Specialty crop herbicides are not a target for herbicide discovery programs and many of these crops do not have access to relevant herbicides. High‐value fruit and vegetable crops represent high potential liability in the case of herbicide‐induced crop damage and low acres for revenue. Labor shortages and higher manual weeding costs are an issue for both conventional and organic specialty crop growers. Robotic weeders are promising new weed control tools for specialty crops, because they are cheaper to develop and, with fewer environmental and human health risks, are less regulated than herbicides. However, many of the robotic weeders are too expensive for small growers to use. In the future greater investment into robotic weeders for small scale growers will be important. The Clearpath robotics platform Husky may provide a cheap and autonomous way to control weeds in small diversified specialty crop farms. Being able to work autonomously in multiple soil moisture environments is the driving factor behind optimizing the Husky platform for weed control. Research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of soil moisture and mechanical actuator on mobility and weed control. Though weed control was not commercially acceptable in these studies, future optimizations to the Husky robotics platform have the potential to achieve commercial success.
{"title":"Determining the utility of an unmanned ground vehicle for weed control in specialty crop systems","authors":"Matthew A. Cutulle, J. Maja","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1865","url":null,"abstract":"Specialty crop herbicides are not a target for herbicide discovery programs and many of these crops do not have access to relevant herbicides. High‐value fruit and vegetable crops represent high potential liability in the case of herbicide‐induced crop damage and low acres for revenue. Labor shortages and higher manual weeding costs are an issue for both conventional and organic specialty crop growers. Robotic weeders are promising new weed control tools for specialty crops, because they are cheaper to develop and, with fewer environmental and human health risks, are less regulated than herbicides. However, many of the robotic weeders are too expensive for small growers to use. In the future greater investment into robotic weeders for small scale growers will be important. The Clearpath robotics platform Husky may provide a cheap and autonomous way to control weeds in small diversified specialty crop farms. Being able to work autonomously in multiple soil moisture environments is the driving factor behind optimizing the Husky platform for weed control. Research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of soil moisture and mechanical actuator on mobility and weed control. Though weed control was not commercially acceptable in these studies, future optimizations to the Husky robotics platform have the potential to achieve commercial success.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44049521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Fogliatto, Lorenzo Patrucco, F. De Palo, Barbara Moretti, M. Milan, F. Vidotto
A field study was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in two Italian rice farms (at Livorno Ferraris and Rovasenda) to assess the effect of using cover crops as green mulching on weed control and rice yield. In each site, three different rice fields were sown after rice harvest with either Vicia villosa, Lolium multiflorum, or a mixture of both (V. villosa 40% + L. multiflorum 60%); at Rovasenda a small percentage of Brassica napus and Triticale was also present in the mixture. An additional field at both sites without cover crop was considered as a control reference. Rice was broadcasted sown within the cover crop in May. After few days, the cover crop was terminated in half of each field using a roller-crimper, while in the other half it was terminated by shredding. Within 10 days, the fields were flooded for about a week to promote the degradation of the cover crop biomass. Then, the fields were cultivated in flooding conditions without further weed control. Weed density and weed cover were evaluated thrice during the growing season. At harvest, rice yield and harvest index were determined. Mixed nested ANOVAs were performed for each site to assess the effect of cover crop species, termination technique, and the interaction between cover crop and year. L. multiflorum showed a high biomass before termination, while V. villosa had a more variable development. At Rovasenda, V. villosa growth was limited because of the combination of scarce emergence due to sod-seeding and frost damage. In general, green mulching significantly affected weed density. The best weed suppression was observed with L. multiflorum and mix at Rovasenda, with values of weed density <40 plants m-2 recorded in 2018. At both sites, rice yield was variable in the two years. The highest rice yield (>5 t ha-1) was observed in 2018 in the shredded mixture at Rovasenda and in V. villosa at Livorno Ferraris in 2017. Generally, control fields showed lower yields (1-3 t ha-1) at both sites. The termination methods did not significantly affect both weed density and rice yield. The results highlighted that green mulching could reduce weed infestations, even though alone is not able to completely avoid weed development. Some critical issues of the technique were observed, such as the need of a good cover crop establishment, that eventually results in abundant biomass production and significant weed suppression. Highlights - Green mulching reduces weed pressure but it should be integrated with other weed control techniques. - Hairy vetch showed poor establishment because of the combination of scarce emergence due to sod-seeding and low temperatures. - Italian ryegrass was more tolerant to low temperatures and showed a good cover that contained weed growth. - Cover crop mixture showed variable results with higher suppression probably related to the number of cover crop species present in the mixture. - The termination methods (crimping and shredding) did not affect weed density and rice
2017年和2018年，在意大利的两个水稻农场（利沃诺-费拉里斯和罗瓦森达）进行了一项实地研究，以评估使用覆盖作物作为绿色覆盖对杂草控制和水稻产量的影响。在每个地点，在水稻收获后播种三块不同的稻田，用绒毛Vicia villosa、多花Lolium或两者的混合物（绒毛V.40%+L.multiflorum 60%）；在Rovasenda，混合物中也存在小百分比的甘蓝型油菜和小黑麦。两个地点的一块没有覆盖作物的额外田地被视为对照参考。水稻于5月在覆盖作物中播种。几天后，用滚筒压接机在每片田地的一半终止覆盖作物，而在另一半则通过切碎终止覆盖作物。在10天内，田地被淹没了大约一周，以促进覆盖作物生物量的退化。然后，在没有进一步杂草控制的情况下，在洪水条件下耕种田地。在生长季节对杂草密度和杂草覆盖进行了三次评估。收获时，测定水稻产量和收获指数。对每个地点进行混合嵌套方差分析，以评估覆盖作物物种、终止技术以及覆盖作物与年份之间的相互作用的影响。多花L.multiflorum在终止前表现出较高的生物量，而绒毛V.villosa的发育更为多变。在Rovasenda，由于草皮播种和霜冻造成的出苗稀少，绒毛V.villosa的生长受到限制。一般来说，绿色覆盖显著影响杂草密度。2018年，在罗瓦森达的切碎混合物和2017年在利沃诺-费拉里斯的绒毛V.villosa中观察到了何首乌对杂草的最佳抑制作用，并在罗瓦森达的混合物中观察到杂草密度值为5 t ha-1）。一般来说，对照田在两个地点都表现出较低的产量（1-3t ha-1）。终止方法对杂草密度和水稻产量都没有显著影响。研究结果强调，绿色覆盖可以减少杂草侵扰，尽管单独覆盖并不能完全避免杂草的生长。观察到了该技术的一些关键问题，例如需要良好的覆盖作物设施，这最终导致了丰富的生物量生产和显著的杂草抑制。亮点-绿色覆盖可以降低杂草压力，但应该与其他杂草控制技术相结合。-毛茸茸的兽医表现出较差的建立，因为草皮播种和低温导致的出苗稀少意大利黑麦草更耐低温，表现出良好的覆盖率，抑制了杂草的生长覆盖作物混合物显示出不同的结果，具有更高的抑制作用，可能与混合物中覆盖作物物种的数量有关终止方法（卷曲和切碎）不影响杂草密度和水稻产量。
