Water is vital for the survival of all living things. Water shortages are experienced in many urban centers in developing countries due to rapid growth in population, economic development and changes in life style which increase the demand for urban water. However, reliable data on quantity of water used for domestic purpose is difficult to come by in many developing countries. This study therefore intends to provide reliable data on quantity of domestic water use in Bauchi metropolis. The study used stratified systematic random sampling technique to collect data and the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. The study found out that In Bauchi a total of 28,475, 489 million litres of water is used per day for domestic activities. In the low density 5,994,132liters (21%) of water is used while in the medium and high 10,157,615 (36%) and 12,323,742 litres (43%) of water are used respectively daily. At household level, average water use is 511 l/p/d, while on per capita basis the water use is an average of 68 l/p/c/d. Quantity of water use vary within the densities. At household level 878 l/p/d, 439 l/p/d and 458 l/p/d is used in the low, medium and high of density areas. On per capita basis the average water use in Bauchi is102 l/p/c/d , 71 l/p/c/d and 57 l/p/c/d in the low, medium and high density areas respectively. In general the study found out that the distribution of average per capita water in Bauchi metropolis as follows <50 l/p/c/d 27%, 50 l/p/c/d-75 l/p/c/d 32%,75 l/p/c/d-100 l/p/c/d 20%, 100 l/p/c/d-150 l/p/c/d 17%, 150 l/p/c/d-200 l/p/c/d 3%, and above 200 l/p/c/d 1%.
{"title":"Analysis of Quantity of Domestic Water Use in Bauchi Metropolis.","authors":"V. Istifanus","doi":"10.9790/2402-1106010105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1106010105","url":null,"abstract":"Water is vital for the survival of all living things. Water shortages are experienced in many urban centers in developing countries due to rapid growth in population, economic development and changes in life style which increase the demand for urban water. However, reliable data on quantity of water used for domestic purpose is difficult to come by in many developing countries. This study therefore intends to provide reliable data on quantity of domestic water use in Bauchi metropolis. The study used stratified systematic random sampling technique to collect data and the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. The study found out that In Bauchi a total of 28,475, 489 million litres of water is used per day for domestic activities. In the low density 5,994,132liters (21%) of water is used while in the medium and high 10,157,615 (36%) and 12,323,742 litres (43%) of water are used respectively daily. At household level, average water use is 511 l/p/d, while on per capita basis the water use is an average of 68 l/p/c/d. Quantity of water use vary within the densities. At household level 878 l/p/d, 439 l/p/d and 458 l/p/d is used in the low, medium and high of density areas. On per capita basis the average water use in Bauchi is102 l/p/c/d , 71 l/p/c/d and 57 l/p/c/d in the low, medium and high density areas respectively. In general the study found out that the distribution of average per capita water in Bauchi metropolis as follows <50 l/p/c/d 27%, 50 l/p/c/d-75 l/p/c/d 32%,75 l/p/c/d-100 l/p/c/d 20%, 100 l/p/c/d-150 l/p/c/d 17%, 150 l/p/c/d-200 l/p/c/d 3%, and above 200 l/p/c/d 1%.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"233 1","pages":"01-05"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86388905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the study is to understand importance of responsible nuclear waste management and the laws necessary for its implementation. The study is focused on understanding of how uranium evolved as an important source for power generation as well as prerequisites of safe use of radioactive substances.Study additionally concentrates on the Indian scenario of Statuary laws essential for disposing the nuclear waste responsibly and genuinity of the environmental clearances granted to national power plants under EIA notification. The research concludes with recommendations to amend policy implementation of environment ministry.
