J. Porter, P. Thorburn, H. Brown, E. Teixeira, D. Moot, A. Mills, S. Christensen
Food production per unit land area needs to be increased, thus cropping systems need to use nutrients, water and solar radiation at as close to maximal efficiencies as possible. We deconstruct these efficiencies into their components to define a theoretical crop ideosystem, in which all resource use efficiencies are maximised. This defines an upper biological limit to food production. We then quantify the difference between maximum use efficiencies and those observed in three agronomic systems (maize, cocksfoot, sugarcane) and identify how, in actual farm systems, efficiencies can be raised to raise food production. We find that crop nutrient use efficiency can be limited by low water availability; thus adding nutrients would not raise production but adding water would. The converse situation of water use efficiency being affected by nutrition is not as evident. Ideosystem thinking can be used to define smalland large-scale agronomic systems that optimize water and nutrient use to maximise food production. Introduction Providing food for an expanding human population using lower levels of resource input, and in the face of an increasingly hostile climate (Porter et al., 2014), has led to the notion of sustainable intensification. This posits a simultaneous increase in primary production and resource use efficiencies (Garnett et al., 2013), with the main resources being water, nutrients and solar radiation. Efficiency is defined as the amount of output per unit input (Fischer et al., 2014). Efforts to find mainly genetics-based solutions to increased crop production efficiency in the field have been Ac ce pt ed p ap er disappointing (Sinclair and Rufty, 2012), mainly because of a lack of focus on and understanding of whole cropping systems. We think, as agronomists, that sustainable intensification lacks operationalization and quantification (Garnett et al., 2013). Thus, in this paper we show two things: deconstruction of cropping system intensification into operational and quantifiable resource (water, nitrogen, radiation) use efficiencies, and an assessment of the maximum level of these efficiencies that sets an absolute upper limit to food production from three systems. We measure the sustainability of intensification via the degree of closure in crop nutrient and water cycles and the minimisation of losses. Other tools, such as complex crop models (Ewert et al., 1999; Jones et al., 2003; Holzworth et al., 2014,), are too detailed to help policy persons and/or farmers define where efforts would best be focused to raise the sustainable intensification of food production. One insight offered by our method is that resource use efficiencies interact asymmetrically and that the efficiency of, for example, nutrient use depends also on water use efficiency. The policy implication is that focussing on raising water use efficiency alone is likely to benefit nutrient use efficiency and contribute to raising crop production without additional nutrient inp
需要提高单位土地面积的粮食产量，因此种植系统需要尽可能接近最大效率地使用养分、水和太阳辐射。我们将这些效率分解成它们的组成部分，以定义一个理论上的作物意识形态系统，在这个系统中，所有资源的利用效率都是最大化的。这就确定了粮食生产的生物上限。然后，我们量化了最大利用效率与在三种农艺系统(玉米、苜蓿、甘蔗)中观察到的效率之间的差异，并确定如何在实际的农业系统中提高效率以提高粮食产量。研究发现，低水分可限制作物养分利用效率;因此，增加养分不会提高产量，但增加水分会提高产量。水分利用效率受营养影响的相反情况则不那么明显。意识形态系统思维可以用来定义小型和大型农艺系统，这些系统可以优化水和养分的使用，从而最大限度地提高粮食产量。面对日益恶劣的气候，以更低的资源投入水平为不断扩大的人口提供食物(Porter et al.， 2014)，导致了可持续集约化的概念。这假定初级生产和资源利用效率同时提高(Garnett et al.， 2013)，主要资源是水、养分和太阳辐射。效率被定义为单位投入产出的数量(Fischer et al.， 2014)。为提高田间作物生产效率而寻找主要基于遗传学的解决方案的努力一直令人失望(Sinclair和rutty, 2012)，主要原因是缺乏对整个种植系统的关注和理解。作为农学家，我们认为可持续集约化缺乏可操作性和量化(Garnett et al.， 2013)。因此，在本文中，我们展示了两件事:将种植系统集约化分解为可操作的和可量化的资源(水、氮、辐射)利用效率，以及对这些效率的最高水平的评估，该效率为三种系统的粮食生产设定了绝对上限。我们通过作物养分和水循环的封闭程度以及损失的最小化来衡量集约化的可持续性。其他工具，如复杂作物模型(Ewert et al.， 1999;Jones et al.， 2003;Holzworth等人，2014，)，过于详细，无法帮助政策制定者和/或农民确定在哪里最能集中精力提高粮食生产的可持续集约化。我们的方法提供的一个见解是，资源利用效率不对称地相互作用，例如，养分利用的效率也取决于水的利用效率。这一政策的含义是，仅仅关注提高水资源利用效率可能有利于养分利用效率，并有助于在不增加养分投入的情况下提高作物产量——从而实现“少花钱多生产”。从历史上看，作物生理学家了解提高作物产量的过程，他们需要简化这些知识，并使植物育种者能够获得这些知识。为了应对这一挑战，Colin Donald (Donald, 1962, 1968)提出了作物理想型的概念，通过定义作物的“理想”结构和形式，这代表了20世纪60年代绿色革命中一个重要的概念突破。因此，一个理想的品种应该是高产的，能抵抗害虫的破坏和杂草的竞争，并能最大限度地利用环境资源，如水、养分、光和温度，例如，直立而不是匍匐的叶子。理想型概念至关重要地将思维从将作物视为单个植物组成，转变为将作物视为一个群体，并将产量视为作物的结果。我们希望扩展意识形态概念，并发展一个平行的意识形态系统概念，以描述和量化可持续和集约化种植系统的特性，意识形态可能是其中的一个组成部分——因此，我们希望将粮食生产的重点从单个植物扩展到作物再到整个农场系统。理论:在作物生产系统中，产量的增加可以发生在许多层面上。例如，粮食产量(即产量或亩产量)可以通过提高等式1右侧的任何元素来增加。元素之间可能存在权衡，但对于主要谷物而言，在提高作物产量方面，提高每穗粒数(即粮食总库容)比单个粒的大小更重要(Hay and Porter, 2006)。产粮穗粒面积产粮穗面积产粮(1)方程1严格来说是一个数学恒等式，因为它将“≡”(等价)算子左边的元素解构为它的组成部分(Bennett et al.， 2012)。 这使我们能够考虑作物的结构和功能将如何影响右边的每个元素来增加(或减少)左边的元素。右侧的每个成分都可以增加或减少单位面积的产量，产量/面积的净结果是“≡”(等价)符号右侧的三个元素之间的权衡。最近，同一性方法，作为kayporter同一性，已被用于解构和估计从1970年到2050年的农业温室气体排放，并外推(Bennetzen等人，2016)。这种方法的优点是，排放量可以与实际的农业实践、种植面积和每单位农产品的排放量联系起来。将这一想法转移到更高的作物系统层面，身份也可以用来考虑资源利用效率(Van Noordwijk和De Willigen, 1986;Porter and Christensen, 2013, Wang et al.， 2020)。氮素利用效率(NUE)可以解构为:氮素利用效率(NUE)可分解为:氮素利用效率(NUE)可分解为:氮素利用效率(NUE)可分解为:氮素利用效率(NUE)可分解为:氮素利用效率(NUE)可分解为:氮素利用效率(NUE)可分解为:氮素利用效率(NUE):单位氮素投入的生物量;传统的和基本的定义。就像上面的产率的组成部分一样，NUE可以通过改变≡号的RHS上的比率来提高或降低，附带条件是分母值必须大于零。同样，水利用效率(WUE)可以被分解为:水吸收生物量bleWater土壤有效度用水量灌溉bleWater土壤有效度用水量灌溉生物量WUE=(3)在每种情况下，利用效率都被简化为NUE =生物量/肥料投入，同样，WUE =生物量/灌溉投入，也称为边际灌溉WUE (Fischer et al.， 2014)。辐射利用效率恒等式(Porter and Christensen, 2013)(式4)可表示为:资源利用效率等式(方程2和3)中的每个元素都可以绘制为四个相连的象限(Van Noordwijk和De Willigen, 1986)(图1)。象限A(农田作物象限)表示单位资源投入的生物质产量，用公式2中的生物质/FertNinputs表示。最接近农艺学对资源效率的定义(Sinclair和ruty, 2012)。B象限(土壤象限;方程2)中的SoilAvailableN/FertNinputs表示象限A每单位资源投入中土壤中的可用资源，由于作物种植时土壤中通常存在一些水或养分，因此其截距非零。象限C(根象限;公式2中的Nuptake/SoilAvailableN表示b象限土壤中每单位可利用资源的资源吸收量。最后，D(冠层象限;方程2中的生物量/氮吸收(Nuptake)表示象限c中每单位资源吸收的生物量产量。象限D中的曲线关系反映了养分转化为生物量的生物极限，并且会随着作物种类和生物量积累阶段的不同而变化(Lemaire and Gastal, 2009)。象限A和D中的虚线表示资源吸收过多的作物会发生什么。图1中的一个关键元素是角度为45度的黑线，因为它们代表每个象限中的100%效率。如果所有象限中所有资源的所有使用效率都在45条线上，那么一个完美的意识形态体系就会出现，因为资源的相对使用效率(占最大值的百分比)和绝对使用效率(产出除以投入)都达到最大值。问题是，实际的种植系统离这种“理想”状态有多近，可以达到什么样的最大利用效率，以及对作物生物量生产有什么影响。意识形态概念的有用性可以通过图1中的外部黑线看出，它的生物量产量高于内部灰线，而内部灰线没有添加任何营养物质。然
