Päivi Kurki, E. Nurmi, Iina Haikarainen, R. Savikurki, J. Kaseva, K. Hakala, Elena Valkama
Due to the reduction of cattle farming, the Finnish agricultural sector currently needs solutions to replace animal manure with new sustainable alternatives. This problem is especially acute for organic farms, which need livestock manure to improve soil fertility and soil organic carbon (SOC) to sustain yield. On the other side, plywood manufacturers aim to find ways to reuse waste fractions such as sandy, wet spruce bark waste. To address both issues, a new soil conditioner was developed from crushed bark (CB) and approved for organic farming by the Finnish Food Authority. To test the advantages of CB in organic wheat production, we conducted a two-year field experiment on a farmer’s field in Mikkeli (Finland) on loamy sand with moderate soil fertility (C 3.5%, C/N ratio 17, pH 6.2). CB (organic matter 80%, C/N ratio 78, pH 5.7-6.0) at 40 t ha–1 was applied either in the first year of the experiment or in both years. In addition to CB, half the plots received base ash (4 t ha–1) obtained from a power plant using wood to maintain the optimal soil pH. All plots were fertilised annually with commercial organic fertilisers. The control plots received no CB or base ash. A one-year application of CB with base ash statistically significantly increased the grain yield by 800 kg ha–1 and grain N uptake by about 10 kg ha–1 in the following growing season compared with the control. In terms of grain yield quality, a one-year application of CB with or without base ash already showed an improvement of 1000 seed weight by 2 g in the first year, and the effect was even more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. Hectolitre weight was increased in the following year after application of CB with base ash. In contrast, a two-year application of CB either alone or with base ash caused no changes in grain yield, N uptake, or yield quality compared with the control. The results indicate that the use of spruce CB with a high C/N ratio as soil conditioner in a large amount may be beneficial in terms of yield and quality when it is applied only once, but not twice in successive years. Future studies need to focus on the long-term residual effects of CB on productivity, as well as soil parameters such as SOC, cation exchange capacity, and soil microbial activity. Highlights - Crushed bark (C/N ratio 78) - a side stream of plywood manufacture - was tested in a two-year organic field experiment. - A one-year (40 t ha–1) application of crushed bark with base ash increased yield and the quality of organic wheat. - Residual effects of a one-year application were pronounced. - Crushed bark application in two successive years provided no benefits for organic wheat production.
由于养牛业的减少，芬兰农业部门目前需要用新的可持续替代品取代动物粪便的解决方案。这个问题对于有机农场来说尤其严重，因为有机农场需要牲畜粪便来提高土壤肥力和土壤有机碳(SOC)来维持产量。另一方面，胶合板制造商的目标是找到再利用废料的方法，如沙质、湿云杉树皮废料。为了解决这两个问题，一种新的土壤改良剂从碎树皮(CB)中开发出来，并被芬兰食品管理局批准用于有机农业。为了验证CB在有机小麦生产中的优势，我们在芬兰Mikkeli的一个农民田间进行了为期两年的田间试验，土壤肥力适中(C 3.5%， C/N比17,pH 6.2)。40 t hm - 1下施用CB(有机质80%，C/N比值78,pH 5.7 ~ 6.0)，试验第一年施用或两年内均施用。除了炭黑之外，一半的地块还使用了从发电厂获得的碱灰(4吨公顷)，这些电厂使用木材来保持最佳土壤ph。所有地块每年都使用商业有机肥施肥。对照地块不施用炭黑灰或碱灰。与对照相比，施用1年黑麦草碱灰可显著提高籽粒产量800 kg hm - 1，下一生长期籽粒吸氮量提高约10 kg hm - 1。在籽粒产量品质方面，施用1年加不加碱灰的黑炭黑，第一年就能提高1000粒重2克，试验第二年效果更加明显。加碱灰后次年百升重有所增加。相比之下，与对照相比，单独施用或与碱灰一起施用两年的炭黑对籽粒产量、氮素吸收或产量质量没有影响。结果表明，大量使用高碳氮比的云杉炭黑作为土壤调理剂，如果连续施用一次，而不是连续施用两次，对产量和品质都有好处。未来的研究需要关注CB对生产力的长期残留影响，以及土壤参数如有机碳、阳离子交换容量和土壤微生物活性。重点-碎树皮(C/N比为78)-胶合板制造的侧流-在为期两年的有机现场实验中进行了测试。-一年(40吨每公顷)施用碾碎树皮和基础灰，提高了有机小麦的产量和质量。-一年应用的残余效应明显。-连续两年施用碎皮对有机小麦生产没有任何好处。
{"title":"Crushed bark as a novel soil conditioner for organic plant production","authors":"Päivi Kurki, E. Nurmi, Iina Haikarainen, R. Savikurki, J. Kaseva, K. Hakala, Elena Valkama","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1781","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the reduction of cattle farming, the Finnish agricultural sector currently needs solutions to replace animal manure with new sustainable alternatives. This problem is especially acute for organic farms, which need livestock manure to improve soil fertility and soil organic carbon (SOC) to sustain yield. On the other side, plywood manufacturers aim to find ways to reuse waste fractions such as sandy, wet spruce bark waste. To address both issues, a new soil conditioner was developed from crushed bark (CB) and approved for organic farming by the Finnish Food Authority. To test the advantages of CB in organic wheat production, we conducted a two-year field experiment on a farmer’s field in Mikkeli (Finland) on loamy sand with moderate soil fertility (C 3.5%, C/N ratio 17, pH 6.2). CB (organic matter 80%, C/N ratio 78, pH 5.7-6.0) at 40 t ha–1 was applied either in the first year of the experiment or in both years. In addition to CB, half the plots received base ash (4 t ha–1) obtained from a power plant using wood to maintain the optimal soil pH. All plots were fertilised annually with commercial organic fertilisers. The control plots received no CB or base ash. A one-year application of CB with base ash statistically significantly increased the grain yield by 800 kg ha–1 and grain N uptake by about 10 kg ha–1 in the following growing season compared