{"title":"Cover crops as green mulching for weed management in rice","authors":"S. Fogliatto, Lorenzo Patrucco, F. De Palo, Barbara Moretti, M. Milan, F. Vidotto","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1850","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in two Italian rice farms (at Livorno Ferraris and Rovasenda) to assess the effect of using cover crops as green mulching on weed control and rice yield. In each site, three different rice fields were sown after rice harvest with either Vicia villosa, Lolium multiflorum, or a mixture of both (V. villosa 40% + L. multiflorum 60%); at Rovasenda a small percentage of Brassica napus and Triticale was also present in the mixture. An additional field at both sites without cover crop was considered as a control reference. Rice was broadcasted sown within the cover crop in May. After few days, the cover crop was terminated in half of each field using a roller-crimper, while in the other half it was terminated by shredding. Within 10 days, the fields were flooded for about a week to promote the degradation of the cover crop biomass. Then, the fields were cultivated in flooding conditions without further weed control. Weed density and weed cover were evaluated thrice during the growing season. At harvest, rice yield and harvest index were determined. Mixed nested ANOVAs were performed for each site to assess the effect of cover crop species, termination technique, and the interaction between cover crop and year. L. multiflorum showed a high biomass before termination, while V. villosa had a more variable development. At Rovasenda, V. villosa growth was limited because of the combination of scarce emergence due to sod-seeding and frost damage. In general, green mulching significantly affected weed density. The best weed suppression was observed with L. multiflorum and mix at Rovasenda, with values of weed density <40 plants m-2 recorded in 2018. At both sites, rice yield was variable in the two years. The highest rice yield (>5 t ha-1) was observed in 2018 in the shredded mixture at Rovasenda and in V. villosa at Livorno Ferraris in 2017. Generally, control fields showed lower yields (1-3 t ha-1) at both sites. The termination methods did not significantly affect both weed density and rice yield. The results highlighted that green mulching could reduce weed infestations, even though alone is not able to completely avoid weed development. Some critical issues of the technique were observed, such as the need of a good cover crop establishment, that eventually results in abundant biomass production and significant weed suppression. \u0000 \u0000Highlights \u0000- Green mulching reduces weed pressure but it should be integrated with other weed control techniques. \u0000- Hairy vetch showed poor establishment because of the combination of scarce emergence due to sod-seeding and low temperatures. \u0000- Italian ryegrass was more tolerant to low temperatures and showed a good cover that contained weed growth. \u0000- Cover crop mixture showed variable results with higher suppression probably related to the number of cover crop species present in the mixture. \u0000- The termination methods (crimping and shredding) did not affect weed density and rice","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49636810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lara Abou Chehade, C. Puig, C. Souto, D. Antichi, M. Mazzoncini, N. Pedrol
Cover crops are essential tools in agroecosystems for reducing the reliance on synthetic inputs and associated environmental risks. Alongside their benefits to soil fertility, cover crops can control weeds by their competitive and allelopathic attributes. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of two cover crop species, rye (Secale cereale L.) and squarrose clover (Trifolium squarrosum L.), alone or in mixture, on seed germination and growth of arable weeds. Aqueous extracts of the two cover crops and their mixture were tested in a bioassay on Conyza canadensis (L). Cronq., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. In vitro effects of aqueous extracts varied in a dose-dependent manner, with cover crops and weed species. All three extracts were able to reduce the germination of A. retroflexus (-87%) considerably. Inhibitory effects by rye and mixture extracts on radicle growth of all weed species ranged between 51 and 82%. Rye extract was the best at reducing shoot length of C. canadensis and D. sanguinalis (-39 to 44%), while squarrose clover was more effective on A. retroflexus (-79%). Plant extracts also delayed the germination time of weed species with substantial effect of the mixture on C. canadensisseeds. In the field experiment, no significant weed suppression was provided by cover crop residues incorporated as green manure compared to control plots, despite tillage being more effective in reducing weed density. Still, the cover crop mixture mulch controlled weed emergence significantly better than single cover crop mulches. The chemical characterization of cover crop residues, both shoots and roots, revealed a notable richness of allelopathic phenolic acids and flavonoids, that through slow decomposition may constitute potential natural herbicides. From the analysis of the aqueous extracts, other non-analyzed and/or unidentified water-soluble allelopathic compounds should underlie the phytotoxicity observed in vitro, at least for rye. For cover crop mixture, positive interactions among plant materials leading to a better release of allelochemicals and weeding effectiveness are discussed according to chemical profiles and field data. Our study demonstrated the allelopathic activity of the cover crops and their potential to be included in weed management strategies according to cropping system needs. Additional trials are needed to confirm the performance of cover crop residues under field conditions. Highlights - Rye and squarrose clover are cover crops with potential allelopathic effects. - Aqueous extracts of residues of rye, squarrose clover and their mixture reduced and/or slowed weed germination of A. retroflexus and C. canadensis in in vitro bioassays. - The aqueous extracts, depending on the concentration of residues, had inhibitory effects on radicle and shoot growth of A. retroflexus, C. canadensis and D. sanguinalis. - Under field conditions, mulch of a