{"title":"Deconstructing agronomic resource use efficiencies to increase food production","authors":"J. Porter, P. Thorburn, H. Brown, E. Teixeira, D. Moot, A. Mills, S. Christensen","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1694","url":null,"abstract":"Food production per unit land area needs to be increased, thus cropping systems need to use nutrients, water and solar radiation at as close to maximal efficiencies as possible. We deconstruct these efficiencies into their components to define a theoretical crop ideosystem, in which all resource use efficiencies are maximised. This defines an upper biological limit to food production. We then quantify the difference between maximum use efficiencies and those observed in three agronomic systems (maize, cocksfoot, sugarcane) and identify how, in actual farm systems, efficiencies can be raised to raise food production. We find that crop nutrient use efficiency can be limited by low water availability; thus adding nutrients would not raise production but adding water would. The converse situation of water use efficiency being affected by nutrition is not as evident. Ideosystem thinking can be used to define smalland large-scale agronomic systems that optimize water and nutrient use to maximise food production. Introduction Providing food for an expanding human population using lower levels of resource input, and in the face of an increasingly hostile climate (Porter et al., 2014), has led to the notion of sustainable intensification. This posits a simultaneous increase in primary production and resource use efficiencies (Garnett et al., 2013), with the main resources being water, nutrients and solar radiation. Efficiency is defined as the amount of output per unit input (Fischer et al., 2014). Efforts to find mainly genetics-based solutions to increased crop production efficiency in the field have been Ac ce pt ed p ap er disappointing (Sinclair and Rufty, 2012), mainly because of a lack of focus on and understanding of whole cropping systems. We think, as agronomists, that sustainable intensification lacks operationalization and quantification (Garnett et al., 2013). Thus, in this paper we show two things: deconstruction of cropping system intensification into operational and quantifiable resource (water, nitrogen, radiation) use efficiencies, and an assessment of the maximum level of these efficiencies that sets an absolute upper limit to food production from three systems. We measure the sustainability of intensification via the degree of closure in crop nutrient and water cycles and the minimisation of losses. Other tools, such as complex crop models (Ewert et al., 1999; Jones et al., 2003; Holzworth et al., 2014,), are too detailed to help policy persons and/or farmers define where efforts would best be focused to raise the sustainable intensification of food production. One insight offered by our method is that resource use efficiencies interact asymmetrically and that the efficiency of, for example, nutrient use depends also on water use efficiency. The policy implication is that focussing on raising water use efficiency alone is likely to benefit nutrient use efficiency and contribute to raising crop production without additional nutrient inp","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43135067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huimin Xie, Ke Wu, A. Iqbal, Izhar Ali, Liang He, Saif Ullah, Shangqin Wei, Quan Zhao, Xiaoyan Wu, Qian-chun Huang, Ligeng Jiang
The over-reliance on synthetic nitrogen (N) in current farming is a major concern because of its adverse effects on soil quality, the environment, and crop production. Organic fertilizers such as seaweed extract (SE) and microbial inoculants (MI) provide alternatives to chemical fertilizers that could decrease the amount of synthetic N needing to be applied and improve crop growth productivity. This study evaluated the combined effect of SE and MI with reduced N rates on the growth, biomass accumulation, yield, and yield components of an N-efficient rice cultivar (Baixiang 139-A) and N-inefficient rice cultivar (Guiyu 9-B). Field experiments were conducted in the early and late growing seasons at different sites in Guangxi province, China, in 2019. A total of five treatments, such as T1: N 180 + SE 0 + MI 0 (kg ha–1) (control); T2: N 180 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha –1); T3: N 144 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1); T4: N 126 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1); and T5: N 108 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1) were used. The leaf area index (LAI), effective panicle number, grain per spike, grain filling rate, and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased in T2 and T3 compared with the control. The treatments T2 and T3 enhanced the biomass accumulation and grain yield of rice compared with the control. Furthermore, differences in the growth, yield, and yield components among the different cultivars were significant; however, there were no significant differences among the different locations. T3 increased the LAI, grain filling rate, biomass accumulation, and grain yield of rice by 4.5%, 5.9%, 6.6%, and 5.2%, respectively, compared with the control. Improvements in grain yield were mainly attributed to the enhanced growth and yield components. The correlation analysis also confirmed that LAI, productive tillers, grain filling rate, and biomass accumulation were positively correlated with grain yield. In sum, T3 [N144 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1)] could achieve higher grain yield despite a reduction in the usage of chemical N. Generally, this study provides a sustainable nutrient management plan that increases crop production while minimizing costs of chemical N fertilizer application.
