Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.09
A. Sherif, M. El-kholy, T. Salem
To assess the leakage of sanitation service in urban areas on the contamination of water streams and soil besides, a risk assessment study was conducted through the intake of edible plants from polluted irrigated suburban area of El-Zomor area, Egypt. The results revealed that concentrations of trace elements were several folds higher in the studied site compared to the background level in the earth crust indicating that the soil of the studied area is contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, contamination factor (CF) values of this area indicate that soils were considerably contaminated with Cd, moderately contaminated with Co, Cu, Pb and Mn, but showed signs of low contamination with other metals. Enrichment factor (EF) indicating that moderate enrichment of Cu and very significant enrichment for Cd were contributed to anthropogenic source. To assess the health risk, estimated exposure and risk index were calculated. For the non-carcinogenic risk, the studied elements were not found to cause any risks to the local population, since the hazard index (HI) for studied trace elements were lower than the safe level. The level of cancer risk associated with exposure to these elements falls within the range of safe limits (10–10) so we consider the risk is unacceptable. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.01.09
{"title":"Risk Assessment of Trace Elements Toxicity Through Contaminated Edible Plants from Polluted Irrigation Canal at Giza Governorate, Egypt","authors":"A. Sherif, M. El-kholy, T. Salem","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the leakage of sanitation service in urban areas on the contamination of water streams and soil besides, a risk assessment study was conducted through the intake of edible plants from polluted irrigated suburban area of El-Zomor area, Egypt. The results revealed that concentrations of trace elements were several folds higher in the studied site compared to the background level in the earth crust indicating that the soil of the studied area is contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, contamination factor (CF) values of this area indicate that soils were considerably contaminated with Cd, moderately contaminated with Co, Cu, Pb and Mn, but showed signs of low contamination with other metals. Enrichment factor (EF) indicating that moderate enrichment of Cu and very significant enrichment for Cd were contributed to anthropogenic source. To assess the health risk, estimated exposure and risk index were calculated. For the non-carcinogenic risk, the studied elements were not found to cause any risks to the local population, since the hazard index (HI) for studied trace elements were lower than the safe level. The level of cancer risk associated with exposure to these elements falls within the range of safe limits (10–10) so we consider the risk is unacceptable. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.01.09","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"295 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79565870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.12
Youssef Ali Asadpour-Ousalou
A B S T R A C T Tuna fish belongs to Scombridae family which includes Sardinae, Macerels, Tuna and many other species. These fish are harvested in a 30 thousands kilometers area in Persian Gulf and are processed in conserve factories. About 20± 3 wet weight percent of Tuna fish are by product. These by product were studied to extract the high-value productions; marine oils rich of unsaturated multiple-band fatty acids, in which 100kg was obtained from Chabahar and transferred to Urmia for analysis. Extracting oil was made using the Dyer and Bligh standard method. The results showed that 80± 5 % of wet weight of eye wastes of Tunas fish was oil; profile of the extracted oils were made using gas chromatography. The results showed that eye wastes of Tuna fish oil had 21.47% saturated fatty acids, 25.70% single band unsaturated fatty acids, and the total value of the unsaturated multiple band was 40.99%. The fatty acid contents of arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were 1.78, 4.10, 6.20, 17.40 and 9.86% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Also, the results revealed that eye wastes of Tuna fish is considered for the
{"title":"Modified Extraction Method for Determination of Fatty Acids from Tuna’s Eye in Iranian Coasts of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea","authors":"Youssef Ali Asadpour-Ousalou","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.12","url":null,"abstract":"A B S T R A C T Tuna fish belongs to Scombridae family which includes Sardinae, Macerels, Tuna and many other species. These fish are harvested in a 30 thousands kilometers area in Persian Gulf and are processed in conserve factories. About 20± 3 wet weight percent of Tuna fish are by product. These by product were studied to extract the high-value productions; marine oils rich of unsaturated multiple-band fatty acids, in which 100kg was obtained from Chabahar and transferred to Urmia for analysis. Extracting oil was made using the Dyer and Bligh standard method. The results showed that 80± 5 % of wet weight of eye wastes of Tunas fish was oil; profile of the extracted oils were made using gas chromatography. The results showed that eye wastes of Tuna fish oil had 21.47% saturated fatty acids, 25.70% single band unsaturated fatty acids, and the total value of the unsaturated multiple band was 40.99%. The fatty acid contents of arachidonic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were 1.78, 4.10, 6.20, 17.40 and 9.86% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Also, the results revealed that eye wastes of Tuna fish is considered for the","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77393394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.07