{"title":"Rye (Secale cereale L.) and squarrose clover (Trifolium squarrosum L.) cover crops can increase their allelopathic potential for weed control when used mixed as dead mulch","authors":"Lara Abou Chehade, C. Puig, C. Souto, D. Antichi, M. Mazzoncini, N. Pedrol","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1869","url":null,"abstract":"Cover crops are essential tools in agroecosystems for reducing the reliance on synthetic inputs and associated environmental risks. Alongside their benefits to soil fertility, cover crops can control weeds by their competitive and allelopathic attributes. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of two cover crop species, rye (Secale cereale L.) and squarrose clover (Trifolium squarrosum L.), alone or in mixture, on seed germination and growth of arable weeds. Aqueous extracts of the two cover crops and their mixture were tested in a bioassay on Conyza canadensis (L). Cronq., Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. In vitro effects of aqueous extracts varied in a dose-dependent manner, with cover crops and weed species. All three extracts were able to reduce the germination of A. retroflexus (-87%) considerably. Inhibitory effects by rye and mixture extracts on radicle growth of all weed species ranged between 51 and 82%. Rye extract was the best at reducing shoot length of C. canadensis and D. sanguinalis (-39 to 44%), while squarrose clover was more effective on A. retroflexus (-79%). Plant extracts also delayed the germination time of weed species with substantial effect of the mixture on C. canadensisseeds. In the field experiment, no significant weed suppression was provided by cover crop residues incorporated as green manure compared to control plots, despite tillage being more effective in reducing weed density. Still, the cover crop mixture mulch controlled weed emergence significantly better than single cover crop mulches. The chemical characterization of cover crop residues, both shoots and roots, revealed a notable richness of allelopathic phenolic acids and flavonoids, that through slow decomposition may constitute potential natural herbicides. From the analysis of the aqueous extracts, other non-analyzed and/or unidentified water-soluble allelopathic compounds should underlie the phytotoxicity observed in vitro, at least for rye. For cover crop mixture, positive interactions among plant materials leading to a better release of allelochemicals and weeding effectiveness are discussed according to chemical profiles and field data. Our study demonstrated the allelopathic activity of the cover crops and their potential to be included in weed management strategies according to cropping system needs. Additional trials are needed to confirm the performance of cover crop residues under field conditions. \u0000 \u0000Highlights \u0000- Rye and squarrose clover are cover crops with potential allelopathic effects. \u0000- Aqueous extracts of residues of rye, squarrose clover and their mixture reduced and/or slowed weed germination of A. retroflexus and C. canadensis in in vitro bioassays. \u0000- The aqueous extracts, depending on the concentration of residues, had inhibitory effects on radicle and shoot growth of A. retroflexus, C. canadensis and D. sanguinalis. \u0000- Under field conditions, mulch of a ","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46761269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Dibari, A. Pulina, G. Argenti, C. Aglietti, M. Bindi, M. Moriondo, Laura Mula, M. Pasqui, G. Seddaiu, P. Roggero
The ongoing climate change, which is threatening grassland agroecosystems throughout Europe, is also evident in the Italian grasslands. These systems, often located in marginal areas, are species-rich ecosystems characterized by variable, and often unreliable, grass and forage production and strongly dependent on interactions between climate, soil and agricultural management practices (e.g. land abandonment, lack of investments on innovation, stocking rates reduction, etc.), making them very sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. This review draws from the scientific literature the impacts of current and expected climatic changes on grassland and forage crop systems framed in three different bio-climatic zones of Italy, namely the Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean, and focussing on: i) grassland biodiversity and vegetation; and ii) forage production and quality. The main aims of this review are to: i) revise the existing literature in the domain, highlighting different or common trends among different Italian biogeographical regions; ii) provide information on the main climatic impacts analysed and drivers involved in the studied evolutions; and iii) point out the knowledge gaps currently pending in order to hypothesize the future scenarios of research in this sector. Even if this review has pointed out differences in approaches, adopted methodologies and purposes of conducted researches, some common trends can be highlighted, though located in three different environments. Expected warming and modification on rainfall pattern will produce deep changes in vegetation of grassland types, with reduction or the disappearance of cold tolerant species and a spread of xeric/thermophilus ones and shrubby vegetation and with a general upward shift of vegetation types in mountain areas. Moreover, a general reduction of aboveground biomass is expected, as summer droughts is considered a main driver able to force grassland productivity. Finally, warming and rainfall reduction are considered the main factors able to reduce forage quality and palatability of grasslands, as a consequence of reduction of nitrogen content in the available biomass and of the higher spread of less unpalatable species and shrubs. The hypothesis is that the information gained from this review can provide insights on the current level of knowledge on the expected impacts of climate change on Italian grassland systems, and support the development of policy strategies for adaptation at national level. Highlights - This review highlights grassland systems responses to climate change in the Alpine, Apennine and Mediterranean areas of Italy.- Future climate will determine deep changes in grassland composition, extension and productivity. - Droughts is considered the main factor affecting forage quality and palatability.- Further research is needed to understand climate change impacts on grassland vegetation in the Mediterranean.