{"title":"Synthetic nitrogen coupled with seaweed extract and microbial inoculants improves rice (Oryza sativa L.) production under a dual cropping system","authors":"Huimin Xie, Ke Wu, A. Iqbal, Izhar Ali, Liang He, Saif Ullah, Shangqin Wei, Quan Zhao, Xiaoyan Wu, Qian-chun Huang, Ligeng Jiang","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1800","url":null,"abstract":"The over-reliance on synthetic nitrogen (N) in current farming is a major concern because of its adverse effects on soil quality, the environment, and crop production. Organic fertilizers such as seaweed extract (SE) and microbial inoculants (MI) provide alternatives to chemical fertilizers that could decrease the amount of synthetic N needing to be applied and improve crop growth productivity. This study evaluated the combined effect of SE and MI with reduced N rates on the growth, biomass accumulation, yield, and yield components of an N-efficient rice cultivar (Baixiang 139-A) and N-inefficient rice cultivar (Guiyu 9-B). Field experiments were conducted in the early and late growing seasons at different sites in Guangxi province, China, in 2019. A total of five treatments, such as T1: N 180 + SE 0 + MI 0 (kg ha–1) (control); T2: N 180 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha –1); T3: N 144 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1); T4: N 126 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1); and T5: N 108 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1) were used. The leaf area index (LAI), effective panicle number, grain per spike, grain filling rate, and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased in T2 and T3 compared with the control. The treatments T2 and T3 enhanced the biomass accumulation and grain yield of rice compared with the control. Furthermore, differences in the growth, yield, and yield components among the different cultivars were significant; however, there were no significant differences among the different locations. T3 increased the LAI, grain filling rate, biomass accumulation, and grain yield of rice by 4.5%, 5.9%, 6.6%, and 5.2%, respectively, compared with the control. Improvements in grain yield were mainly attributed to the enhanced growth and yield components. The correlation analysis also confirmed that LAI, productive tillers, grain filling rate, and biomass accumulation were positively correlated with grain yield. In sum, T3 [N144 + SE 3 + MI 3 (kg ha–1)] could achieve higher grain yield despite a reduction in the usage of chemical N. Generally, this study provides a sustainable nutrient management plan that increases crop production while minimizing costs of chemical N fertilizer application.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42122892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giorgia Raimondi, C. Maucieri, Arianna Toffanin, G. Renella, M. Borin
The current agricultural system faces several challenges, the most important being the ability to feed the increasing world population and mitigate climate change. In this context, the improvement of fertilizers’ agronomic efficiency while reducing their cost and environmental impact is one of the biggest tasks. Available literature shows that many efforts have been made to develop innovative fertilizers defined as ‘smart fertilizers’, for which, different interpretations and definitions have been used. This paper aims to define, classify, and describe the new frontier of the so-called smart fertilizers with a particular focus on field-scale studies on herbaceous species. Most of the analysed papers associate the ‘smart’ concept to the controlled and/or slow release of nutrients, using both terms as synonymous. Some others broadened the concept, including the controlled release of nutrients to reduce the environmental impact. Based on our critical analysis of the available literature, we conclude that a fertilizer can be considered ‘smart’ when applied to the soil, it allows control over the rate, timing, and duration of nutrients release. Our new definition is: ‘Smart fertilizer is any single or composed (sub)nanomaterial, multi-component, and/or bioformulation containing one or more nutrients that, through physical, chemical, and/or biological processes, can adapt the timing of nutrient release to the plant nutrient demand, enhancing the agronomic yields and reducing the environmental impact at sustainable costs when compared to conventional fertilizers’.
{"title":"Smart fertilizers: what should we mean and where should we go?","authors":"Giorgia Raimondi, C. Maucieri, Arianna Toffanin, G. Renella, M. Borin","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1794","url":null,"abstract":"The current agricultural system faces several challenges, the most important being the ability to feed the increasing world population and mitigate climate change. In this context, the improvement of fertilizers’ agronomic efficiency while reducing their cost and environmental impact is one of the biggest tasks. Available literature shows that many efforts have been made to develop innovative fertilizers defined as ‘smart fertilizers’, for which, different interpretations and definitions have been used. This paper aims to define, classify, and describe the new frontier of the so-called smart fertilizers with a particular focus on field-scale studies on herbaceous species. Most of the analysed papers associate the ‘smart’ concept to the controlled and/or slow release of nutrients, using both terms as synonymous. Some others broadened the concept, including the controlled release of nutrients to reduce the environmental impact. Based on our critical analysis of the available literature, we conclude that a fertilizer can be considered ‘smart’ when applied to the soil, it allows control over the rate, timing, and duration of nutrients release. Our new definition is: ‘Smart fertilizer is any single or composed (sub)nanomaterial, multi-component, and/or bioformulation containing one or more nutrients that, through physical, chemical, and/or biological processes, can adapt the timing of nutrient release to the plant nutrient demand, enhancing the agronomic yields and reducing the environmental impact at sustainable costs when compared to conventional fertilizers’.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45711631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Ivanov, A. Vasilev, A. Mitkov, N. Nguyen, T. Tonev
Maize is one of the most sensitive industrial crops of zinc supply. Questions about fertilisation methods and the type of fertilisers used are the subject of serious scientific discussion. The key objective of this paper was to evaluate the possibilities to recover the yielding potential of Zn-deficient young maize plants by application of nanosized Zn-containing foliar fertilisers. The agronomic response of Zn-deficient maize plants to foliar fertilisation with nanoscale zinc-containing foliar fertilisers was investigated. The study was conducted in two stages: i) planting and growing the plants under controlled conditions in a zinc-deficient environment for three months; and ii) moving the plants and continuing the experiment in field conditions. A single spray with two nanosized zinc-containing foliar fertilisers was carried out. The physiological status of the plants and the dynamic of zinc and microand macroelements concentration in plant organs were monitored. The influence of foliar zinc fertilisation on yield and grain structural components has been determined. Our results indicated that zinc fertilisation throughout the initial growth stages plays a decisive role in the formation of the reproductive organs of maize plants. Foliar zinc fertilisers can entirely recover the physiological performance of plants grown under conditions of zinc deficiency.