{"title":"International Nuclear Waste Management and Its Compliance in Indian Nuclear Power Plants","authors":"A. Yadav, Sahej Athwal","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105040812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105040812","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to understand importance of responsible nuclear waste management and the laws necessary for its implementation. The study is focused on understanding of how uranium evolved as an important source for power generation as well as prerequisites of safe use of radioactive substances.Study additionally concentrates on the Indian scenario of Statuary laws essential for disposing the nuclear waste responsibly and genuinity of the environmental clearances granted to national power plants under EIA notification. The research concludes with recommendations to amend policy implementation of environment ministry.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":"08-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74108598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the present review paper is to study the various effects of pesticide pollution on freshwater fishes like Labeorohita and conclude about what to do as solution. Pesticides are used extensively in crop fields in present days. The focus of the following paper is the changes occurring at genomic and biochemical level in fishes. Usually, biochemical changes are observed in total protein content and/or total carbohydrate content.Lipids are also affected due to pesticide pollution. Genomic changes are nominal, although nucleic acids of two types, namely DNA and RNA, are affected in large scale.
{"title":"Genomic & biochemical changes in fishes due to pesticide pollution","authors":"Monalisa Chakraborty, Deepronil Roy","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105030611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105030611","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present review paper is to study the various effects of pesticide pollution on freshwater fishes like Labeorohita and conclude about what to do as solution. Pesticides are used extensively in crop fields in present days. The focus of the following paper is the changes occurring at genomic and biochemical level in fishes. Usually, biochemical changes are observed in total protein content and/or total carbohydrate content.Lipids are also affected due to pesticide pollution. Genomic changes are nominal, although nucleic acids of two types, namely DNA and RNA, are affected in large scale.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"59 1","pages":"06-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77367810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concentration of some heavy metals cadmium(Cd) iron(Fe) copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in water, soil and their accumulation in the edible tissue of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), were determined in samples collected from Lugbe, Idu and Kuje in the Federal capital City, Abuja, Nigeria using flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Some physico-chemical parameters of the water samples were determined to assess the suitability for fish production. The results for heavy metals contamination revealed the concentrations in the fish samples at the different locations are in the order: Lubge Ni>Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Cd; Idu Cu>Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cd and Kuje Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cu. The samples from the all the ponds showed significant variation (at p<0.01) with strong correlations in the levels of concentration of the heavy metals across the samples as a result of the human activities around the ponds. The concentrations of all the metals analyzed in fish samples in this study were below the recommended limit of FAO/WHO for human consumption; however there is need for regular monitoring of the heavy metal load in these ponds to guard against long term effects of its presence in the water which may influence the uptake by fish and humans after consumption.
{"title":"Evaluation of Concentration of some Heavy Metals in Water, Soil, and Fish from Ponds in Lugbe, Idu and Kuje in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria.","authors":"Modupeore Adeyemi, Indi Ambi Ugah","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105033943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105033943","url":null,"abstract":"Concentration of some heavy metals cadmium(Cd) iron(Fe) copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in water, soil and their accumulation in the edible tissue of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus), were determined in samples collected from Lugbe, Idu and Kuje in the Federal capital City, Abuja, Nigeria using flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Some physico-chemical parameters of the water samples were determined to assess the suitability for fish production. The results for heavy metals contamination revealed the concentrations in the fish samples at the different locations are in the order: Lubge Ni>Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Cd; Idu Cu>Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cd and Kuje Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cu. The samples from the all the ponds showed significant variation (at p<0.01) with strong correlations in the levels of concentration of the heavy metals across the samples as a result of the human activities around the ponds. The concentrations of all the metals analyzed in fish samples in this study were below the recommended limit of FAO/WHO for human consumption; however there is need for regular monitoring of the heavy metal load in these ponds to guard against long term effects of its presence in the water which may influence the uptake by fish and humans after consumption.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"02 1","pages":"39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86337744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant growth is the result of many integrated and regulated physiological processes. Salinity, which is one of the major abiotic stresses, causes alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in plants. It decreases plant growth and yield, depending on the plant species, salinity levels and ionic composition of the salts. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. var. Raj-3765 was selected as the test species. Six different levels of salinity were maintained to conduct the experiment for finding out level of tolerance of salinity by this crop plant. Salinity levels were prepared by adding different concentrations of Saline water (SW) and double distilled water (DW). The best growth of this crop plant was observed at level 2 i.e. SW: DW: 10:90.