{"title":"Climate change impacts on the Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean grassland systems of Italy: A review","authors":"C. Dibari, A. Pulina, G. Argenti, C. Aglietti, M. Bindi, M. Moriondo, Laura Mula, M. Pasqui, G. Seddaiu, P. Roggero","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1843","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing climate change, which is threatening grassland agroecosystems throughout Europe, is also evident in the Italian grasslands. These systems, often located in marginal areas, are species-rich ecosystems characterized by variable, and often unreliable, grass and forage production and strongly dependent on interactions between climate, soil and agricultural management practices (e.g. land abandonment, lack of investments on innovation, stocking rates reduction, etc.), making them very sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. This review draws from the scientific literature the impacts of current and expected climatic changes on grassland and forage crop systems framed in three different bio-climatic zones of Italy, namely the Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean, and focussing on: i) grassland biodiversity and vegetation; and ii) forage production and quality. The main aims of this review are to: i) revise the existing literature in the domain, highlighting different or common trends among different Italian biogeographical regions; ii) provide information on the main climatic impacts analysed and drivers involved in the studied evolutions; and iii) point out the knowledge gaps currently pending in order to hypothesize the future scenarios of research in this sector. Even if this review has pointed out differences in approaches, adopted methodologies and purposes of conducted researches, some common trends can be highlighted, though located in three different environments. Expected warming and modification on rainfall pattern will produce deep changes in vegetation of grassland types, with reduction or the disappearance of cold tolerant species and a spread of xeric/thermophilus ones and shrubby vegetation and with a general upward shift of vegetation types in mountain areas. Moreover, a general reduction of aboveground biomass is expected, as summer droughts is considered a main driver able to force grassland productivity. Finally, warming and rainfall reduction are considered the main factors able to reduce forage quality and palatability of grasslands, as a consequence of reduction of nitrogen content in the available biomass and of the higher spread of less unpalatable species and shrubs. The hypothesis is that the information gained from this review can provide insights on the current level of knowledge on the expected impacts of climate change on Italian grassland systems, and support the development of policy strategies for adaptation at national level. \u0000Highlights - This review highlights grassland systems responses to climate change in the Alpine, Apennine and Mediterranean areas of Italy.- Future climate will determine deep changes in grassland composition, extension and productivity. - Droughts is considered the main factor affecting forage quality and palatability.- Further research is needed to understand climate change impacts on grassland vegetation in the Mediterranean.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48881952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junglerice (Echinochloa colona), one of the worst and most problematic weeds in the world, causes large economic losses as a result of yield loss and control cost increase. Taking into account that this weed emerges in approximately five months from September to January, and considering that reducing herbicide use is key in the current intensification of agricultural production systems, the present study was carried out under the hypothesis that there should be an optimal moment for pre-emergent herbicide application to achieve maximum weed control effectiveness and efficiency. Experiments were therefore carried out from August 2016 to January 2021 in Pergamino, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, using a double-logistic emergence model of junglerice seedlings. Bicyclopyrone plus s-metolachlor, clomazone, and pyroxasulfone plus saflufenacil were applied at different times between 92 and 478 growing degree days (GDD). Single applications between 348 and 399 GDD were observed to reduce junglerice seedling emergence by 85-99%, depending on the herbicide used. Such a seedling emergence reduction could, in combination with a competitive crop and within a sustainable production system, be a convenient strategy to provide significant weed suppression in the field. The overall results from the present study lead to the conclusion that using predictive models for pre-emergent herbicide applications ensures a more effective use of herbicides and reduces the amounts of herbicides used as well as the risks of selecting herbicide-resistant junglerice populations. Highlights - Weed occurrence indirectly increases the number of herbicide applications in Argentina. - Reducing the number and volume of herbicide applications contributes to mitigating environmental impact in the short term. - There is a critical time during weed emergence in which chemical control via herbicide application is most effective. - Seedling emergence models are useful management tools to predict critical timing for weed control.
