Dennis Bonnin, F. Ferrero, E. Tabacco, Stefano Carena, G. Borreani
The issue of the environmental impacts of beef production has been extensively debated in recent years. However, the research on this theme has mainly been based on farm-model studies with limited attention to contribution analysis of impact categories and aspects linked to cropping systems and feed self-sufficiency in mixed crop-livestock farms. This study evaluated the cradle-tofarm gate environmental impacts of mixed-crop livestock farms rearing the Piedmontese beef breed and suckler calf-to-beef operations in Northwest Italy. Data have been collected from detailed on-farm questionnaires, field books, and invoices of 11 farms over two years (2017-2018). The environmental impacts have been evaluated in terms of land occupation (LO, m2/year), global warming potential (GWP, kg CO2-eq), acidification potential (AP, g SO2-eq) and non-renewable cumulative energy demand (CED, MJ), using life cycle assessment methodology. The functional unit considered was one kilogram of live weight produced at the farm gate. The Piedmontese beef production system showed comparable average environmental impacts with those found in other studies, even though high variability was observed in the studied farms. The GWP averaged 15.7 kg of CO2 eq/kg LW and ranged from 12.1 to 17.6 kg of CO2 eq/kg LW. The CED, LO and AP were on average 62.4 MJ/kg LW, 18.5 m2/y/kg LW and 305 g SO2 eq/kg LW, respectively. Differences in environmental impacts and GWP contribution analysis were mainly due to differences in cropping system management strategies and the consequent levels of feed self-sufficiency. A positive effect of high fertility and animal productivity was observed on the GWP (r=0.62; P<0.01), highlighting the importance of improving efficiency of these aspects for the reduction of emissions. From the contribution analysis of impact categories, the high cost of purchased feeds (in particular protein feeds), transport, and mineral fertilizers for feed production were highly relevant. However further research is needed to confirm these findings. Highlights - Study of 11 farms for two years. - High relevance of purchased feeds on environmental impacts. - Productive and reproductive performances are key points in reducing environmental impacts. - Importance of the valorisation of farm crop surfaces to satisfy animals’ needs.
{"title":"Evaluation of the environmental impacts of suckler calf-to-beef mixed crop-livestock farms in northern Italy: A farm-based study","authors":"Dennis Bonnin, F. Ferrero, E. Tabacco, Stefano Carena, G. Borreani","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.2017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.2017","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of the environmental impacts of beef production has been extensively debated in recent years. However, the research on this theme has mainly been based on farm-model studies with limited attention to contribution analysis of impact categories and aspects linked to cropping systems and feed self-sufficiency in mixed crop-livestock farms. This study evaluated the cradle-tofarm gate environmental impacts of mixed-crop livestock farms rearing the Piedmontese beef breed and suckler calf-to-beef operations in Northwest Italy. Data have been collected from detailed on-farm questionnaires, field books, and invoices of 11 farms over two years (2017-2018). The environmental impacts have been evaluated in terms of land occupation (LO, m2/year), global warming potential (GWP, kg CO2-eq), acidification potential (AP, g SO2-eq) and non-renewable cumulative energy demand (CED, MJ), using life cycle assessment methodology. The functional unit considered was one kilogram of live weight produced at the farm gate. The Piedmontese beef production system showed comparable average environmental impacts with those found in other studies, even though high variability was observed in the studied farms. The GWP averaged 15.7 kg of CO2 eq/kg LW and ranged from 12.1 to 17.6 kg of CO2 eq/kg LW. The CED, LO and AP were on average 62.4 MJ/kg LW, 18.5 m2/y/kg LW and 305 g SO2 eq/kg LW, respectively. Differences in environmental impacts and GWP contribution analysis were mainly due to differences in cropping system management strategies and the consequent levels of feed self-sufficiency. A positive effect of high fertility and animal productivity was observed on the GWP (r=0.62; P<0.01), highlighting the importance of improving efficiency of these aspects for the reduction of emissions. From the contribution analysis of impact categories, the high cost of purchased feeds (in particular protein feeds), transport, and mineral fertilizers for feed production were highly relevant. However further research is needed to confirm these findings.\u0000Highlights - Study of 11 farms for two years. - High relevance of purchased feeds on environmental impacts. - Productive and reproductive performances are key points in reducing environmental impacts. - Importance of the valorisation of farm crop surfaces to satisfy animals’ needs.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46435926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Javad Nouripour-Sisakht, P. Ehsanzadeh, M. H. Ehtemam