{"title":"Application of Zn-containing foliar fertilisers for recovery of the grain productivity potential of Zn-deficient maize plants","authors":"K. Ivanov, A. Vasilev, A. Mitkov, N. Nguyen, T. Tonev","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1759","url":null,"abstract":"Maize is one of the most sensitive industrial crops of zinc supply. Questions about fertilisation methods and the type of fertilisers used are the subject of serious scientific discussion. The key objective of this paper was to evaluate the possibilities to recover the yielding potential of Zn-deficient young maize plants by application of nanosized Zn-containing foliar fertilisers. The agronomic response of Zn-deficient maize plants to foliar fertilisation with nanoscale zinc-containing foliar fertilisers was investigated. The study was conducted in two stages: i) planting and growing the plants under controlled conditions in a zinc-deficient environment for three months; and ii) moving the plants and continuing the experiment in field conditions. A single spray with two nanosized zinc-containing foliar fertilisers was carried out. The physiological status of the plants and the dynamic of zinc and microand macroelements concentration in plant organs were monitored. The influence of foliar zinc fertilisation on yield and grain structural components has been determined. Our results indicated that zinc fertilisation throughout the initial growth stages plays a decisive role in the formation of the reproductive organs of maize plants. Foliar zinc fertilisers can entirely recover the physiological performance of plants grown under conditions of zinc deficiency.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47443001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Iocola, L. Colombo, Giovanni Dara Guccione, P. De Vita, M. Palumbo, Vincenzo Ritunnano, F. Sciacca, N. Virzì, S. Canali
The agriculture sustainability assessment is a difficult issue for the coexistence of conflicting objectives and the multidimensionality of the performances. The environmental, economic and social pillars need to be simultaneously considered in an assessment to evaluate potential synergies and trade-offs of the agricultural processes within and among the attributes of the dimensions in both implemented systems (ex-post analysis) and potential options (ex-ante analysis). Among several sustainability assessment methods, tools based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) are increasingly adopted in evaluating sustainability in agriculture. The aim of this work was to present the MCA tool developed in the framework of the BioDurum project for the sustainability assessment of organic farms located in southern Italy and characterised by durum wheat-based crop rotations. The tool was entirely designed through a participatory process and it was realised using the open-source DEXi software that have demonstrated to be particularly suitable for creating qualitative multi-criterial hierarchic models with the engage of stakeholders. The hierarchic structure of BioDurum_MCA tool was resulted composed by 64 indicators and 45 aggregated attributes articulated in three branches representing the agro-environment, economic, and social sustainability pillars. The articulated structure of the tool reflected the complexity and the sustainability issues and priorities expressed by the involved stakeholders. The tool was tested in four Italian organic farms presenting different agro-environmental and socio-economic patterns for their ex-post evaluations and in three different ex-ante production systems identified in compliance with the Italian regulation concerning the requirements of the rotations to be implemented in organic farming. The results highlighted the well discriminatory power of the tool. The best overall sustainability scores were reached in both ex-post and ex-ante analysis by the well diversified cereal farming systems with processed products sold through short supply chain mechanisms. BioDurum_MCA has proved to be a feasible tool to identify strengths and weaknesses of organic durum wheat-based production systems. Its adoption can support the definition of specific interventions for the sector in the Italian Strategic National Plan of the Common Agricultural Policy. Further improvements in the threshold classes of some indicators by using the tool in a wider number of Italian durum wheat based organic farms will increase model sensitivity and reliability of the results. Highlights - BioDurum_MCA is an effective tool for sustainability assessment of durum wheat organic Italian production systems. - Hierarchic structure of the tool reflects the sustainability issues and priorities expressed by involved stakeholders. - MCA tools can support a holistic evaluation of farm sustainability performances in the frame of post-2020 CAP.
{"title":"A multi-criteria qualitative tool for the sustainability assessment of organic durum wheat-based farming systems designed through a participative process","authors":"I. Iocola, L. Colombo, Giovanni Dara Guccione, P. De Vita, M. Palumbo, Vincenzo Ritunnano, F. Sciacca, N. Virzì, S. Canali","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1785","url":null,"abstract":"The agriculture sustainability assessment is a difficult issue for the coexistence of conflicting objectives and the multidimensionality of the performances. The environmental, economic and social pillars need to be simultaneously considered in an assessment to evaluate potential synergies and trade-offs of the agricultural processes within and among the attributes of the dimensions in both implemented systems (ex-post analysis) and potential options (ex-ante analysis). Among several sustainability assessment methods, tools based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) are increasingly adopted in evaluating sustainability in agriculture. The aim of this work was to present the MCA tool developed in the framework of the BioDurum project for the sustainability assessment of organic farms located in southern Italy and characterised by durum wheat-based crop rotations. The tool was entirely designed through a participatory process and it was realised using the open-source DEXi software that have demonstrated to be particularly suitable for creating qualitative multi-criterial hierarchic models with the engage of stakeholders. The hierarchic structure of BioDurum_MCA tool was resulted composed by 64 indicators and 45 aggregated attributes articulated in three branches representing the agro-environment, economic, and social sustainability pillars. The articulated structure of the tool reflected the complexity and the sustainability issues and priorities expressed by the involved stakeholders. The tool was tested in four Italian organic farms presenting different agro-environmental and socio-economic patterns for their ex-post evaluations and in three different ex-ante production systems identified in compliance with the Italian regulation concerning the requirements of the rotations to be implemented in organic farming. The results highlighted the well discriminatory power of the tool. The best overall sustainability scores were reached in both ex-post and ex-ante analysis by the well diversified cereal farming systems with processed products sold through short supply chain mechanisms. BioDurum_MCA has proved to be a feasible tool to identify strengths and weaknesses of organic durum wheat-based production systems. Its adoption can support the definition of specific interventions for the sector in the Italian Strategic National Plan of the Common Agricultural Policy. Further improvements in the threshold classes of some indicators by using the tool in a wider number of Italian durum wheat based organic farms will increase model sensitivity and reliability of the results. \u0000Highlights - BioDurum_MCA is an effective tool for sustainability assessment of durum wheat organic Italian production systems. - Hierarchic structure of the tool reflects the sustainability issues and priorities expressed by involved stakeholders. - MCA tools can support a holistic evaluation of farm sustainability performances in the frame of post-2020 CAP.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46648958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cultivation of oil crops for biofuel production has often been accused of not being environmentally sustainable due to the high inputs needed. To explore the effect of reduced input on productive and qualitative traits of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), a trial was carried out over a two-year period. This study analysed two different levels of input: a low input treatment (shallow non-inversion tillage and low fertilisation rate) and a high input treatment (deeper tillage and high fertilisation rate). Camelina was positively, even though to a limited extent, affected by high input treatment as highlighted by the increase in seed yield (from 1.8 to 2.0 t ha–1), crop residues (from 4.8 to 5.2 t ha–1), seed protein content (from 26.5 to 28.9%), seed oil content (from 41.5 to 43.4%) and oil yield (from 0.75 to 0.88 t ha–1). So, from a sustainable point of view, we must consider negligible the effect of high input and satisfactory the performances of camelina in the low input regime. Low input management resulted in satisfactory yields in terms of both quantity and quality, results which were not very different from high input, indicating promising potential for conservation agriculture practices in camelina in a semi-arid environment.