{"title":"Junglerice (Echinochloa colona L.) seedling emergence model as a tool to optimize pre-emergent herbicide application","authors":"Gabriel Picapietra, H. Acciaresi","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1845","url":null,"abstract":"Junglerice (Echinochloa colona), one of the worst and most problematic weeds in the world, causes large economic losses as a result of yield loss and control cost increase. Taking into account that this weed emerges in approximately five months from September to January, and considering that reducing herbicide use is key in the current intensification of agricultural production systems, the present study was carried out under the hypothesis that there should be an optimal moment for pre-emergent herbicide application to achieve maximum weed control effectiveness and efficiency. Experiments were therefore carried out from August 2016 to January 2021 in Pergamino, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, using a double-logistic emergence model of junglerice seedlings. Bicyclopyrone plus s-metolachlor, clomazone, and pyroxasulfone plus saflufenacil were applied at different times between 92 and 478 growing degree days (GDD). Single applications between 348 and 399 GDD were observed to reduce junglerice seedling emergence by 85-99%, depending on the herbicide used. Such a seedling emergence reduction could, in combination with a competitive crop and within a sustainable production system, be a convenient strategy to provide significant weed suppression in the field. The overall results from the present study lead to the conclusion that using predictive models for pre-emergent herbicide applications ensures a more effective use of herbicides and reduces the amounts of herbicides used as well as the risks of selecting herbicide-resistant junglerice populations. \u0000Highlights \u0000- Weed occurrence indirectly increases the number of herbicide applications in Argentina. \u0000- Reducing the number and volume of herbicide applications contributes to mitigating environmental impact in the short term. \u0000- There is a critical time during weed emergence in which chemical control via herbicide application is most effective. \u0000- Seedling emergence models are useful management tools to predict critical timing for weed control.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45338509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Nangle, Z. Raudenbush, Tyler Morris, M. Fidanza
For optimum postemergence crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) control, a single quinclorac herbicide application could be properly timed and delivered with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm) in size to maximize target coverage and minimize the potential for drift. Crabgrass is an invasive annual grass weed of cool-season turfgrass maintain as lawns, golf courses, and sports pitches. Postemergence herbicide applications for crabgrass control in turfgrass swards often rely on repeated applications for effective control. Optimizing postemergence crabgrass applications can reduce pesticide inputs and contribute to sustainable turfgrass management practices. Two field studies evaluating crabgrass control were conducted in 2020 in a mixed stand of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in Ohio (USA) and in perennial ryegrass in Pennsylvania (USA). Both sites have histories of natural crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] infestation. A postemergence herbicide, quinclorac, was applied at the product label rate and tank-mixed with methylated seed oil at the crabgrass plant stage of three leaf to one tiller. Different spray nozzles were selected to deliver the following spray droplet classifications and sizes at 275 kPa: Delavan Raindrop 1/4, ultra coarse (> 650 µm); TurfJet 1/4TTJO4, extremely coarse (501 - 650 µm); Air Induction AA8004 or XRTeeJet 8015, very coarse (401 - 500 µm); XR TeeJet 8008 or GreenLeaf TDAD04, coarse (326 - 400 µm); XR TeeJet 8004, medium (226 - 325 µm); and XRTeeJet 8003 fine (145 - 225 µm). Crabgrass pressure was low in Ohio, and herbicide efficacy at 60 days after treatment was considered acceptable when applied from all spray nozzles that produced pray droplet sizes ranging from ultra coarse to fine. Crabgrass pressure was severe in Pennsylvania, and herbicide efficacy at 60 DAT was considered marginally acceptable when applied from spray nozzles that produced spray droplet sizes ranging from very coarse to medium. Future research should consider cultural practices that would be complimentary to postemergence herbicide applications with the goal to further reduce pesticide use and minimize any potential environmental impacts related to spray drift. Highlights - In turfgrass sites with low crabgrass pressure, one postemergence application of quinclorac herbicide could potentially achieve acceptable control with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from ultra coarse (> 650 µm) to fine (145 - 225 µm). - In turfgrass sites with heavy crabgrass population and pressure, one postemergence application of quinclorac herbicide is best optimized with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm). - Overall, turfgrass management practitioners should avoid using spray nozzles that produce a hollow cone spray pattern with ultra coarse (> 6
{"title":"Spray nozzle selection contributes to improved postemergence herbicide crabgrass control in turfgrass","authors":"E. Nangle, Z. Raudenbush, Tyler Morris, M. Fidanza","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1846","url":null,"abstract":"For optimum postemergence crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) control, a single quinclorac herbicide application could be properly timed and delivered with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm) in size to maximize target coverage and minimize the potential for drift. Crabgrass is an invasive annual grass weed of cool-season turfgrass maintain as lawns, golf courses, and sports pitches. Postemergence herbicide applications for crabgrass control in turfgrass swards often rely on repeated applications for effective control. Optimizing postemergence crabgrass applications can reduce pesticide inputs and contribute to sustainable turfgrass management practices. Two field studies evaluating crabgrass control were conducted in 2020 in a mixed stand of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in Ohio (USA) and in perennial ryegrass in Pennsylvania (USA). Both sites have histories of natural crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] infestation. A postemergence herbicide, quinclorac, was applied at the product label rate and tank-mixed with methylated seed oil at the crabgrass plant stage of three leaf to one tiller. Different spray nozzles were selected to deliver the following spray droplet classifications and sizes at 275 kPa: Delavan Raindrop 1/4, ultra coarse (> 650 µm); TurfJet 1/4TTJO4, extremely