with the control. In terms of grain yield quality, a one-year application of CB with or without base ash already showed an improvement of 1000 seed weight by 2 g in the first year, and the effect was even more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. Hectolitre weight was increased in the following year after application of CB with base ash. In contrast, a two-year application of CB either alone or with base ash caused no changes in grain yield, N uptake, or yield quality compared with the control. The results indicate that the use of spruce CB with a high C/N ratio as soil conditioner in a large amount may be beneficial in terms of yield and quality when it is applied only once, but not twice in successive years. Future studies need to focus on the long-term residual effects of CB on productivity, as well as soil parameters such as SOC, cation exchange capacity, and soil microbial activity. \u0000Highlights - Crushed bark (C/N ratio 78) - a side stream of plywood manufacture - was tested in a two-year organic field experiment. - A one-year (40 t ha–1) application of crushed bark with base ash increased yield and the quality of organic wheat. - Residual effects of a one-year application were pronounced. - Crushed bark application in two successive years provided no benefits for organic wheat production.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42336190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A life cycle assessment (LCA) study of a transition from semi-intensive to semi-extensive Mediterranean dairy sheep farm suggests that the latter has a strong potential for offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the soil C sequestration (Cseq) in permanent grasslands. The extensification process shows clear environmental advantage when emission intensity is referred to the area-based functional unit (FU). Several LCA studies reported that extensive livestock systems have greater GHG emissions per mass of product than intensive one, due to their lower productivity. However, these studies did not account for soil Cseq of temporary and permanent grasslands, that have a strong potential to partly mitigate the GHG balance of ruminant production systems. Our LCA study was carried out considering the transition from a semi-intensive (SI) towards a semi-extensive (SE) production system, adopted in a dairy sheep farm located in North-Western Sardinia (Italy). Impact scope included enteric methane emissions, feed production, on-farm energy use and transportation, infrastructures as well as the potential C sink arising from soil Cseq with respect to the emission intensity. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, we used the following FUs: 1 kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and 1 ha of utilised agricultural area (UAA). We observed that the extensification of production system determined contrasting environmental effects when using different FUs accounting for soil Cseq. When soil Cseq in emission intensity estimate was included, we Ac ce pt ed p ap er
{"title":"How does soil carbon sequestration affect greenhouse gas emissions from a sheep farming system? Results of a life cycle assessment case study","authors":"P. Arca, E. Vagnoni, P. Duce, A. Franca","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1789","url":null,"abstract":"A life cycle assessment (LCA) study of a transition from semi-intensive to semi-extensive Mediterranean dairy sheep farm suggests that the latter has a strong potential for offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the soil C sequestration (Cseq) in permanent grasslands. The extensification process shows clear environmental advantage when emission intensity is referred to the area-based functional unit (FU). Several LCA studies reported that extensive livestock systems have greater GHG emissions per mass of product than intensive one, due to their lower productivity. However, these studies did not account for soil Cseq of temporary and permanent grasslands, that have a strong potential to partly mitigate the GHG balance of ruminant production systems. Our LCA study was carried out considering the transition from a semi-intensive (SI) towards a semi-extensive (SE) production system, adopted in a dairy sheep farm located in North-Western Sardinia (Italy). Impact scope included enteric methane emissions, feed production, on-farm energy use and transportation, infrastructures as well as the potential C sink arising from soil Cseq with respect to the emission intensity. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, we used the following FUs: 1 kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and 1 ha of utilised agricultural area (UAA). We observed that the extensification of production system determined contrasting environmental effects when using different FUs accounting for soil Cseq. When soil Cseq in emission intensity estimate was included, we Ac ce pt ed p ap er","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44577077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberta Boselli, N. Anders, A. Fiorini, C. Ganimede, N. Faccini, A. Marocco, M. Schulz, V. Tabaglio