O. A. Oyelaran, Bukola Olalekan Bolaji, Waheed, M. Adekunle
A B S T R A C T Desertification and deforestation are great problems facing developing nations. Adequate means of disposing wastes are also lacking, hence, converting them to other useful products such as briquettes for domestic fuel is desirable. The purpose of this work is to study some properties of briquettes made from groundnut shell and waste paper admixture with a view of addressing handling, transportation, and storage problems which is associated with biomass when used as fuels. Briquettes were manufactured using a motorized briquetting machine using five groundnut shells, waste paper mixing ratios (by weight), i.e., 10:90; 20:80; 30:70; 40:60; and 50:50. Obtained results showed that briquette produced using 10:90 waste groundnut shell - waste paper ratios exhibited the largest (though minimal) linear expansion on drying. While the compressed (maximum) density of the briquettes ranged between 627.59 kg/m 3
{"title":"Characterization of Briquettes Produced from Groundnut Shell and Waste Paper Admixture","authors":"O. A. Oyelaran, Bukola Olalekan Bolaji, Waheed, M. Adekunle","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.07","url":null,"abstract":"A B S T R A C T Desertification and deforestation are great problems facing developing nations. Adequate means of disposing wastes are also lacking, hence, converting them to other useful products such as briquettes for domestic fuel is desirable. The purpose of this work is to study some properties of briquettes made from groundnut shell and waste paper admixture with a view of addressing handling, transportation, and storage problems which is associated with biomass when used as fuels. Briquettes were manufactured using a motorized briquetting machine using five groundnut shells, waste paper mixing ratios (by weight), i.e., 10:90; 20:80; 30:70; 40:60; and 50:50. Obtained results showed that briquette produced using 10:90 waste groundnut shell - waste paper ratios exhibited the largest (though minimal) linear expansion on drying. While the compressed (maximum) density of the briquettes ranged between 627.59 kg/m 3","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86598635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.10
R. Jain, V. Garg
The present study premeditated to explore and compare the potential of Aspergillus sp. to degrade monocrotophos in soil. Two different strains of Aspergillus sp. viz Aspergillus niger JQ660373 and Aspergillus flavus, were tested under anaerobic conditions for their monocrotophos (150 μg Kg) degrading ability in sandy loam soil for a period of 30 days. The water-holding capacity was maintained at 60% and samples were incubated at 25 ± 4 °C. After regular time interval of 5 days, the samples were collected and estimated for residual monocrotophos concentration. Residual monocrotophos was extracted with ethyl acetate and estimated by spectrophotometric method at 254nm. The degradation of monocrotophos in soil was observed to be rapid and followed first order kinetics. A 99% of applied pesticide was degraded within 30 days of incubation. It was found that Aspergillus niger was more efficient for the degradation of monocrotophos than Aspergillus flavus. The half life of monocrotophos for Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus was found to be 7.35 and 9.23 days, respectively. Degradation process was assessed by HPTLC and FTIR analysis. These revealed reduction in the peak of standard monocrotophos as a measure of hydrolytic cleavage of vinyl bond with the formation of inorganic phosphates and release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. It could be concluded from the study that these two fungal strains had the ability to degrade monocrotophos in soil. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.01.10 Monocrotophos (MCP) is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus (OP) insecticide and acaricide, developed by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) and was first registered in 1965. MCP is widely used for agricultural and household purposes; it works systemically as multipurpose agrochemicals pesticides [4]. It is characterized by a P–O–C linkage and amide bond and is a perilous chemical especially for conditions of use in developing countries [5]. It has been barred due to its acute toxicity against beneficial and non-target insects such as honey bees [6, 7], fish [8] birds and mammals [9]. However, its usage for the control of major insect pests in agriculture has been continued in developing countries like India, primarily due to lack of alternative replacements [10]. Use of temporary suspension of pyrethroid insecticide resulted in the development of high resistance to pests [11]. This ultimately led to reliance on cheap insecticides such as MCP for control of pests in agriculture. It is surprising to know that MCP had a lion’s share (one-third) of total sales of pesticides in 1996 alone in India. Despite of its indiscriminative and wide usage, only limited number of studies were undertaken to find its impact on agroecosystem under tropical conditions. Although it has short-life on different agricultural crops [12-16] and in soil [17] but frequent exposure to pests developed moderate insecticide resistance in them [18]. But still nervous system of different pests as well as humans and so