由于需要高投入，用于生物燃料生产的油料作物的种植经常被指责为不具有环境可持续性。探讨减少投入对亚麻荠(camelina sativa (L.))产量和质量性状的影响。Crantz)，一项为期两年的试验进行了。本研究分析了两种不同的投入水平:低投入处理(浅不翻耕和低施肥率)和高投入处理(深耕作和高施肥率)。尽管在有限程度上，高投入处理对亚麻荠产生了积极影响，主要表现在种子产量(从1.8 t ha-1增加到2.0 t ha-1)、作物残茬(从4.8 t ha-1增加到5.2 t ha-1)、种子蛋白质含量(从26.5 t ha-1增加到28.9%)、种子含油量(从41.5 t ha-1增加到43.4%)和产油量(从0.75 t ha-1增加到0.88 t ha-1)的增加。因此，从可持续的角度考虑，我们必须忽略高投入的影响，并在低投入的情况下满足亚麻荠的性能。低投入管理在数量和质量上都取得了令人满意的产量，其结果与高投入没有太大区别，表明在半干旱环境中，亚麻荠保护性农业实践具有很大的潜力。
{"title":"Low-input cultivation of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) in a Mediterranean semi-arid environment","authors":"G. Avola, O. Sortino, F. Gresta","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1728","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of oil crops for biofuel production has often been accused of not being environmentally sustainable due to the high inputs needed. To explore the effect of reduced input on productive and qualitative traits of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), a trial was carried out over a two-year period. This study analysed two different levels of input: a low input treatment (shallow non-inversion tillage and low fertilisation rate) and a high input treatment (deeper tillage and high fertilisation rate). Camelina was positively, even though to a limited extent, affected by high input treatment as highlighted by the increase in seed yield (from 1.8 to 2.0 t ha–1), crop residues (from 4.8 to 5.2 t ha–1), seed protein content (from 26.5 to 28.9%), seed oil content (from 41.5 to 43.4%) and oil yield (from 0.75 to 0.88 t ha–1). So, from a sustainable point of view, we must consider negligible the effect of high input and satisfactory the performances of camelina in the low input regime. Low input management resulted in satisfactory yields in terms of both quantity and quality, results which were not very different from high input, indicating promising potential for conservation agriculture practices in camelina in a semi-arid environment.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41467909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apulia (southeast of Italy) has always been an agricultural region in the Italian landscape. Nowadays, the countryside is a mix of natural environments and artificial landscapes. From 2014 to 2016, the region has been the object of a project aimed to collect information about geographic position and surface devoted to legume and/or cereal landrace cultivation. The collection missions carried out allowed the acquisition of 352 samples belonging to eight legumes and six cereal species. Chickpeas predominated among legumes, while durum and common wheat landraces prevailed among cereals. The cultivation of these landraces was mainly located in the marginal areas of central and southern Apulia region. The geographical information system technology, used in order to geo-reference the collection sites, allowed investigating the changes in land cover/land use (LCLU) occurred over the last three decades at each collecting site. In addition to the evidences collected at field level, the comparison of old ortho-photos and recent satellite images, available on Copernicus Land Monitoring Service of European Environment Agency, shown that very limited changes of LCLU have occurred. Near the collection sites, the agrarian landscape is remained highly fragmented as it was three decades ago. The cultivation side by side of irregular patches with legumes, cereals, olive trees, and grapevine characterise the agricultural landscape. Based on these evidences it can be infer that the absence of significant changes in LCLU has play a positive role in the safeguard of on farm conservation of Apulian landraces.