Alternative strategies to control weeds are required at field level to reduce herbicides and derived pollution. Rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivation as cover crop is adopted mainly because of its allelopathic weed control, which takes place throughout a strong inhibition of germination and seedling growth in several grass and broad-leaved weeds. The present study consisted of: i) a field trial, focused on evaluation of biomass production and allelochemical concentration in the biomass, and in situ weed control at 30 days after termination (with two termination timings: T1 heading phase and T2 10 days later) of 8 rye varieties; ii) a pot experiment, focused on the inhibition effect of mulches derived by those 8 rye varieties on four summer weeds: velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med.), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L). Results showed that biomass production was the highest with Protector, closely followed by Primizia, Sito 70, Hellvus, Forestal, and Hymonta. In any case, rye mulching always reduced the weed biomass, especially with Fasto and Forestal. The allelochemical concentration in the biomass was the highest with Fasto and Forestal, and decreased on average from T1 to T2 (-38% for total BX and -57% for isovitexin). Conversely, the rye biomass production increased (on average + 77%) passing from T1 to T2. We found also that the reduction of weed biomass, compared with the control, is highly Ac ce pt ed p ap er correlated with the allelochemical content in rye biomass in the case of T1 termination, while with the biomass production in the case of T2. In pots, a strong inhibitory effect on seedling growth due to rye mulching was observed for C. album (-76%), A. retroflexus (-56%), and P. olearcea (-84%), while not for A. theophrasti. We concluded that, whatever the variety, adopting rye as cover crop may be considered as a suitable practice to reduce weed pressure at the field level. Among all the varieties tested, Forestal and Protector showed the greatest weed suppression potential, as a consequence of high amount of allelochemicals production for Forestal, and high biomass production for Protector. Introduction Weed control strategies based on the use of herbicides are expensive and may affect negatively the quality of soil, water and air (Felsot et al., 2011). The excessive use of chemical herbicides in the last decades led to the development of herbicide resistance: 262 species of herbicide-resistant weeds have been detected on 93 crops in 70 countries (Beckie, 2020). Consequently, a growing interest in alternative strategies for weed management has been stimulated worldwide to address current economic and environmental challenges of crop production (Kumar et al., 2020). In addition, the European Commission recently stated ambitious goals for reducing the herbicide use (-50%) at the field level by 2030 (European Commission, 2021). The use of cover c
需要在田间一级采用其他控制杂草的策略，以减少除草剂和衍生污染。采用黑麦(Secale cereale L.)作为覆盖作物的主要原因是它具有化感作用，对几种禾本科和阔叶类杂草的萌发和幼苗生长都有很强的抑制作用。本研究包括:1)田间试验，重点评价8个黑麦品种的生物量产量和生物量中的化感化学浓度，并在终止后30天(有两个终止时间:抽穗期T1和10天后T2)进行原位杂草控制;ii)通过盆栽试验，研究了8个黑麦品种的地膜对4种夏季杂草的抑制效果，分别是绒叶(Abutilon theophrasti Med.)、羊蹄草(Chenopodium album L.)、红根藜草(Amaranthus retroflexus L.)和马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)。结果表明，保护膜的生物量产量最高，其次是Primizia、Sito 70、Hellvus、Forestal和Hymonta。在任何情况下，黑麦覆盖都减少了杂草生物量，尤其是Fasto和Forestal。生物量中的化感物质浓度以Fasto和Forestal最高，从T1到T2平均下降(总BX -38%，异牡荆素-57%)。相反，从T1到T2，黑麦生物量产量增加(平均+ 77%)。我们还发现，与对照相比，在T1终止下，杂草生物量的减少与黑麦生物量的化感化学含量相关，而在T2终止下，与生物量产量相关。在盆栽条件下，黑麦覆盖对黑麦黑麦种子的生长有较强的抑制作用，对黑麦黑麦黑麦种子的生长有-76%的抑制作用，对黑麦黑麦黑麦黑麦种子的生长有-56%的抑制作用，对黑麦黑麦黑麦黑麦种子的生长有-84%的抑制作用。综上所述，无论何种品种，采用黑麦作为覆盖作物可被认为是减少田间杂草压力的适宜做法。在所有被试品种中，森林和护林表现出最大的杂草抑制潜力，这是因为森林和护林的化感物质产量高，而护林的生物量产量高。基于除草剂使用的杂草控制策略是昂贵的，并且可能对土壤、水和空气的质量产生负面影响(Felsot et al.， 2011)。在过去的几十年里，化学除草剂的过度使用导致了除草剂抗性的发展:在70个国家的93种作物上发现了262种抗除草剂杂草(Beckie, 2020)。因此，全球对杂草管理替代策略的兴趣日益浓厚，以解决当前作物生产的经济和环境挑战(Kumar等人，2020)。此外，欧盟委员会最近提出了雄心勃勃的目标，即到2030年减少除草剂的使用(-50%)(欧盟委员会，2021年)。长期以来，使用覆盖作物(CCs)一直被认为是在广泛的农业生态系统中限制杂草发展的一个很好的解决方案，从而减少除草剂的使用和成本(Barnes和Putnam, 1983)。研究表明，某些CC物种(如禾草植物)可能抑制杂草，因为它们在空间、光、水和养分利用方面具有很高的竞争力(hilthbrunner et al.， 2007)。此外，残留在土壤表面的CC残留物可以通过降低透光率和土壤温度来限制杂草的萌发和发育(Wayman et al.， 2015)。此外，一些cc作为次生代谢物产生化感化合物[如苯并恶嗪类化合物、类黄酮、生物碱等[Scavo等，2019]，这些化合物通过活的或腐烂的植物组织释放出来，并且acp对杂草有很强的控制作用(Liebman and Davis, 2015)。黑麦(Secale cereale L.) (Tabaglio et al.， 2008)被认为是化感杂草防治的参考植物。黑麦是最常用的冬季覆盖作物之一，因为它具有高生物量、土壤和气候适应性、一氧化二氮排放减缓和杂草抑制潜力(Gavazzi等，2010;Fiorini et al.， 2020)。终止后，黑麦地膜可留在土壤表面(即在免耕土壤管理的情况下)，以确保对杂草萌发和发育的持续抑制作用(Mirsky et al.， 2013;Tabaglio et al.， 2013)。黑麦覆盖对杂草的抑制作用高度依赖于覆盖层的厚度(Teasdale and Mohler, 2000)，此外，据报道，保持在土壤表面的黑麦残留物还会释放出苯并恶嗪类化合物2,4-二羟基-1,4 (2H)-苯并恶嗪-3-one (DIBOA)和苯并恶唑啉-2(3H)-one (BOA) (Schulz et al.， 2013)。这些化感化合物强烈抑制几种禾草和阔叶自发植物的发芽和幼苗生长(Macías et al.， 2019)。 在田间条件下，黑麦释放的苯并恶嗪类化合物(BX)估计在0.5至5 kg ha-1之间，这取决于品种和物候终止期的日期(Reberg-Horton et al.， 2005)。Rice等人(2005)报道，从分蘖到开花，黑麦组织中BX浓度持续下降。然而，以往的研究没有考虑到苯并恶嗪类化合物与细胞壁结合的成分:该成分可能在黑麦终止后不能立即得到，但可以在之后逐渐释放，影响长期的化感化学势。除了苯并恶嗪类化合物外，黄酮类化合物也具有很高的化感作用潜力:从燕麦(Avena sativa L.)的黄酮类化合物中分离到异牡牡素(de Bertoldi et al.， 2009)，证明其对杂草有很好的控制作用。我国土壤气候条件下黑麦品种与化感物质浓度之间的关系缺乏明确的评价，比较终止时间对不同黑麦品种化感物质浓度的影响，评估田间和温室条件下对杂草发育的影响的研究也很少。此外，以往的研究没有评估细胞壁结合BOA的浓度，这可能有助于长期的化感作用。本研究旨在:(1)确定苯并恶嗪类药物和异牡荆素浓度和产量的最佳黑麦品种，以提高杂草的可持续控制水平;(2)寻找对杂草抑制效果最高、最持久的组合黑麦品种×终止时间。我们推测，尽早(抽穗期)终止覆盖作物可能会提高异化化学含量，从而控制杂草。现场试验在位于意大利北部皮亚琴察Fiorenzuola d 'Arda的CREA研究所进行。44.926383 N;长。9.890661 E)， 2014年10月至2015年7月。试验开始时土壤特性(0 ~ 30 cm土层深度)见表1。气候温和;年平均降雨量为774毫米，年平均气温为12.8℃。实验期间的气候数据由靠近实验田的自动气象站收集(图S1)。试验比较了8个处理，对应8个黑麦品种(Dukato、Fasto、Forestal、Primizia、Protector和Sito 70 6个品种;2个杂交种:Hellvus和Hymonta)，每个重复4次，共32个主要地块(地块面积10.2 m2)。然后，根据选择的两个黑麦终止时间(抽穗期[T1]和完穗期后10天[T2])，将每个小区分成两个子小区，子小区面积为5.1 m2，共64个子小区。以黑麦品种为主要影响因素，黑麦终止时间为次要影响因素的裂区试验设计。黑麦于2014年10月29日播种，采用8行畦播机(Wintersteiger)，播种量为110 kg hm -1。另外四个地块(每个地块一个)不种植黑麦作为对照。在试验区和对照区，让植被自然生长。施两次肥:(1)播前施用三元肥(15-15-15)，施氮45 kg hm -1、磷20 kg hm -1、钾37 kg hm -1;(2)分蘖结束时，施用硝铵(26% N)，施氮52 kg hm -1，分样区物候和产量数据按抽穗期终止时间(T