{"title":"Effect of different levels of Salinity on growth and photosynthetic pigments of Wheat Plants (Triticum aestivum L. Var. Raj- 3765).","authors":"K. Mala, T. I. Khan","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105031720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105031720","url":null,"abstract":"Plant growth is the result of many integrated and regulated physiological processes. Salinity, which is one of the major abiotic stresses, causes alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in plants. It decreases plant growth and yield, depending on the plant species, salinity levels and ionic composition of the salts. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. var. Raj-3765 was selected as the test species. Six different levels of salinity were maintained to conduct the experiment for finding out level of tolerance of salinity by this crop plant. Salinity levels were prepared by adding different concentrations of Saline water (SW) and double distilled water (DW). The best growth of this crop plant was observed at level 2 i.e. SW: DW: 10:90.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81054123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigation on the catch rate of artisanal fisheries and species composition in Akpayafe River, Bakassi Local Government Area was carried out monthly from April 2009 March 2010 to determine the catch rate of the fisheries in the river system as well as the relative abundance of the different fish species. A total of 23 fish species and 20 fish families were recorded. Ethmalosa fimbriata, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Callinectes amnicola were dominant species with E. fimbriata being the most abundance species with 12694 individuals, C. nigrodigitatus with 957 then C. amnicola with 852 individuals. Fish abundance was generally high in April, May and December 2009 than other months. High populations of 3759, 2664 and 2511 individuals respectively were recorded in December, April and May with higher catch rates observed in May (69.98kg/day/boat) and July (21kg/day/boat) but least in March (6.7kg/day/boat). E. fimbriata was the most abundant species and Hydrocynus brevis was the least abundant during the survey.
{"title":"Catch Rate of Artisanal Fisheries, Percentage Abundance and In Akpayafe River In Bakassi Local Government Area, Cross River, Nigeria.","authors":"P. Ajah, P. Asuquo","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105015256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105015256","url":null,"abstract":"Investigation on the catch rate of artisanal fisheries and species composition in Akpayafe River, Bakassi Local Government Area was carried out monthly from April 2009 March 2010 to determine the catch rate of the fisheries in the river system as well as the relative abundance of the different fish species. A total of 23 fish species and 20 fish families were recorded. Ethmalosa fimbriata, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Callinectes amnicola were dominant species with E. fimbriata being the most abundance species with 12694 individuals, C. nigrodigitatus with 957 then C. amnicola with 852 individuals. Fish abundance was generally high in April, May and December 2009 than other months. High populations of 3759, 2664 and 2511 individuals respectively were recorded in December, April and May with higher catch rates observed in May (69.98kg/day/boat) and July (21kg/day/boat) but least in March (6.7kg/day/boat). E. fimbriata was the most abundant species and Hydrocynus brevis was the least abundant during the survey.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"52-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79408770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Paul, K. Mukherjee, A. De, Aparupa Bhattacharyya, Srabanti Basu
Medicinal plants and herbs contain substances known to modern and ancient civilizations for their healing properties. India is rich in biodiversity and many of its plants are known to have medicinal properties. This paper highlights two tropical and subtropical important plants -Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Targetes erecta (marigold) due to their easy availability and antimicrobial effectiveness. Several studies have been done on the antimicrobial properties of the individual extracts; however, few attempts have been made to study their antimicrobial properties in combination. The present work attempts to prepare an antimicrobial agent possessing the maximum efficiency, with a combination of leaf extracts from tulsi and marigold prepared in the most suitable solvent. Objective of the present work is to optimize the preparation method of the antimicrobial product and to check the properties of the product. Propylene glycol was found to be the most suitable extraction solvent. Process for preparation of the antimicrobial agent was then optimized by Response Surface Methodology using Design Expert Software 10. The extract retained its 72% and 62% of its antibacterial activity after 35 days when preserved at 4C against E.coli and S. aureus respectively.