{"title":"On farm survival of Apulian legume and cereal landraces in relation to land cover/land use changes. A case study","authors":"A. Piergiovanni, B. Margiotta","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1724","url":null,"abstract":"Apulia (southeast of Italy) has always been an agricultural region in the Italian landscape. Nowadays, the countryside is a mix of natural environments and artificial landscapes. From 2014 to 2016, the region has been the object of a project aimed to collect information about geographic position and surface devoted to legume and/or cereal landrace cultivation. The collection missions carried out allowed the acquisition of 352 samples belonging to eight legumes and six cereal species. Chickpeas predominated among legumes, while durum and common wheat landraces prevailed among cereals. The cultivation of these landraces was mainly located in the marginal areas of central and southern Apulia region. The geographical information system technology, used in order to geo-reference the collection sites, allowed investigating the changes in land cover/land use (LCLU) occurred over the last three decades at each collecting site. In addition to the evidences collected at field level, the comparison of old ortho-photos and recent satellite images, available on Copernicus Land Monitoring Service of European Environment Agency, shown that very limited changes of LCLU have occurred. Near the collection sites, the agrarian landscape is remained highly fragmented as it was three decades ago. The cultivation side by side of irregular patches with legumes, cereals, olive trees, and grapevine characterise the agricultural landscape. Based on these evidences it can be infer that the absence of significant changes in LCLU has play a positive role in the safeguard of on farm conservation of Apulian landraces.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44546104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iqra Sultan, I. Khan, M. U. Chattha, M. Hassan, L. Barbanti, Roberta Calone, Muqarrab Ali, Shahid Majid, M. A. Ghani, Maria Batool, Warda Izzat, Sajid Usman
Soil salinity threatens agricultural production worldwide by constraining plant growth and final crop yield. The early stages are most sensitive to salinity, in response to which salicylic acid (SA) has demonstrated beneficial effects in various plant species. Based on this, a maize (Zea mays L.) pot experiment was set up combining three levels of soil salinity (0, 6 and 12 dS m–1), obtained through NaCl addition, with three levels of SA (0, 300 and 600 mM), applied by leaf spraying 20 days after seedling emergence. Fifteen days later, the following traits were assessed: morphology (plant height, leaf number), growth (root and shoot dry weight), leaf water status [relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL)], pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanin), antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, vitamin C), oxidative stress markers (H2O2, malondialdehyde), osmo-regulating compounds (free amino acids, soluble proteins and sugars, proline), hormones [indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene], element (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl) concentration and content in roots, stem and leaves. Salinity severely affected maize growth (–26% total dry weight), impaired leaf water status (–31% RWC), reduced photosynthetic pigments, enhanced all antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers, two osmo-regulating compounds (soluble sugars and proline) out of four, and all hormones except GA. SA was shown effective in containing most of the stress effects, while supporting plant defences by upgrading antioxidant activities (reduced oxidative stress markers), increasing cell membrane stability (–24% EL) and leaf water status (+20% RWC), and reducing plant stress signalling (–10% ABA and -20% ethylene). Above all, SA contrasted the massive entry of noxious ions (Na+ and Cl–), in favour of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation. Lastly, salicylic acid was shown beneficial for maize growth and physiology also under non-saline condition, suggesting a potential use in normal field conditions. Highlights - Foliar applied salicylic acid alleviated salinity effects on maize growth at early plant stage. - Salicylic acid improved leaf water status, chlorophyll content, and strengthened anti-oxidant enzymes under salinity. - Salicylic acid reduced oxidative stress markers while enhancing osmo-regulating and hormonal responses to salinity. - Salicylic acid hampered Na and Cl entry and translocation to above ground organs, preserving leaf cell membrane integrity. - Salicylic acid was shown beneficial for maize growth and physiology also under non-saline conditions.
{"title":"Improved salinity tolerance in early growth stage of maize through salicylic acid foliar application","authors":"Iqra Sultan, I. Khan, M. U. Chattha, M. Hassan, L. Barbanti, Roberta Calone, Muqarrab Ali, Shahid Majid, M. A. Ghani, Maria Batool, Warda Izzat, Sajid Usman","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1810","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinity threatens agricultural production worldwide by constraining plant growth and final crop yield. The early stages are most sensitive to salinity, in response to which salicylic acid (SA) has demonstrated beneficial effects in various plant species. Based on this, a maize (Zea mays L.) pot experiment was set up combining three levels of soil salinity (0, 6 and 12 dS m–1), obtained through NaCl addition, with three levels of SA (0, 300 and 600 mM), applied by leaf spraying 20 days after seedling emergence. Fifteen days later, the following traits were assessed: morphology (plant height, leaf number), growth (root and shoot dry weight), leaf water status [relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL)], pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, anthocyanin), antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, vitamin C), oxidative stress markers (H2O2, malondialdehyde), osmo-regulating compounds (free amino acids, soluble proteins and sugars, proline), hormones [indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene], element (Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl) concentration and content in roots, stem and leaves. Salinity severely affected maize growth (–26% total dry weight), impaired leaf water status (–31% RWC), reduced photosynthetic pigments, enhanced all antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers, two osmo-regulating compounds (soluble sugars and proline) out of four, and all hormones except GA. SA was shown effective in containing most of the stress effects, while supporting plant defences by upgrading antioxidant activities (reduced oxidative stress markers), increasing cell membrane stability (–24% EL) and leaf water status (+20% RWC), and reducing plant stress signalling (–10% ABA and -20% ethylene). Above all, SA contrasted the massive entry of noxious ions (Na+ and Cl–), in favour of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ accumulation. Lastly, salicylic acid was shown beneficial for maize growth and physiology also under non-saline condition, suggesting a potential use in normal field conditions. Highlights - Foliar applied salicylic acid alleviated salinity effects on maize growth at early plant stage. - Salicylic acid improved leaf water status, chlorophyll content, and strengthened anti-oxidant enzymes under salinity. - Salicylic acid reduced oxidative stress markers while enhancing osmo-regulating and hormonal responses to salinity. - Salicylic acid hampered Na and Cl entry and translocation to above ground organs, preserving leaf cell membrane integrity. - Salicylic acid was shown beneficial for maize growth and physiology also under non-saline conditions.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sustainability of warm-season turfgrass species in winter dormancy is a major concern in Mediterranean ecology. The concept of overseed a lawn has been still new for many developing countries such as Turkey as part of a regular maintenance. Therefore, a 2-year study was conducted at the experimental fields of Ege University, Izmir/Turkey during 2014-2016 years to compare the effects of four different overseeding times (September 15, September 30, October 15 and October 30) on four warm season turfgrass species (Cynodon dactylon cv. SR9554, Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis cv. Tifway-419, Paspalum vaginatum cv. Sea Spray and Zoysia japonica cv. Zenith) by measuring visual turf quality (1-9 score) and some related characteristics as texture (mm), cover (1-9 score), weed infestation (1-9 score) and colour (1-9 score). ‘50% cv. Troya+50% cv. Esquire’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mixture was used for overseeding in trial. According to results, visual turf quality performance of 6.0 scores and above were obtained from all treatments. We concluded that October 15 should be most suitable time for overseeding applications. Additionally, L. perenne L. can be practiced successfully in Mediterranean region in order to eliminate the concerns of warm-season turfgrasses in the winter dormancy period observed in cold temperatures. Highlights - No gaps were formed in plots and high coverage degrees were maintained during overseeding periods in all treatments. - Homogeneous spring transition was occurred from Lolium perenne L. to warm-season turfgrass species in all overseeding times. - Visual turf quality performance of 6.0 scores and above which is acceptable level were obtained from all overseeding times. - Better results were obtained from overseeding applications on Paspalum vaginatum and Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis. - The different results among the warm-season turfgrass species can provide effective information for future research studies.