{"title":"Improving weed control in sustainable agro-ecosystems: role of cultivar and termination timing of rye cover crop","authors":"Roberta Boselli, N. Anders, A. Fiorini, C. Ganimede, N. Faccini, A. Marocco, M. Schulz, V. Tabaglio","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1807","url":null,"abstract":"Alternative strategies to control weeds are required at field level to reduce herbicides and derived pollution. Rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivation as cover crop is adopted mainly because of its allelopathic weed control, which takes place throughout a strong inhibition of germination and seedling growth in several grass and broad-leaved weeds. The present study consisted of: i) a field trial, focused on evaluation of biomass production and allelochemical concentration in the biomass, and in situ weed control at 30 days after termination (with two termination timings: T1 heading phase and T2 10 days later) of 8 rye varieties; ii) a pot experiment, focused on the inhibition effect of mulches derived by those 8 rye varieties on four summer weeds: velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med.), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L). Results showed that biomass production was the highest with Protector, closely followed by Primizia, Sito 70, Hellvus, Forestal, and Hymonta. In any case, rye mulching always reduced the weed biomass, especially with Fasto and Forestal. The allelochemical concentration in the biomass was the highest with Fasto and Forestal, and decreased on average from T1 to T2 (-38% for total BX and -57% for isovitexin). Conversely, the rye biomass production increased (on average + 77%) passing from T1 to T2. We found also that the reduction of weed biomass, compared with the control, is highly Ac ce pt ed p ap er correlated with the allelochemical content in rye biomass in the case of T1 termination, while with the biomass production in the case of T2. In pots, a strong inhibitory effect on seedling growth due to rye mulching was observed for C. album (-76%), A. retroflexus (-56%), and P. olearcea (-84%), while not for A. theophrasti. We concluded that, whatever the variety, adopting rye as cover crop may be considered as a suitable practice to reduce weed pressure at the field level. Among all the varieties tested, Forestal and Protector showed the greatest weed suppression potential, as a consequence of high amount of allelochemicals production for Forestal, and high biomass production for Protector. Introduction Weed control strategies based on the use of herbicides are expensive and may affect negatively the quality of soil, water and air (Felsot et al., 2011). The excessive use of chemical herbicides in the last decades led to the development of herbicide resistance: 262 species of herbicide-resistant weeds have been detected on 93 crops in 70 countries (Beckie, 2020). Consequently, a growing interest in alternative strategies for weed management has been stimulated worldwide to address current economic and environmental challenges of crop production (Kumar et al., 2020). In addition, the European Commission recently stated ambitious goals for reducing the herbicide use (-50%) at the field level by 2030 (European Commission, 2021). The use of cover c","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42460791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Vidotto, S. Fogliatto, L. Carmagnola, F. De Palo, M. Milan
typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the final one. Please cite this article as doi: 10.4081/ija.2021.1798 Off-site movement of quinclorac from rice fields Francesco Vidotto,1 Silvia Fogliatto,1 Lorenzo Carmagnola,2 Fernando De Palo,1 Marco Milan1 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Sezione di Agronomia, Grugliasco (TO); 2Basf Italia, Cesano Maderno, Italy
排版、分页和校对过程，这可能会导致本版本与最终版本之间的差异。请引用这篇文章作为doi:10.4081/ija.202.11.198稻田中喹氯喹的场外运动Francesco Vidotto，1 Silvia Fogliato，1 Lorenzo Carmagnola，2 Fernando De Palo，1 Marco Milan1 Scienze Agrarie，Forestali e Alimentari，都灵大学，Sezione di Agronomia，Grugliasco（TO）；2Basf Italia，Cesano Maderno，意大利
{"title":"Off-site movement of quinclorac from rice fields","authors":"F. Vidotto, S. Fogliatto, L. Carmagnola, F. De Palo, M. Milan","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1798","url":null,"abstract":"typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the final one. Please cite this article as doi: 10.4081/ija.2021.1798 Off-site movement of quinclorac from rice fields Francesco Vidotto,1 Silvia Fogliatto,1 Lorenzo Carmagnola,2 Fernando De Palo,1 Marco Milan1 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Sezione di Agronomia, Grugliasco (TO); 2Basf Italia, Cesano Maderno, Italy","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42029244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Tamindžić, M. Ignjatov, D. Milošević, Z. Nikolić, Ljiljana Kostic Kravljanac, D. Jovičić, Ž. Dolijanović, J. Savić