{"title":"Process Optimization for Preparation of an Antibacterial Agent Using a Combined Extract of Tulsi and Marigold Leaves","authors":"S. Paul, K. Mukherjee, A. De, Aparupa Bhattacharyya, Srabanti Basu","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105013135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105013135","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants and herbs contain substances known to modern and ancient civilizations for their healing properties. India is rich in biodiversity and many of its plants are known to have medicinal properties. This paper highlights two tropical and subtropical important plants -Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and Targetes erecta (marigold) due to their easy availability and antimicrobial effectiveness. Several studies have been done on the antimicrobial properties of the individual extracts; however, few attempts have been made to study their antimicrobial properties in combination. The present work attempts to prepare an antimicrobial agent possessing the maximum efficiency, with a combination of leaf extracts from tulsi and marigold prepared in the most suitable solvent. Objective of the present work is to optimize the preparation method of the antimicrobial product and to check the properties of the product. Propylene glycol was found to be the most suitable extraction solvent. Process for preparation of the antimicrobial agent was then optimized by Response Surface Methodology using Design Expert Software 10. The extract retained its 72% and 62% of its antibacterial activity after 35 days when preserved at 4C against E.coli and S. aureus respectively.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"494 1","pages":"31-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77811426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azza S. M. Abuelnaga, N. Atta, Riham M. Hedia, E. Elgabry, E. Ibrahim, Amr M Hilal Abdou, M. Bakry, S. Syame, Dalia M. Sedeek, A. Hakim
Background: It is well known that Listeria monocytogenes is a substantial foodborne pathogen that can boost in cooling temperature and causes serious human infections. Materials and methods: The study investigated 60 chilled pork byproducts purchased from Egyptian markets and PCR assayed for the presence of certain virulence genes answerable for the pathogenicity, besides the antilisterial activity inquiry of probiotic bacteria. Results: eleven Listeria monocytogenes isolates (18.3%) were obtained and the survey exposed that 6 isolates harbored hly gene, 7 carried inlA gene, and 7 loaded prfA gene in incidence of 54.5, 63.6, and 63.6% respectively in which the three genes were identified in three isolates (27.3%). The isolates were sensitive to Lactobacillus acidophilus more than Lactobacillus plantarum even diluted to10 -5 . Conclusion: The study revealed there were a considerable isolation percent of Listeria monocytogenes with their virulence genes in Egyptian pork byproducts. Probiotic bacteria can combat the microbe as modern and safe protection.
{"title":"Existence and Virulence Designation of Listeria Monocytogenes in Retail Chilled Pork Byproducts in Cairo Porcine Markets with Trials of Using Lactobacillus Probiotic as Anti-Listerial Meat Perservative","authors":"Azza S. M. Abuelnaga, N. Atta, Riham M. Hedia, E. Elgabry, E. Ibrahim, Amr M Hilal Abdou, M. Bakry, S. Syame, Dalia M. Sedeek, A. Hakim","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105041923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105041923","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is well known that Listeria monocytogenes is a substantial foodborne pathogen that can boost in cooling temperature and causes serious human infections. Materials and methods: The study investigated 60 chilled pork byproducts purchased from Egyptian markets and PCR assayed for the presence of certain virulence genes answerable for the pathogenicity, besides the antilisterial activity inquiry of probiotic bacteria. Results: eleven Listeria monocytogenes isolates (18.3%) were obtained and the survey exposed that 6 isolates harbored hly gene, 7 carried inlA gene, and 7 loaded prfA gene in incidence of 54.5, 63.6, and 63.6% respectively in which the three genes were identified in three isolates (27.3%). The isolates were sensitive to Lactobacillus acidophilus more than Lactobacillus plantarum even diluted to10 -5 . Conclusion: The study revealed there were a considerable isolation percent of Listeria monocytogenes with their virulence genes in Egyptian pork byproducts. Probiotic bacteria can combat the microbe as modern and safe protection.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77822289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proximate composition and heavy metal content of the clam Senilia senilis from the Andoni River was investigated. Samples were categorized into three class sizes: small (< 30 mm), medium (30-50 mm), and large (> 50 mm) each with 10 sampling units for each class size. Differences across class size were significant for carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and fiber contents but not ash and moisture contents. Effect of class size on proximate composition of soft tissues of clams was more pronounced in carbohydrate and lipid contents relative to protein and fiber contents, with mean values of carbohydrate and lipid generally higher in largesized clams compared to small-sized and medium-sized clams. Among the heavy metals, variations in mean Cu and Zn levels in S. senilis were minimal compared to Cd and Pb in which large-sized clams also had higher mean values than small-sized clams. The chances of uptake of Cd and Pb in higher trophic levels of the food chain are higher following consumption of large-sized clams, since the concentrations of these heavy metals appear to be higher in large-sized clams compared to small-sized and medium-sized individuals.