{"title":"Degradation of Monocrotophos in Sandy Loam Soil by Aspergillus sp","authors":"R. Jain, V. Garg","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"The present study premeditated to explore and compare the potential of Aspergillus sp. to degrade monocrotophos in soil. Two different strains of Aspergillus sp. viz Aspergillus niger JQ660373 and Aspergillus flavus, were tested under anaerobic conditions for their monocrotophos (150 μg Kg) degrading ability in sandy loam soil for a period of 30 days. The water-holding capacity was maintained at 60% and samples were incubated at 25 ± 4 °C. After regular time interval of 5 days, the samples were collected and estimated for residual monocrotophos concentration. Residual monocrotophos was extracted with ethyl acetate and estimated by spectrophotometric method at 254nm. The degradation of monocrotophos in soil was observed to be rapid and followed first order kinetics. A 99% of applied pesticide was degraded within 30 days of incubation. It was found that Aspergillus niger was more efficient for the degradation of monocrotophos than Aspergillus flavus. The half life of monocrotophos for Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus was found to be 7.35 and 9.23 days, respectively. Degradation process was assessed by HPTLC and FTIR analysis. These revealed reduction in the peak of standard monocrotophos as a measure of hydrolytic cleavage of vinyl bond with the formation of inorganic phosphates and release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. It could be concluded from the study that these two fungal strains had the ability to degrade monocrotophos in soil. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.01.10 Monocrotophos (MCP) is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus (OP) insecticide and acaricide, developed by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) and was first registered in 1965. MCP is widely used for agricultural and household purposes; it works systemically as multipurpose agrochemicals pesticides [4]. It is characterized by a P–O–C linkage and amide bond and is a perilous chemical especially for conditions of use in developing countries [5]. It has been barred due to its acute toxicity against beneficial and non-target insects such as honey bees [6, 7], fish [8] birds and mammals [9]. However, its usage for the control of major insect pests in agriculture has been continued in developing countries like India, primarily due to lack of alternative replacements [10]. Use of temporary suspension of pyrethroid insecticide resulted in the development of high resistance to pests [11]. This ultimately led to reliance on cheap insecticides such as MCP for control of pests in agriculture. It is surprising to know that MCP had a lion’s share (one-third) of total sales of pesticides in 1996 alone in India. Despite of its indiscriminative and wide usage, only limited number of studies were undertaken to find its impact on agroecosystem under tropical conditions. Although it has short-life on different agricultural crops [12-16] and in soil [17] but frequent exposure to pests developed moderate insecticide resistance in them [18]. But still nervous system of different pests as well as humans and so","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87992908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.04
M. N. S. Norfariha, I. Aisyah, M. Azlan, A. Fazilah, I. Norli
{"title":"Fermentation of Rice Straw by Vermiwash for Bioethanol Production","authors":"M. N. S. Norfariha, I. Aisyah, M. Azlan, A. Fazilah, I. Norli","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"61 1","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83785417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.11
A. E. Urusov, A. Zherdev, B. Dzantiev
Analytical parameters of immunochromatographic test-systems, such as the detection limit and working range, depend on many factors. However, the process of choosing the concentration and composition of reagents applied to test strip membranes and choosing the membranes themselves has not been systematically described for commercially produced tests or for scientific studies. Here, we present the results of a study to determine how the properties of the test system components, using mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 as an example, affect its analytical performance. A comparison of different membranes used for immunochromatography was performed as well as reagent concentrations and composition of intermolecular conjugates. Optimization of the immunochromatographic system indicated a limit of aflatoxin B1 detection equal to 0.2 ng/mL. The effectiveness of the system in testing plant extracts with minimal (twice) dilution prior to analysis was determined and the final content of methanol in the course of immunoassay was 35%.