Delivery of micronutrients to plants through seed priming improves seedling vigour and increase crops yields. Two-year filed trial was conducted in Pančevo, Serbia, with aim to study the effect of seed priming with zinc (Zn) on field performance of three maize hybrids on calcareous chernozem deficient in plant available Zn. Seed priming treatments were: control (without priming), water priming and priming with 4 mM zinc sulphate water solution . Seed priming had significant effect on early plant growth, plant height, yield components, grain yield and grain Zn concentration. Znpriming promoted plant growth and increased final plant height. Across two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation and three tested maize hybrids, Zn-priming resulted in an average increase of grain yield by about 18% compared to control, and by about 8.4 % compared to water priming. A significant relationship between plant growth parameters, grain yield components and grain yield was detected. Grain Zn concentration was increased by Zn-priming in two hybrids in the season with less precipitation and in one hybrid in the second season.. The results imply that using the seeds with elevated Zn content can improve overall field performance of maize grown on calcareous chernozem. Ac ce pt ed p ap er
通过种子引发向植物提供微量营养素可以提高幼苗活力并提高作物产量。在塞尔维亚潘切沃进行了为期两年的田间试验，目的是研究锌（Zn）种子引发对三个玉米杂交种在缺乏植物有效锌的钙质黑钙土上的田间表现的影响。种子引发处理为：对照（不引发）、水引发和用4mM硫酸锌水溶液引发。种子引发对植株早期生长、株高、产量构成、籽粒产量和籽粒锌浓度有显著影响。锌引发促进了植株生长，提高了植株的最终高度。在两个降水量对比的生长季节和三个测试的玉米杂交种中，锌引发导致粮食产量比对照平均增加约18%，比水引发平均增加约8.4%。植物生长参数、粮食产量构成因素与粮食产量之间存在显著关系。在降水较少的季节，两个杂交种和一个杂交种在第二个季节通过锌引发提高了籽粒锌浓度。。结果表明，使用含锌量较高的种子可以提高石灰性黑钙土上玉米的综合田间表现。Ac ce pt ed p ap er
{"title":"Seed priming with zinc improves field performance of maize hybrids grown on calcareous chernozem","authors":"G. Tamindžić, M. Ignjatov, D. Milošević, Z. Nikolić, Ljiljana Kostic Kravljanac, D. Jovičić, Ž. Dolijanović, J. Savić","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1795","url":null,"abstract":"Delivery of micronutrients to plants through seed priming improves seedling vigour and increase crops yields. Two-year filed trial was conducted in Pančevo, Serbia, with aim to study the effect of seed priming with zinc (Zn) on field performance of three maize hybrids on calcareous chernozem deficient in plant available Zn. Seed priming treatments were: control (without priming), water priming and priming with 4 mM zinc sulphate water solution . Seed priming had significant effect on early plant growth, plant height, yield components, grain yield and grain Zn concentration. Znpriming promoted plant growth and increased final plant height. Across two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation and three tested maize hybrids, Zn-priming resulted in an average increase of grain yield by about 18% compared to control, and by about 8.4 % compared to water priming. A significant relationship between plant growth parameters, grain yield components and grain yield was detected. Grain Zn concentration was increased by Zn-priming in two hybrids in the season with less precipitation and in one hybrid in the second season.. The results imply that using the seeds with elevated Zn content can improve overall field performance of maize grown on calcareous chernozem. Ac ce pt ed p ap er","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46271176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Alvar-Beltrán, M. Napoli, A. Dao, Amoro Ouattara, L. Verdi, S. Orlandini, A. dalla Marta
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) needs to increase its food production to alleviate food insecurity exacerbated by climate variability and from increasing food demand. Balancing macronutrient inputs becomes essential for sustaining yields, increasing farmer's income and minimizing environmental costs deriving from fertilizer misuse. The present study calculates the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) mass balances by estimating macronutrient inputs and outputs of a quinoa field cultivated under full and deficit irrigation conditions (100 and 50 % crop evapotranspiration- ETc), in either the presence or absence of N fertilizer (100 and 0 kg ha-1 of N). The emerging findings show that to produce one ton of quinoa biomass (including seeds, stems and leaves) 12.7, 1.6 and 35.5 kg ha-1 of N, P and K, respectively, need to be added into the soil. While N and K are required at medium to fairly high amounts, P is needed in lower amounts. Hence, fertilizers in the form of potassium nitrate (KNO3) are more suitable than those with higher phosphorus concentrations, phosphate (PO43-). Overall, evidences from field experimentations are necessary for integrating farming input recommendations on crop agronomic guidelines, driven by national agricultural research institutions, and for promoting sustainable agriculture in SSA.