coarse (501 - 650 µm); Air Induction AA8004 or XRTeeJet 8015, very coarse (401 - 500 µm); XR TeeJet 8008 or GreenLeaf TDAD04, coarse (326 - 400 µm); XR TeeJet 8004, medium (226 - 325 µm); and XRTeeJet 8003 fine (145 - 225 µm). Crabgrass pressure was low in Ohio, and herbicide efficacy at 60 days after treatment was considered acceptable when applied from all spray nozzles that produced pray droplet sizes ranging from ultra coarse to fine. Crabgrass pressure was severe in Pennsylvania, and herbicide efficacy at 60 DAT was considered marginally acceptable when applied from spray nozzles that produced spray droplet sizes ranging from very coarse to medium. Future research should consider cultural practices that would be complimentary to postemergence herbicide applications with the goal to further reduce pesticide use and minimize any potential environmental impacts related to spray drift. \u0000 \u0000Highlights \u0000- In turfgrass sites with low crabgrass pressure, one postemergence application of quinclorac herbicide could potentially achieve acceptable control with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from ultra coarse (> 650 µm) to fine (145 - 225 µm). \u0000- In turfgrass sites with heavy crabgrass population and pressure, one postemergence application of quinclorac herbicide is best optimized with spray nozzles that produce spray droplets ranging from very coarse (401 - 500 µm) to medium (226 - 325 µm). \u0000- Overall, turfgrass management practitioners should avoid using spray nozzles that produce a hollow cone spray pattern with ultra coarse (> 6","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44782135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Dhima, I. Vasilakoglou, K. Paschalidis, N. Karagiannidis, I. Ilias
One greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the tolerance to salinity and water deficit stresses of 184 barley varieties (breeding lines or registered varieties). Also, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield components of 16 of these varieties, representing tolerant, intermediate tolerant and susceptible ones, grown simultaneously in saline and nonsaline soils. In the greenhouse, the K-means cluster analysis shown that 17 varieties were tolerant, 72 varieties intermediate tolerant, 16 varieties intermediate susceptible and 79 varieties susceptible. In the field, soil salinity reduced the germination of the barley varieties except for the varieties ICB 100126, Scarlett and Meteor. Barley varieties grown in the saline soil produced 33.2-to 83.4% lower dry biomass, 0.0-to 78.9% fewer ears and 0.0-to 81.5% lower grain yield than those of varieties grown in the nonsaline soil. In the saline soil, the greatest grain yield was provided by the vars. Galt Brea ‘S’ and ICB 100126 (4.87 and 4.31 t ha–1, respectively), without significant differences between saline and non-saline soils. In most barley varieties, chlorophyll content and photosystem II quantum yield were greater under saline than under non-saline conditions. The results of this research indicated that, in barley germplasm, a remarkable genetic variation exists which would contribute to barley production in saline soils. Highlights - The salinity tolerance of 184 barley varieties was investigated. - There was great variability to salinity tolerance among barley germplasm. - There were barley varieties which grown in saline soil without significant yield reduction. - Barley could be an alternative crop system in soils with increased salinity.
对184个大麦品种(选育品系和登记品种)的耐盐性和水分亏缺性进行了温室试验研究。在盐碱地和非盐碱地同时栽培16个耐、中耐和敏感品种，进行了2年的田间试验，对其生长和产量组成进行了评价。在温室中，K-means聚类分析结果表明，耐药品种17个，中等耐药品种72个，中等敏感品种16个，敏感品种79个。在田间，除ICB 100126、Scarlett和Meteor外，土壤盐分降低了大麦品种的发芽。盐碱地大麦品种的干生物量比非盐碱地低33.2 ~ 83.4%，穗数比非盐碱地低0.02% ~ 78.9%，籽粒产量比非盐碱地低0.02% ~ 81.5%。在盐碱地上，品种产量最高。Galt Brea ' S '和ICB 100126(分别为4.87和4.31 t ha-1)，在盐渍土和非盐渍土之间无显著差异。在大多数大麦品种中，含盐条件下叶绿素含量和光系统II量子产量均高于不含盐条件。研究结果表明，大麦种质存在显著的遗传变异，这将有助于盐碱地大麦的生产。重点研究了184个大麦品种的耐盐性。大麦种质的耐盐性差异很大。-有一些大麦品种在盐碱地上生长，但产量没有明显下降。大麦可以作为盐碱度增加的土壤的替代作物系统。
{"title":"Salinity tolerance evaluation of barley germplasm for marginal soil utilization","authors":"K. Dhima, I. Vasilakoglou, K. Paschalidis, N. Karagiannidis, I. Ilias","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1830","url":null,"abstract":"One greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the tolerance to salinity and water deficit stresses of 184 barley varieties (breeding lines or registered varieties). Also, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield components of 16 of these varieties, representing tolerant, intermediate tolerant and susceptible ones, grown simultaneously in saline and nonsaline soils. In the greenhouse, the K-means cluster analysis shown that 17 varieties were tolerant, 72 varieties intermediate tolerant, 16 varieties intermediate susceptible and 79 varieties susceptible. In the field, soil salinity reduced the germination of the barley varieties except for the varieties ICB 100126, Scarlett and Meteor. Barley varieties grown in the saline soil produced 33.2-to 83.4% lower dry biomass, 0.0-to 78.9% fewer ears and 0.0-to 81.5% lower grain yield than those of varieties grown in the nonsaline soil. In the saline soil, the greatest grain yield was provided by the vars. Galt Brea ‘S’ and ICB 100126 (4.87 and 4.31 t ha–1, respectively), without significant differences between saline and non-saline soils. In most barley varieties, chlorophyll content and photosystem II quantum yield were greater under saline than under non-saline conditions. The results of this research indicated that, in barley germplasm, a remarkable genetic variation exists which would contribute to barley production in saline soils. \u0000Highlights - The salinity tolerance of 184 barley varieties was investigated. - There was great variability to salinity tolerance among barley germplasm. - There were barley varieties which grown in saline soil without significant yield reduction. - Barley could be an alternative crop system in soils with increased salinity.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47137132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the wide use of herbicides in the past century, their use is decreasing due to rising resistance phenomena, absence of discovery of new modes of actions and more regulatory restrictions. On the other hand, several tactics and technologies have developed recently providing alternatives from mechanical, cultural, robotic and natural products use perspectives, that could profitably enhance weed management within the agroecosystem and usher in a new paradigm of weed management that integrates chemical and non-chemical weed management practices. In the next future, herbicide will remain an important tool for weed management and will be increasingly complemented by other innovative tactics and tools in a IWM perspective. This integrated approach would thus preserve the chemical and transgenic technology for future generations.