{"title":"Effects of overseeding times on different warm-season turfgrasses: Visual turf quality and some related characteristics","authors":"S. Ozkan, B. Kir","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1820","url":null,"abstract":"The sustainability of warm-season turfgrass species in winter dormancy is a major concern in Mediterranean ecology. The concept of overseed a lawn has been still new for many developing countries such as Turkey as part of a regular maintenance. Therefore, a 2-year study was conducted at the experimental fields of Ege University, Izmir/Turkey during 2014-2016 years to compare the effects of four different overseeding times (September 15, September 30, October 15 and October 30) on four warm season turfgrass species (Cynodon dactylon cv. SR9554, Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis cv. Tifway-419, Paspalum vaginatum cv. Sea Spray and Zoysia japonica cv. Zenith) by measuring visual turf quality (1-9 score) and some related characteristics as texture (mm), cover (1-9 score), weed infestation (1-9 score) and colour (1-9 score). ‘50% cv. Troya+50% cv. Esquire’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mixture was used for overseeding in trial. According to results, visual turf quality performance of 6.0 scores and above were obtained from all treatments. We concluded that October 15 should be most suitable time for overseeding applications. Additionally, L. perenne L. can be practiced successfully in Mediterranean region in order to eliminate the concerns of warm-season turfgrasses in the winter dormancy period observed in cold temperatures. Highlights - No gaps were formed in plots and high coverage degrees were maintained during overseeding periods in all treatments. - Homogeneous spring transition was occurred from Lolium perenne L. to warm-season turfgrass species in all overseeding times. - Visual turf quality performance of 6.0 scores and above which is acceptable level were obtained from all overseeding times. - Better results were obtained from overseeding applications on Paspalum vaginatum and Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis. - The different results among the warm-season turfgrass species can provide effective information for future research studies.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The utilization of dual-purpose cereals is encouraged in the Mediterranean environments to fill a feed gap during the winter season. Triticale is a promising dual-purpose crop for forage and grain production. Studies on the variations in productivity and quality of dual-purpose triticale under variable fertilization management are scarce. This study was carried out during winter 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, in Northern Egypt, to evaluate the performance of triticale grown in dual-purpose and grain-only production systems under variable mineral N (mN) rates (zero, 25, 50, 75% of the recommended), accompanied with Azotobacter chroococcum (AC) seed inoculation, as well as 100% mN application without AC. The application of 50% mN with AC seed inoculation resulted in an average of 7.23, 7.27 t ha-1, forage and grain yields, respectively. Moreover, forage and grain crude protein reached 125.57, and 200.60 g kg-1, respectively. Forage fiber fractions were nonsignificantly variable among the fertilizer treatments. Azotobacter chroococcum seed inoculation, thus, allowed for the reduction of the used amount of mN to 50% without sacrificing the forage and grain yields and protein content. In the dual-purpose system, an average of 7.23 t ha-1 forage yield was obtained with little reduction in the grain yield (19% reduction in average). Meanwhile, grain CP content was higher in dual-purpose system (201.38 g kg-1) than in grain-only system (182.98 g kg-1). In similar conditions to the current study, it is recommended to expand the production of dual-purpose triticale in the winter while reducing mN fertilizer rate to 50% in combination with AC seed inoculation. Introduction Ac ce pt ed p ap er Sustainable agriculture encourages the integration of crop and livestock production systems, in order to make the maximum benefit out of the available agricultural inputs, especially in the developing countries suffering from increased populations and limited resources. However, one of the main challenges facing this mixed farming system is the exposure of livestock to seasonal feed gaps, especially in the winter. Thus, there is a pressing need to expand the utilization of dualpurpose winter cereals, as a successful strategy to fill the feed gap in the winter season (Bell et al. 2015). These are crops that are cut during the vegetative growth stage, early in the winter, and then left till maturity and grain production. This practice is highly encouraged, especially in the Mediterranean countries to narrow the gap between feed demand and supply (Sadreddine 2016; Rajae et al. 2017; Salama 2019). Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a hybrid crop species developed by crossing two cereal crops; i.e., wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). It combines the best of both crops, the nutritional value of wheat along with the hardiness and nutrient-use efficiency of rye (Ayalew et al. 2018). Thus, triticale became an alternative cereal crop, mainly grown for grain produc