{"title":"Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mass balances in an irrigated quinoa field","authors":"J. Alvar-Beltrán, M. Napoli, A. Dao, Amoro Ouattara, L. Verdi, S. Orlandini, A. dalla Marta","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1788","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) needs to increase its food production to alleviate food insecurity exacerbated by climate variability and from increasing food demand. Balancing macronutrient inputs becomes essential for sustaining yields, increasing farmer's income and minimizing environmental costs deriving from fertilizer misuse. The present study calculates the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) mass balances by estimating macronutrient inputs and outputs of a quinoa field cultivated under full and deficit irrigation conditions (100 and 50 % crop evapotranspiration- ETc), in either the presence or absence of N fertilizer (100 and 0 kg ha-1 of N). The emerging findings show that to produce one ton of quinoa biomass (including seeds, stems and leaves) 12.7, 1.6 and 35.5 kg ha-1 of N, P and K, respectively, need to be added into the soil. While N and K are required at medium to fairly high amounts, P is needed in lower amounts. Hence, fertilizers in the form of potassium nitrate (KNO3) are more suitable than those with higher phosphorus concentrations, phosphate (PO43-). Overall, evidences from field experimentations are necessary for integrating farming input recommendations on crop agronomic guidelines, driven by national agricultural research institutions, and for promoting sustainable agriculture in SSA.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48932183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Cozzolino, I. D. Di Mola, L. Ottaiano, C. El-Nakhel, Y. Rouphael, M. Mori
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a diffused worldwide vegetable. Great amounts of fertilizers are often applied for increasing yield and quality, without considering the negative effect on the environment. A possible perspective for reducing this risk is to raise the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through the use of plant biostimulants, which also improve yield and quality concomitantly. The aim of the current study was to verify the potential beneficial effect of three vegetal-based biostimulants on agronomical, qualitative and nitrogen use efficiency of a processing tomato crop. The experiment provided three biostimulants (an extract of brown seaweed [SwE], a legume-derived protein hydrolysate [LDPH] and a tropical plant extract). The following assessments were carried out: marketable and unmarketable yields, mean fruits weight, firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), colour parameters (a/b), hydrophilic antioxidant activity (HAA), lipophilic antioxidant activity (LAA), total ascorbic acid content (AsA), total phenols, nitrate and total nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency, N-uptake efficiency, and N-utilization. The foliar application of biostimulants especially protein hydrolysates and seaweed extract significantly affected the marketable yield with an average increase of 18.3% over the control and 41.3% average decrease in unmarketable yield. The N-use and N-uptake efficiency followed a similar trend, with biostimulants boosting it higher than control, +18.4% and +59.3%, respectively; the nitrogen content was also higher in fruits of sprayed plants: +21.3% over control. This finding also reflects on higher dry matter accumulation and firmness in fruits of treated plants (+10.9% and +14.1% over control, respectively). The biostimulants application, in particular SwE and LDPH, also boosted TSS (+12.8%), the a/b colour ratio (+7.5%), HAA and AsA (9.8% and 114.6%, respectively). Therefore, the legume-derived protein hydrolysates and extract of brown seaweed Ecklonia maxima seem a good sustainable approach to improve yield and quality of tomato for canning industries.