{"title":"Influence of the Compounds Used in Immunochromatographic Test-system on its Analytical Characteristics: Multi-factor Optimization of the System for Aflatoxin B1","authors":"A. E. Urusov, A. Zherdev, B. Dzantiev","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.11","url":null,"abstract":"Analytical parameters of immunochromatographic test-systems, such as the detection limit and working range, depend on many factors. However, the process of choosing the concentration and composition of reagents applied to test strip membranes and choosing the membranes themselves has not been systematically described for commercially produced tests or for scientific studies. Here, we present the results of a study to determine how the properties of the test system components, using mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 as an example, affect its analytical performance. A comparison of different membranes used for immunochromatography was performed as well as reagent concentrations and composition of intermolecular conjugates. Optimization of the immunochromatographic system indicated a limit of aflatoxin B1 detection equal to 0.2 ng/mL. The effectiveness of the system in testing plant extracts with minimal (twice) dilution prior to analysis was determined and the final content of methanol in the course of immunoassay was 35%.","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88804382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.03
M. S. Okundamiya, O. Omorogiuwa
Diesel generator Photovoltaic Emission reduction Hybrid power system Techno-economic sizing A B S T R A C T Present study investigates the viability of a photovoltaic-diesel-battery hybrid system for electricity generation in Nigeria. It aims to determine the economic, technical and environmental benefits of running a solar photovoltaic (PV) system in Nigeria climatic conditions. The solar irradiation for Abuja (latitude 9.08 °N and longitude 7.53 °E) and residential energy profile are used. The optimum size of the hybrid system is determined by making energy-balance calculations based on Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software. The impact of interest rate and cost of PV system on the optimum configuration is investigated. Sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the annual average solar irradiation based on solar radiation map of Nigeria and diesel price to determine the viability for other locations. Results showed that the use of PV-diesel-battery system in Nigeria can bring benefits of cost saving and emission reduction without compromising the reliability. However, the range of economic benefits depends on the site meteorology, which varies from 21 to 61%.
{"title":"Viability of a Photovoltaic-Diesel-Battery Hybrid Power System in Nigeria","authors":"M. S. Okundamiya, O. Omorogiuwa","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Diesel generator Photovoltaic Emission reduction Hybrid power system Techno-economic sizing A B S T R A C T Present study investigates the viability of a photovoltaic-diesel-battery hybrid system for electricity generation in Nigeria. It aims to determine the economic, technical and environmental benefits of running a solar photovoltaic (PV) system in Nigeria climatic conditions. The solar irradiation for Abuja (latitude 9.08 °N and longitude 7.53 °E) and residential energy profile are used. The optimum size of the hybrid system is determined by making energy-balance calculations based on Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software. The impact of interest rate and cost of PV system on the optimum configuration is investigated. Sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the annual average solar irradiation based on solar radiation map of Nigeria and diesel price to determine the viability for other locations. Results showed that the use of PV-diesel-battery system in Nigeria can bring benefits of cost saving and emission reduction without compromising the reliability. However, the range of economic benefits depends on the site meteorology, which varies from 21 to 61%.","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74610535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.03.03
O. A. Oyelaran, Y. Tudunwada
In this work, research were carried out on properties of biocoal briquettes produced from Okaba coal in Nigeria, melon shell on one hand and corn cob on the other hand with a view to find out their effect on coal briquette. The research involves the production of briquettes from coal and the biomass at the following ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 0:100, coal to biomass, using cassava starch as binder and calcium hydroxide as desulphurizing agent. The briquettes were produced mechanically using a manual briquetting machine with pressure maintained at 5MPa. It was found that the burning rate and reduction in smoke emission revealed improvement with increase in biomass concentration. The findings also show that sulphur content in the biocoal briquette reduces with increase in the biomass. The biobriquette with 10% corn cob had the highest calorific value of 22.05 MJ/kg while the 60% melon shell composition had the least value of 21.14 MJ/kg, the 40% corn cob composition had the lowest burning time of 30.1seconds and high combustion rate of 0.076 g/min; while the 10% melon shell composition had the highest burning time and lowest combustion rate. The biocoal briquette sample with 40% corn cob gave the best combustible values, but for industrial heating that requires a long simmering phase, biobriquettes containing 10% corn cob may be preferred due to its high calorific value.