{"title":"Problems and perspectives in weed management","authors":"D. Loddo, J. S. McElroy, V. Giannini","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1854","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the wide use of herbicides in the past century, their use is decreasing due to rising resistance phenomena, absence of discovery of new modes of actions and more regulatory restrictions. On the other hand, several tactics and technologies have developed recently providing alternatives from mechanical, cultural, robotic and natural products use perspectives, that could profitably enhance weed management within the agroecosystem and usher in a new paradigm of weed management that integrates chemical and non-chemical weed management practices. \u0000In the next future, herbicide will remain an important tool for weed management and will be increasingly complemented by other innovative tactics and tools in a IWM perspective. This integrated approach would thus preserve the chemical and transgenic technology for future generations.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41902935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alhagie Cham, M. Zacarías, H. L. Saldaña, R. E. Vázquez Alvarado, Emilio Olivares Sáenz, G. Martínez-Ávila, Omar Guadalupe Alvarado Gómez
Plants protect themselves, after pathogen attack, through the passive and active defence mechanisms. The treatment of plants with various agents, including cell wall fragments, plant extracts, and synthetic chemicals, can induce resistance to subsequent pathogen attack both locally and systemically. In view of the capability of phytochemicals compounds found in fruits and vegetables with different proven health benefits to consumers, there are different strategies to enhance the concentration of these compounds, among which the use of elicitors. Elicitation has been used to trigger different defence responses in plants, which lead to different mechanisms, such as activation of enzymes related with secondary metabolism. In this study we investigated the effects of elicitors (Activane®, Micobiol®, Stemicol® in doses of 1.8 g L–1, 3 m L–1 and 2.5 g·L–1) on the activity of two enzymes (polyphenoloxydase and peroxidase) in leaves as well as on the bioactive content (DPPH scavenging activity, total phenol and total flavonoid content) in fruits of Solanum lycopersicum L. The elicitors studied affected the production of enzyme and antioxidant activities in tomato, though showed a variable influence on the production of total phenolic and flavonoid content in tomato fruits. In general, the elicitors are able to increase polyphenoloxydase activity in leaves and phytochemical properties in fruits, with a significant negative correlation between the DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoids. These findings provide positive directions for the possible use of these elicitors in tomato (‘Bola’ and ‘Saladette’) production in greenhouse. Highlights - Elicitors increase the enzymatic activity of PPO in tomato leaves. - The production of total phenolic contents and flavonoids depends on type of elicitors. - No effects on the peroxidase content of the tomato leaves. - The antioxidant capacity of the aqueous fruits extract showed a significant difference (P = 0.05) between the treatments in the Saladette variety. - Positive relationship between total phenolic contents and flavonoids.