{"title":"Foliar application of plant-based biostimulants improve yield and upgrade qualitative characteristics of processing tomato","authors":"E. Cozzolino, I. D. Di Mola, L. Ottaiano, C. El-Nakhel, Y. Rouphael, M. Mori","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1825","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a diffused worldwide vegetable. Great amounts of fertilizers are often applied for increasing yield and quality, without considering the negative effect on the environment. A possible perspective for reducing this risk is to raise the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through the use of plant biostimulants, which also improve yield and quality concomitantly. The aim of the current study was to verify the potential beneficial effect of three vegetal-based biostimulants on agronomical, qualitative and nitrogen use efficiency of a processing tomato crop. The experiment provided three biostimulants (an extract of brown seaweed [SwE], a legume-derived protein hydrolysate [LDPH] and a tropical plant extract). The following assessments were carried out: marketable and unmarketable yields, mean fruits weight, firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), colour parameters (a/b), hydrophilic antioxidant activity (HAA), lipophilic antioxidant activity (LAA), total ascorbic acid content (AsA), total phenols, nitrate and total nitrogen content, nitrogen use efficiency, N-uptake efficiency, and N-utilization. The foliar application of biostimulants especially protein hydrolysates and seaweed extract significantly affected the marketable yield with an average increase of 18.3% over the control and 41.3% average decrease in unmarketable yield. The N-use and N-uptake efficiency followed a similar trend, with biostimulants boosting it higher than control, +18.4% and +59.3%, respectively; the nitrogen content was also higher in fruits of sprayed plants: +21.3% over control. This finding also reflects on higher dry matter accumulation and firmness in fruits of treated plants (+10.9% and +14.1% over control, respectively). The biostimulants application, in particular SwE and LDPH, also boosted TSS (+12.8%), the a/b colour ratio (+7.5%), HAA and AsA (9.8% and 114.6%, respectively). Therefore, the legume-derived protein hydrolysates and extract of brown seaweed Ecklonia maxima seem a good sustainable approach to improve yield and quality of tomato for canning industries.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49308839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Garau, P. Roggero, S. Diquattro, Matteo Garau, M. V. Pinna, P. Castaldi
Potentially toxic elements (PTE), e.g. As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, can severely impact soil element cycling, organic matter turnover and soil inhabiting microbiota. Very often this has dramatic consequences for plant growth and yield which are greatly restricted in PTE-contaminated soils. The use of innovative amendments to reduce the labile pool of such soil contaminants, can result as a feasible and sustainable strategy to improve the fertility and functionality of PTE-contaminated soils as well as to exploit these latter from an agronomic point of view. Water treatment residuals (WTR), red muds (RM), organic-based materials originating from the waste cycle, e.g. municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and biochar (BCH), have emerged in the last decades as promising amendments. In this paper, we report a synthesis of the lessons learned from research carried out in the last 20 years on the use of the above-mentioned innovative amendments for the manipulation of soil fertility and functionality in PTE-contaminated soils. The amendments considered possess physico-chemical properties useful to reduce labile PTE in soil (e.g. alkaline pH, porosity, Fe/Al phases, specific functional groups and ionic composition among the others). In addition, they contain organic and inorganic nutrients which can contribute to improve the soil chemical, microbial and biochemical status. This is often reflected by a higher organic matter content in Ac ce pt ed p ap er amended soils and/or an increase of the cation exchange capacity, available P and total N and/or dissolved organic C. As a result, soil microbial abundance, in particular heterotrophic fungi and bacteria, and enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase, urease and β-glucosidase) are commonly enhanced in amended soils, while plant growth can be significantly stimulated. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the studied amendments can be used to reduce PTE bioavailability in polluted soils, improve soil microbial status and functionality, and enhance the productivity of different crops. This can offer a precious opportunity for the productive recovery of PTE-polluted soils. Introduction Soil pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTE, e.g. As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) represents an increasingly urgent problem at global scale. PTE, unlike organic contaminants, are generally immutable, not degradable and persistent in soil (Adriano et al., 2004). In addition, they can be toxic to plants, animals and soil microorganisms when certain threshold levels are exceeded (Abou Jaoude et al., 2019). Unfortunately, this is not uncommon and is often due to industrial and mining activities, waste incinerators, coal and petroleum combustion, spent ammunition, battery factories, and misuse of pharmaceuticals and pesticides among the others (Silvetti et al., 2014). For instance, mining and smelting activities usually produce large amounts of tailings and waste rocks, from which PTE present in primary sulphide ores could spread in s
{"title":"Innovative amendments derived from industrial and municipal wastes enhance plant growth and soil functions in PTE-polluted environments","authors":"G. Garau, P. Roggero, S. Diquattro, Matteo Garau, M. V. Pinna, P. Castaldi","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1777","url":null,"abstract":"Potentially toxic elements (PTE), e.g. As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, can severely impact soil element cycling, organic matter turnover and soil inhabiting microbiota. Very often this has dramatic consequences for plant growth and yield which are greatly restricted in PTE-contaminated soils. The use of innovative amendments to reduce the labile pool of such soil contaminants, can result as a feasible and sustainable strategy to improve the fertility and functionality of PTE-contaminated soils as well as to exploit these latter from an agronomic point of view. Water treatment residuals (WTR), red muds (RM), organic-based materials originating from the waste cycle, e.g. municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and biochar (BCH), have emerged in the last decades as promising amendments. In this paper, we report a synthesis of the lessons learned from research carried out in the last 20 years on the use of the above-mentioned innovative amendments for the manipulation of soil fertility and functionality in PTE-contaminated soils. The amendments considered possess physico-chemical properties useful to reduce labile PTE in soil (e.g. alkaline pH, porosity, Fe/Al phases, specific functional groups and ionic composition among the others). In addition, they contain organic and inorganic nutrients which can contribute to improve the soil chemical, microbial and biochemical status. This is often reflected by a higher organic matter content in Ac ce pt ed p ap er amended soils and/or an increase of the cation exchange capacity, available P and total N and/or dissolved organic C. As a result, soil microbial abundance, in particular heterotrophic fungi and bacteria, and enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase, urease and β-glucosidase) are commonly enhanced in amended soils, while plant growth can be significantly stimulated. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the studied amendments can be used to reduce PTE bioavailability in polluted soils, improve soil microbial status and functionality, and enhance the productivity of different crops. This can offer a precious opportunity for the productive recovery of PTE-polluted soils. Introduction Soil pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTE, e.g. As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) represents an increasingly urgent problem at global scale. PTE, unlike organic contaminants, are generally immutable, not degradable and persistent in soil (Adriano et al., 2004). In addition, they can be toxic to plants, animals and soil microorganisms when certain threshold levels are exceeded (Abou Jaoude et al., 2019). Unfortunately, this is not uncommon and is often due to industrial and mining activities, waste incinerators, coal and petroleum combustion, spent ammunition, battery factories, and misuse of pharmaceuticals and pesticides among the others (Silvetti et al., 2014). For instance, mining and smelting activities usually produce large amounts of tailings and waste rocks, from which PTE present in primary sulphide ores could spread in s","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44238900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Zaccardelli, C. Pane, I. D. Mola, D. Ronga, M. Mori
{"title":"Municipal organic waste compost applied to vegetable cropping systems replaces mineral fertilization, reduces the risk of groundwater pollution by nitrates and improves soil fertility over three-year open-field succession","authors":"M. Zaccardelli, C. Pane, I. D. Mola, D. Ronga, M. Mori","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1756","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Nikolić, Davide Rizzo, E. Marraccini, Alicia Ayerdi Gotor, Pietro Mattivi, P. Saulet, A. Persichetti, R. Masin
Remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for weed detection is a valuable asset in agriculture and is vastly used for site-specific weed control. Alongside site-specific methods, timespecific weed control is another critical aspect of precision weed control where, by using different models, it is possible to determine the time of weed species emergence. In this study, site-specific and time-specific weed control methods were combined to explore their collective benefits for precision weed control. Using the AlertInf model, which is a weed emergence prediction model, the cumulative emergence of Sorghum halepense was calculated, following the selection of the best date for UAV survey when the emergence was predicted to be at 96%. The survey was executed using a UAV with visible range sensors, resulting in an orthophoto with a resolution of 3 cm, allowing for good weed detection. The orthophoto was post-processed using two separate methods: an artificial neural network (ANN) and the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) to discriminate between the weeds, the crop and the soil. Finally, a model was applied for the creation of prescription maps with different cell sizes (0.25 m2, 2 m2, and 3 m2) and with three different decision-making thresholds based on pixels identified as weeds (>1%, >5%, and >10%). Additionally, the potential savings in herbicide use were assessed using two herbicides (Equip and Titus Mais Extra) as examples. The results show that both classification methods have a high overall accuracy of 98.6% for ANN and 98.1% for VARI, with the ANN having much better results concerning user/producer accuracy and Cohen's Kappa value (k=83.7 ANN and k=72 VARI). The reduction percentage of the area to be sprayed ranged from 65.29% to 93.35% using VARI and from 42.43% to 87.82% using ANN. The potential reduction in herbicide use was found to be dependent on the area. For the Equip Ac ce pt ed p ap er herbicide, this reduction ranged from 1.32 L/ha to 0.28 L/ha for the ANN; with VARI the reduction in the amounts used ranged from 0.80 L/ha to 0.15 L/ha. Meanwhile, for Titus Mais Extra herbicide, the reduction ranged from 46.06 g/ha to 8.19 g/ha in amounts used with the ANN; with VARI the reduction in amounts used ranged from 27.77 g/ha to 5.32 g/ha. These preliminary results indicate that combining site-specific and time-specific weed control, has the potential to obtain a significant reduction in herbicide use with direct benefits for the environment and on-farm variable costs. Further field studies are needed for the validation of these results.
{"title":"Site and time-specific early weed control is able to reduce herbicide use in maize - a case study","authors":"N. Nikolić, Davide Rizzo, E. Marraccini, Alicia Ayerdi Gotor, Pietro Mattivi, P. Saulet, A. Persichetti, R. Masin","doi":"10.4081/IJA.2021.1780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/IJA.2021.1780","url":null,"abstract":"Remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for weed detection is a valuable asset in agriculture and is vastly used for site-specific weed control. Alongside site-specific methods, timespecific weed control is another critical aspect of precision weed control where, by using different models, it is possible to determine the time of weed species emergence. In this study, site-specific and time-specific weed control methods were combined to explore their collective benefits for precision weed control. Using the AlertInf model, which is a weed emergence prediction model, the cumulative emergence of Sorghum halepense was calculated, following the selection of the best date for UAV survey when the emergence was predicted to be at 96%. The survey was executed using a UAV with visible range sensors, resulting in an orthophoto with a resolution of 3 cm, allowing for good weed detection. The orthophoto was post-processed using two separate methods: an artificial neural network (ANN) and the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) to discriminate between the weeds, the crop and the soil. Finally, a model was applied for the creation of prescription maps with different cell sizes (0.25 m2, 2 m2, and 3 m2) and with three different decision-making thresholds based on pixels identified as weeds (>1%, >5%, and >10%). Additionally, the potential savings in herbicide use were assessed using two herbicides (Equip and Titus Mais Extra) as examples. The results show that both classification methods have a high overall accuracy of 98.6% for ANN and 98.1% for VARI, with the ANN having much better results concerning user/producer accuracy and Cohen's Kappa value (k=83.7 ANN and k=72 VARI). The reduction percentage of the area to be sprayed ranged from 65.29% to 93.35% using VARI and from 42.43% to 87.82% using ANN. The potential reduction in herbicide use was found to be dependent on the area. For the Equip Ac ce pt ed p ap er herbicide, this reduction ranged from 1.32 L/ha to 0.28 L/ha for the ANN; with VARI the reduction in the amounts used ranged from 0.80 L/ha to 0.15 L/ha. Meanwhile, for Titus Mais Extra herbicide, the reduction ranged from 46.06 g/ha to 8.19 g/ha in amounts used with the ANN; with VARI the reduction in amounts used ranged from 27.77 g/ha to 5.32 g/ha. These preliminary results indicate that combining site-specific and time-specific weed control, has the potential to obtain a significant reduction in herbicide use with direct benefits for the environment and on-farm variable costs. Further field studies are needed for the validation of these results.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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