{"title":"Proximate Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Three Class Sizes of the Clam Senilia senilis from the Andoni River, Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"N. Umesi, N. S. Oguzor, P. Ezekiel, C. Dike","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105025358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105025358","url":null,"abstract":"The proximate composition and heavy metal content of the clam Senilia senilis from the Andoni River was investigated. Samples were categorized into three class sizes: small (< 30 mm), medium (30-50 mm), and large (> 50 mm) each with 10 sampling units for each class size. Differences across class size were significant for carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and fiber contents but not ash and moisture contents. Effect of class size on proximate composition of soft tissues of clams was more pronounced in carbohydrate and lipid contents relative to protein and fiber contents, with mean values of carbohydrate and lipid generally higher in largesized clams compared to small-sized and medium-sized clams. Among the heavy metals, variations in mean Cu and Zn levels in S. senilis were minimal compared to Cd and Pb in which large-sized clams also had higher mean values than small-sized clams. The chances of uptake of Cd and Pb in higher trophic levels of the food chain are higher following consumption of large-sized clams, since the concentrations of these heavy metals appear to be higher in large-sized clams compared to small-sized and medium-sized individuals.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89794315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change has the propensity to alter rainfall and temperature regimes across the world, including Nigeria. This paper investigated the trends of rainfall and temperature in northeastern parts of Nigeria, based on data obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency for the period of 66 years (1949-2014). The Statistical techniques used for analysis are Mann-Kendall’s test for trend, descriptive statistics, time-series plots and correlation analysis. The analyses performed involve the use of XLSTAT 2016 and Excel 2007. Results show a decreasing trend in annual total rainfall over both a long-term period (1949-2014) and a first short-term period (1949-1981), while a positive trend for the second short-term period (1982-2014) has been observed. The temperature on the other hand, showed an increasing trend over all the 3 periods especially the long-term period (1949-2014) which shows positive trends ranging from 0.04 °C/decade at Ibi to 0.09 °C/decade at Bauchi, with high level of significance at 0.001. Therefore, it concludes that temperature has increased over long and short periods while rainfall has increased only in the most recent period (1982-2014).
{"title":"Trends of Rainfall and Temperature over North-Eastern Nigeria (1949-2014)","authors":"S. Hassan, A. Tantawi, U. S. Hashidu","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105010109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105010109","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has the propensity to alter rainfall and temperature regimes across the world, including Nigeria. This paper investigated the trends of rainfall and temperature in northeastern parts of Nigeria, based on data obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency for the period of 66 years (1949-2014). The Statistical techniques used for analysis are Mann-Kendall’s test for trend, descriptive statistics, time-series plots and correlation analysis. The analyses performed involve the use of XLSTAT 2016 and Excel 2007. Results show a decreasing trend in annual total rainfall over both a long-term period (1949-2014) and a first short-term period (1949-1981), while a positive trend for the second short-term period (1982-2014) has been observed. The temperature on the other hand, showed an increasing trend over all the 3 periods especially the long-term period (1949-2014) which shows positive trends ranging from 0.04 °C/decade at Ibi to 0.09 °C/decade at Bauchi, with high level of significance at 0.001. Therefore, it concludes that temperature has increased over long and short periods while rainfall has increased only in the most recent period (1982-2014).","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":"01-09"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89885705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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