植物在受到病原体攻击后，通过被动防御和主动防御机制进行自我保护。用各种药剂处理植物，包括细胞壁碎片、植物提取物和合成化学品，可以诱导局部和全身抵抗随后的病原体攻击。鉴于水果和蔬菜中发现的植物化学化合物对消费者的健康有不同的益处，因此有不同的策略来提高这些化合物的浓度，其中使用激发剂。诱导已被用于触发植物不同的防御反应，导致不同的机制，如与次生代谢相关的酶的激活。本研究研究了1.8 g L-1、3 m L-1和2.5 g·L-1剂量的激发子Activane®、Micobiol®、Stemicol®对番茄叶片中两种酶(多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶)活性以及果实中生物活性(DPPH清除活性、总酚和总黄酮含量)的影响。虽然对番茄果实中总酚和类黄酮含量的产生有不同的影响。总的来说，激发子能够提高叶片的多酚氧化酶活性和果实的植物化学性质，DPPH清除活性与总酚和总黄酮呈显著负相关。这些发现为这些激发子在番茄(‘Bola’和‘Saladette’)温室生产中的应用提供了积极的指导。亮点-激发子增加番茄叶片中PPO的酶活性。-总酚含量和类黄酮的产生取决于激发剂的类型。-对番茄叶片过氧化物酶含量无影响。-不同处理间果实水提取物的抗氧化能力差异显著(P = 0.05)。-总酚含量与类黄酮含量呈正相关。
{"title":"Potential elicitors on secondary metabolite production and antioxidant defence activity of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties","authors":"Alhagie Cham, M. Zacarías, H. L. Saldaña, R. E. Vázquez Alvarado, Emilio Olivares Sáenz, G. Martínez-Ávila, Omar Guadalupe Alvarado Gómez","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1883","url":null,"abstract":"Plants protect themselves, after pathogen attack, through the passive and active defence mechanisms. The treatment of plants with various agents, including cell wall fragments, plant extracts, and synthetic chemicals, can induce resistance to subsequent pathogen attack both locally and systemically. In view of the capability of phytochemicals compounds found in fruits and vegetables with different proven health benefits to consumers, there are different strategies to enhance the concentration of these compounds, among which the use of elicitors. Elicitation has been used to trigger different defence responses in plants, which lead to different mechanisms, such as activation of enzymes related with secondary metabolism. In this study we investigated the effects of elicitors (Activane®, Micobiol®, Stemicol® in doses of 1.8 g L–1, 3 m L–1 and 2.5 g·L–1) on the activity of two enzymes (polyphenoloxydase and peroxidase) in leaves as well as on the bioactive content (DPPH scavenging activity, total phenol and total flavonoid content) in fruits of Solanum lycopersicum L. The elicitors studied affected the production of enzyme and antioxidant activities in tomato, though showed a variable influence on the production of total phenolic and flavonoid content in tomato fruits. In general, the elicitors are able to increase polyphenoloxydase activity in leaves and phytochemical properties in fruits, with a significant negative correlation between the DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoids. These findings provide positive directions for the possible use of these elicitors in tomato (‘Bola’ and ‘Saladette’) production in greenhouse. \u0000Highlights - Elicitors increase the enzymatic activity of PPO in tomato leaves. - The production of total phenolic contents and flavonoids depends on type of elicitors. - No effects on the peroxidase content of the tomato leaves. - The antioxidant capacity of the aqueous fruits extract showed a significant difference (P = 0.05) between the treatments in the Saladette variety. - Positive relationship between total phenolic contents and flavonoids.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44012317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study, brown seaweed - Fucus vesiculosus was used as a raw material for the preparation of bio-products for sustainable agriculture. Biosorption was applied to produce fertilizer additives with microelements. F. vesiculosus was enriched with Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. Biostimulants of plant growth were obtained by seaweed extraction with potassium hydroxide. Different doses of enriched F. vesiculosus (1, 2, 4, 6 mg/per Petri dish) and concentrations of seaweed extract (2.5, 5 and 10%) were examined in germination test on garden cress (Lepidium sativum). The effect of both algal products on the plant length, RGB parameters in leaves and biomass multielement composition was examined. Results showed that the biomass enrichment did not influence plant length and RGB parameters. Taking into account these two parameters, the best results were obtained in the group treated with natural F. vesiculosus (higher than in the control group, treated with distilled water). Enriched F. vesiculosus biofortified garden cress with Cu and Zn. In the case of Fucus extract, 5% concentration increased plant length and the value of RGB parameters when compared with the control group. Also this extract concentration resulted in elevated content of micro- and macroelements in Lepidium sativum. Seaweed extract is recommended for further research as biostimulant of plant growth.
Highlights - Fucus vesiculosus is a valuable raw material for agriculture. - Fucus vesiculosus extract can act as biostimulants of plant growth. - Fucus vesiculosus enriched with microelements via biosorption can be used as a fertilizing material providing plants with these nutrients. - Fucus products can biofortify edible plants in essential microelements. - Fucus extracts can enhance plant length and chlorophyll content.
{"title":"Effect of Fucus extract and biomass enriched with Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions on the growth of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) under laboratory conditions","authors":"Izabela Michalak, Sylwia Baśladyńska","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1799","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the present study, brown seaweed - <em>Fucus vesiculosus</em> was used as a raw material for the preparation of bio-products for sustainable agriculture. Biosorption was applied to produce fertilizer additives with microelements. <em>F. vesiculosus</em> was enriched with Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. Biostimulants of plant growth were obtained by seaweed extraction with potassium hydroxide. Different doses of enriched <em>F. vesiculosus</em> (1, 2, 4, 6 mg/per Petri dish) and concentrations of seaweed extract (2.5, 5 and 10%) were examined in germination test on garden cress (<em>Lepidium sativum</em>). The effect of both algal products on the plant length, RGB parameters in leaves and biomass multielement composition was examined. Results showed that the biomass enrichment did not influence plant length and RGB parameters. Taking into account these two parameters, the best results were obtained in the group treated with natural <em>F. vesiculosus</em> (higher than in the control group, treated with distilled water). Enriched <em>F. vesiculosus</em> biofortified garden cress with Cu and Zn. In the case of Fucus extract, 5% concentration increased plant length and the value of RGB parameters when compared with the control group. Also this extract concentration resulted in elevated content of micro- and macroelements in <em>Lepidium sativum</em>. Seaweed extract is recommended for further research as biostimulant of plant growth.</p>\u0000<p><strong>Highlights</strong> <br/><em>- Fucus vesiculosus is a valuable raw material for agriculture. </em><br/><em>- Fucus vesiculosus extract can act as biostimulants of plant growth. </em><br/><em>- Fucus vesiculosus enriched with microelements via biosorption can be used as a fertilizing material providing plants with these nutrients. </em><br/><em>- Fucus products can biofortify edible plants in essential microelements. </em><br/><em>- Fucus extracts can enhance plant length and chlorophyll content.</em></p>","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"207 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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