{"title":"Determination of the Bioenergy Potential of Melon Shell and Corn Cob Briquette","authors":"O. A. Oyelaran, Y. Tudunwada","doi":"10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.03.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.03.03","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, research were carried out on properties of biocoal briquettes produced from Okaba coal in Nigeria, melon shell on one hand and corn cob on the other hand with a view to find out their effect on coal briquette. The research involves the production of briquettes from coal and the biomass at the following ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 0:100, coal to biomass, using cassava starch as binder and calcium hydroxide as desulphurizing agent. The briquettes were produced mechanically using a manual briquetting machine with pressure maintained at 5MPa. It was found that the burning rate and reduction in smoke emission revealed improvement with increase in biomass concentration. The findings also show that sulphur content in the biocoal briquette reduces with increase in the biomass. The biobriquette with 10% corn cob had the highest calorific value of 22.05 MJ/kg while the 60% melon shell composition had the least value of 21.14 MJ/kg, the 40% corn cob composition had the lowest burning time of 30.1seconds and high combustion rate of 0.076 g/min; while the 10% melon shell composition had the highest burning time and lowest combustion rate. The biocoal briquette sample with 40% corn cob gave the best combustible values, but for industrial heating that requires a long simmering phase, biobriquettes containing 10% corn cob may be preferred due to its high calorific value.","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"5 1","pages":"167-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82488434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.05
Y. S. Mohammad, E. M. Shaibu-Imodagbe, S. Igboro, A. Giwa, C. A. Okuofu
Activated carbon was produced from rice husk via thermal pretreatment preceding chemical modification with phosphoric acid. In order to study the effect of phosphoric acid modification, the characteristics of the activated carbon produced were determined before and after acid modification and subsequently compared. These characteristics include surface morphology, surface functional groups, surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume. Characterization results showed that modification of the thermally treated rice husk with phosphoric acid enhanced the surface area of the activated carbon from 12.47 to 102.4m/g. The average pore diameter was also enhanced from 2.4 to 1.82nm. It also shows improvement in micropore volume from 0.0052 to 0.034cm/g. SEM analysis confirmed the improvement in surface area and pore development resulting from the phosphoric acid modification while FTIR analysis revealed the existence of phosphorous-oxy-containing functional groups on the surface of the phosphoric acid modified activated carbon. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.01.05
{"title":"Effect of Phosphoric Acid Modification on Characteristics of Rice Husk Activated Carbon","authors":"Y. S. Mohammad, E. M. Shaibu-Imodagbe, S. Igboro, A. Giwa, C. A. Okuofu","doi":"10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5829/IDOSI.IJEE.2015.06.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"Activated carbon was produced from rice husk via thermal pretreatment preceding chemical modification with phosphoric acid. In order to study the effect of phosphoric acid modification, the characteristics of the activated carbon produced were determined before and after acid modification and subsequently compared. These characteristics include surface morphology, surface functional groups, surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume. Characterization results showed that modification of the thermally treated rice husk with phosphoric acid enhanced the surface area of the activated carbon from 12.47 to 102.4m/g. The average pore diameter was also enhanced from 2.4 to 1.82nm. It also shows improvement in micropore volume from 0.0052 to 0.034cm/g. SEM analysis confirmed the improvement in surface area and pore development resulting from the phosphoric acid modification while FTIR analysis revealed the existence of phosphorous-oxy-containing functional groups on the surface of the phosphoric acid modified activated carbon. doi: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.01.05","PeriodicalId":14591,"journal":{"name":"iranica journal of energy and environment","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84958293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2015.06.03.09
S. Saleem, A. Mashiatullah, Maliha Asma, N. Yaqoob, M.Sarwar Khan
A B S T R A C T Sources of radioactivity in the aquatic environment include naturally occurring radionuclides, fallout from the atmospheric and radioactive effluent from nuclear facilities that was released either accidentally or routinely. Depending upon the element and the chemical form, radionuclides may accumulate in bottom sediment or remain in the water column in the dissolved state. Marine organisms receive external radiation exposure from radionuclides in water and sediment. Radiological risk assessment was made for marine fish that are exposed to 137 Cs, 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 40 K along Manora channel Karachi coast of Pakistan using ERICA tool software. The ERICA tool is a software system that has a structure based upon the tiered ERICA integrated approach to assessing the radiological risk to terrestrial, freshwater and marine biota. The results were calculated using Tier 1 and Tier II assessments which are based on media concentration and use pre-calculated environmental media concentration limits to estimate risk quotients. If the sum of the risk quotients is <1, then it can be assured that there is a very low probability that the assessment dose rate to any organism exceeds the incremental screening dose rate and therefore the risk to non-human biota can be considered negligible. Risk quotient in this study is far below 1 which reveals that there is no evidence of deleterious effect of radionuclide for marine biota of the area under study.
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