鼓励在地中海环境中使用两用谷物，以填补冬季的饲料缺口。小黑麦是一种很有前途的饲料和粮食两用作物。关于可变施肥管理下两用小黑麦产量和品质变化的研究很少。这项研究于2018/2019年冬季和2019/2020年冬季在埃及北部进行，以评估在可变矿物质氮（mN）率（建议的0、25、50、75%）下，伴随着慢球菌固氮菌（AC）种子接种以及在没有AC的情况下100%施用mN的情况下，在两用和纯谷物生产系统中种植的小黑麦的性能。50%mN与AC种子接种的平均产量分别为7.23、7.27t ha-1、饲料和谷物。此外，饲料和谷物粗蛋白分别达到125.57和200.60g kg-1。不同肥料处理的饲料纤维含量变化不显著。因此，在不牺牲饲料和谷物产量以及蛋白质含量的情况下，接种慢球菌固氮菌种子可以将mN的使用量减少到50%。在两用系统中，平均获得7.23吨ha-1的饲料产量，而粮食产量几乎没有下降（平均下降19%）。同时，两用系统中的谷物CP含量（201.38 g kg-1）高于纯粮系统中的（182.98 g kg-1）。在与当前研究类似的条件下，建议在冬季扩大两用小黑麦的生产，同时结合AC种子接种将mN施肥率降低到50%。可持续农业鼓励作物和畜牧业生产系统的一体化，以最大限度地利用现有的农业投入，特别是在人口增加和资源有限的发展中国家。然而，这种混合农业系统面临的主要挑战之一是牲畜面临季节性饲料缺口，尤其是在冬季。因此，迫切需要扩大双用途冬季谷物的利用，作为填补冬季饲料缺口的成功策略（Bell等人，2015）。这些作物在营养生长阶段、初冬被收割，然后一直种植到成熟和粮食生产。强烈鼓励这种做法，特别是在地中海国家，以缩小饲料需求和供应之间的差距（Sadreddine 2016；Rajae等人2017；萨拉马2019）。小黑麦（X Triticocsecale Wittmack）是由两种谷物作物杂交而成的杂交作物；即小麦（Triticum spp.）和黑麦（Secale cereale L.）。它结合了这两种作物的优点、小麦的营养价值以及黑麦的抗寒性和营养利用效率（Ayalew等人，2018）。因此，在营养缺乏、生物和非生物胁迫的环境中，小黑麦成为一种替代谷物作物，主要用于粮食生产（Blum 2014；刘等人2017）。2018年，小黑麦的全球面积约为400万公顷，粮食总产量为1350万吨（粮农组织统计局，2018年）。自20世纪70年代以来，人们对小黑麦作为饲料的利用产生了兴趣（Baron等人，2015）。当作为饲料密集生长时，其大的树冠可以进行高光拦截，其丰富的根系可以更好地附着土壤和吸收养分（Ayalew等人，2018）。此外，它的良好性能，即使在不太有利的环境中，也使它比其他冷季觅食动物具有特殊优势（Blum 2014）。作为一种耐旱作物，它被证明是与众不同的，尤其是在发展中国家的半干旱和干旱环境中（Bilgili等人，2009）。因此，在环境条件限制黑麦、小麦、大麦和燕麦生产力的地区，它被提议作为Ac ce pt ed p p er替代两用作物（Baron等人，2015；Giunta等人，2015）。两用生产系统的成功在很大程度上取决于应用的农业实践，其中包括施肥管理。氮肥是一项重要的农业投入，尤其是在贫瘠、低肥力的土壤中。在两用系统中，氮的有效性在决定作物切割后的再生能力方面发挥着至关重要的作用（Hajighasemi等人，2016）。然而，矿物氮肥的持续施用，经常以几种形式流失，导致其在土壤中缺乏（Bilal等人，2017），此外也是环境污染的主要原因（Salama和Badry，2020）。此外，矿物肥料价格的上涨给农业系统增加了额外的财政负担，尤其是在发展中国家（Salama 2019）。因此，寻找更实惠、更环保的替代品的需求不断增加。 因此，强烈建议将以其固氮潜力而闻名的生物肥料与矿物氮相结合，以减少矿物肥料的使用，从而限制其对环境的有害影响。固氮菌是一组自由生活的非共生固氮微生物，据报道，它们对谷物产量的提高做出了重大贡献（Aazadi等人，2014）。用固氮菌接种燕麦将矿物质氮的含量从120 kg ha-1减少到80 kg ha-1（Bilal等人，2017）。此外，被称为植物生长促进根际细菌（PGPR）的固氮菌通过占据根际并分泌生长促进代谢产物，提高养分利用效率，最终促进生物固氮，对植物生长发育产生了显著影响（Jnawali等人，2015）。在各种固氮菌中，慢球菌固氮菌以其对作物生产和土壤肥力的重大影响而闻名（Wani等人，2016）。然而，很明显，仅施用生物肥料并不能最大限度地提高作物生产力，因此，建议用生物肥料部分替代矿物肥料，以实现种植制度的最佳效果（Habiba等人，2018）。评估PGPB作为种子接种剂应用的研究大多集中在专门推荐用于粮食生产的基因型上，很少对两用作物进行研究（Quatrin等人，2019）。在这方面，研究结果报告了两用小麦、燕麦和高粱的产量和质量变化（Quatrin等人，2019；Bilal等人，2017；Patel等人，2018），根据施用氮肥的速率接种生物接种剂。同时，对可变综合矿化和生物施肥管理下两用小黑麦产量和品质变化的研究较少。在目前的研究中，假设在埃及农业条件下，与纯谷物生产系统相比，施用慢球菌固氮菌将减少对矿物氮肥的需求，并提高两用小黑麦生产系统的生产力。本研究的目的是评估在不同矿物氮施用率下，同时接种慢球菌固氮菌种子的两用和纯谷物生产系统中种植的小黑麦的性能。材料和方法
{"title":"Forage and grain yields of dual-purpose triticale as influenced by the integrated use of Azotobacter chroococcum and mineral nitrogen fertilizer","authors":"H. Salama, H. Badry","doi":"10.4081/ija.2020.1719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1719","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of dual-purpose cereals is encouraged in the Mediterranean environments to fill a feed gap during the winter season. Triticale is a promising dual-purpose crop for forage and grain production. Studies on the variations in productivity and quality of dual-purpose triticale under variable fertilization management are scarce. This study was carried out during winter 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, in Northern Egypt, to evaluate the performance of triticale grown in dual-purpose and grain-only production systems under variable mineral N (mN) rates (zero, 25, 50, 75% of the recommended), accompanied with Azotobacter chroococcum (AC) seed inoculation, as well as 100% mN application without AC. The application of 50% mN with AC seed inoculation resulted in an average of 7.23, 7.27 t ha-1, forage and grain yields, respectively. Moreover, forage and grain crude protein reached 125.57, and 200.60 g kg-1, respectively. Forage fiber fractions were nonsignificantly variable among the fertilizer treatments. Azotobacter chroococcum seed inoculation, thus, allowed for the reduction of the used amount of mN to 50% without sacrificing the forage and grain yields and protein content. In the dual-purpose system, an average of 7.23 t ha-1 forage yield was obtained with little reduction in the grain yield (19% reduction in average). Meanwhile, grain CP content was higher in dual-purpose system (201.38 g kg-1) than in grain-only system (182.98 g kg-1). In similar conditions to the current study, it is recommended to expand the production of dual-purpose triticale in the winter while reducing mN fertilizer rate to 50% in combination with AC seed inoculation. Introduction Ac ce pt ed p ap er Sustainable agriculture encourages the integration of crop and livestock production systems, in order to make the maximum benefit out of the available agricultural inputs, especially in the developing countries suffering from increased populations and limited resources. However, one of the main challenges facing this mixed farming system is the exposure of livestock to seasonal feed gaps, especially in the winter. Thus, there is a pressing need to expand the utilization of dualpurpose winter cereals, as a successful strategy to fill the feed gap in the winter season (Bell et al. 2015). These are crops that are cut during the vegetative growth stage, early in the winter, and then left till maturity and grain production. This practice is highly encouraged, especially in the Mediterranean countries to narrow the gap between feed demand and supply (Sadreddine 2016; Rajae et al. 2017; Salama 2019). Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a hybrid crop species developed by crossing two cereal crops; i.e., wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). It combines the best of both crops, the nutritional value of wheat along with the hardiness and nutrient-use efficiency of rye (Ayalew et al. 2018). Thus, triticale became an alternative cereal crop, mainly grown for grain produc","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43085298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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