. It was established that there is a significant strong positive relationship between occupational safety and health management practices and the work environment, r (76)= 0.690 ** p=0.000. There is therefore a direct proportionality between occupational safety and health and work environment; hence direct impact on staff perception/ satisfaction that finally affect staff performance in the water sector industry. This study recommends that manag","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"42-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75029809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finance for housing development has become a perennial problem to certain categories of individuals in Nigeria. As a result of this financial need, the government devised a means of raising fund through compulsory deductions of 2.5% from workers earnings following the enactment of the National Housing Policy (NHP).The Federal Mortgage bank of Nigeria became the regulatory body through which the fund can be accessed by the Primary Mortgage Institutions (PMIs) and in turn disburse to the contributors in the form of housing finance loan. This study examines the challenges of financing housing development for the low and medium income earners in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study explores the sources of housing finance available to the low and medium income earners as well as the requirements for accessing housing loans through the PMIs, performance of the PMIs and most importantly ways of mitigating the problems low and medium income earners face in accessing housing finance loans. To achieve these objectives, the structured and unstructured questionnaires were designed for the study. Three hundred and eighty five structured questionnaires were administered to the low and medium income earners and five unstructured questionnaires were administered to the officials of the PMIs. The quantitative method was used for data analysis and the result of the analysis shows that the difficult requirements laid down by the PMIs to grant housing loans have prevented the low and medium income earners from having access to the National Housing Fund through the PMIs. The study also revealed that if the informal sources are advanced upon, it can serve as an alternative source of housing finance. The study suggests that stringent measures should be put in place to check the activities of the PMIs.
{"title":"Challenges of Housing Finance and It Implications on Home Ownership by the Low and Medium Income Earners in Nigeria (A Case Study of Port Harcourt, Rivers State)","authors":"Paul Kelvin Nubor","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106028087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106028087","url":null,"abstract":"Finance for housing development has become a perennial problem to certain categories of individuals in Nigeria. As a result of this financial need, the government devised a means of raising fund through compulsory deductions of 2.5% from workers earnings following the enactment of the National Housing Policy (NHP).The Federal Mortgage bank of Nigeria became the regulatory body through which the fund can be accessed by the Primary Mortgage Institutions (PMIs) and in turn disburse to the contributors in the form of housing finance loan. This study examines the challenges of financing housing development for the low and medium income earners in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study explores the sources of housing finance available to the low and medium income earners as well as the requirements for accessing housing loans through the PMIs, performance of the PMIs and most importantly ways of mitigating the problems low and medium income earners face in accessing housing finance loans. To achieve these objectives, the structured and unstructured questionnaires were designed for the study. Three hundred and eighty five structured questionnaires were administered to the low and medium income earners and five unstructured questionnaires were administered to the officials of the PMIs. The quantitative method was used for data analysis and the result of the analysis shows that the difficult requirements laid down by the PMIs to grant housing loans have prevented the low and medium income earners from having access to the National Housing Fund through the PMIs. The study also revealed that if the informal sources are advanced upon, it can serve as an alternative source of housing finance. The study suggests that stringent measures should be put in place to check the activities of the PMIs.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"80-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73472803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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