The potential of different medicinal species as alternative crops for saline conditions needs to be explored. Comparative physiological responses of germinating seeds and mature plants of three genotypes of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) to salt were studied in a 2-year field experiment using 0 and 100 mcM, and a laboratory experiment using 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mM NaCl. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities increased in the salt-stricken plants of all genotypes, but only peroxidase activity of the salt-treated plants of anise genotypes and two of the fennel genotypes increased under field conditions. Chlorophyll and K+ concentrations of all genotypes decreased, but proline and Na+ concentrations and Na+/K+ increased under saline conditions. Dry mass, grain yield, and essential oil yield decreased in the salt-exposed plants across all genotypes and species. Germination, root, and shoot length were suppressed upon exposure to saline water. Despite the increasing trend of the proline and polyphenol concentrations and catalase and peroxidases activities, ascorbate peroxidase activity of germinating seeds decreased with an increase in NaCl concentration. Smaller adverse effects of salt on fennel germination attributes, grain and essential oil yields were evident. Moreover, greater activities of antioxidative enzymes and maintained Na+ and Na+/K+ of salt-stricken fennel plants were observed. These findings indicate that germinating seeds and mature plants of fennel have a greater ability to withstand salinity than the other examined species.
{"title":"Fennel outperforms ajwain and anise in saline environment: physiological response mechanisms in germinating seeds and mature plants","authors":"Javad Nouripour-Sisakht, P. Ehsanzadeh, M. H. Ehtemam","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.2096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.2096","url":null,"abstract":"The potential of different medicinal species as alternative crops for saline conditions needs to be explored. Comparative physiological responses of germinating seeds and mature plants of three genotypes of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) to salt were studied in a 2-year field experiment using 0 and 100 mcM, and a laboratory experiment using 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mM NaCl. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities increased in the salt-stricken plants of all genotypes, but only peroxidase activity of the salt-treated plants of anise genotypes and two of the fennel genotypes increased under field conditions. Chlorophyll and K+ concentrations of all genotypes decreased, but proline and Na+ concentrations and Na+/K+ increased under saline conditions. Dry mass, grain yield, and essential oil yield decreased in the salt-exposed plants across all genotypes and species. Germination, root, and shoot length were suppressed upon exposure to saline water. Despite the increasing trend of the proline and polyphenol concentrations and catalase and peroxidases activities, ascorbate peroxidase activity of germinating seeds decreased with an increase in NaCl concentration. Smaller adverse effects of salt on fennel germination attributes, grain and essential oil yields were evident. Moreover, greater activities of antioxidative enzymes and maintained Na+ and Na+/K+ of salt-stricken fennel plants were observed. These findings indicate that germinating seeds and mature plants of fennel have a greater ability to withstand salinity than the other examined species.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45117217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bakirov, Yan Zhang, Qi Zhang, Shayakhmetova Altyn Seitahmetovna, Xiaojuan Yu, Yiji Shii, Yu Xu, Kai Wang, Mengfan Qin, Aixia Xu, Zhen Huang
Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that negatively affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. For many crop species, the germination stage is one of the most sensitive stages to salinity stress. This study evaluated salt tolerance in 200 Brassica napus L. germplasms using hierarchical cluster analysis based on multiple morphological parameters, including germination rate, root length, fresh weight of root, shoot length, fresh weight of shoot, and total fresh weight. Membership function was used as a comprehensive index to select and evaluate salt tolerance of these germplasms, identifying 8 highly salt-tolerant germplasms, 40 salt-tolerant germplasms, 65 moderate salt-tolerant germplasms, 52 salt-sensitive germplasms, and 35 highly saltsensitive germplasms lines. The responses of rapeseed germplasm to salt stress indicate differences in morphological parameters. Furthermore, NaCl showed a positive effect on total fresh weight and biomass production of some germplasms at a concentration of 100 mmol L–1. Since the correlation value of salt tolerance with total fresh weight was highest under 200 mmol L–1 NaCl, it can be considered the most reliable parameter to evaluate salt tolerance. Therefore, the findings of this study can be applied as an effective and reliable method for mass screening and evaluation of Brassica napus germplasm at the germination stage for breeding salt-tolerant rapeseed genotypes. Highlights - The salinity tolerance of 200 varieties of B. napus germplasms was investigated. - B. napus is more vulnerable to saline conditions during the germination and early reproductive stages than the vegetative and flowering periods. - Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, there was a wide variability of salinity tolerance among rapeseed germplasm. - Low concentration of sodium chloride had a positive effect on shoot and root growth, germination and total weight in some B. napus seedlings. - Total fresh weight can be utilized as the most efficient index for mass screening of salt tolerance in B. napus germplasms at the germination stage.
{"title":"Screening of salt tolerance traits and the salt tolerance evaluation method in Brassica napus at the seed germination stage","authors":"A. Bakirov, Yan Zhang, Qi Zhang, Shayakhmetova Altyn Seitahmetovna, Xiaojuan Yu, Yiji Shii, Yu Xu, Kai Wang, Mengfan Qin, Aixia Xu, Zhen Huang","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.2011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.2011","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that negatively affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. For many crop species, the germination stage is one of the most sensitive stages to salinity stress. This study evaluated salt tolerance in 200 Brassica napus L. germplasms using hierarchical cluster analysis based on multiple morphological parameters, including germination rate, root length, fresh weight of root, shoot length, fresh weight of shoot, and total fresh weight. Membership function was used as a comprehensive index to select and evaluate salt tolerance of these germplasms, identifying 8 highly salt-tolerant germplasms, 40 salt-tolerant germplasms, 65 moderate salt-tolerant germplasms, 52 salt-sensitive germplasms, and 35 highly saltsensitive germplasms lines. The responses of rapeseed germplasm to salt stress indicate differences in morphological parameters. Furthermore, NaCl showed a positive effect on total fresh weight and biomass production of some germplasms at a concentration of 100 mmol L–1. Since the correlation value of salt tolerance with total fresh weight was highest under 200 mmol L–1 NaCl, it can be considered the most reliable parameter to evaluate salt tolerance. Therefore, the findings of this study can be applied as an effective and reliable method for mass screening and evaluation of Brassica napus germplasm at the germination stage for breeding salt-tolerant rapeseed genotypes.\u0000Highlights - The salinity tolerance of 200 varieties of B. napus germplasms was investigated. - B. napus is more vulnerable to saline conditions during the germination and early reproductive stages than the vegetative and flowering periods. - Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, there was a wide variability of salinity tolerance among rapeseed germplasm. - Low concentration of sodium chloride had a positive effect on shoot and root growth, germination and total weight in some B. napus seedlings. - Total fresh weight can be utilized as the most efficient index for mass screening of salt tolerance in B. napus germplasms at the germination stage.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48247575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela Michavila, P. Alibrandi, P. Cinà, B. Welin, A. Castagnaro, N. Chalfoun, A. Noguera, A. Puglia, M. Ciaccio, J. Racedo
The plant microbiome plays an important role in nutrient acquisition and buffering plant hosts against abiotic and biotic stress. During in vitro propagation of sugarcane, pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated and most of the beneficial endophytic microorganisms. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterise potential plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) from sugarcane and to analyse their ability to improve the survival of micropropagated sugarcane plantlets during the acclimatisation stage. First, bacterial isolates from sugarcane were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing and tested for plant growth-promoting (PGP) features, such as inorganic and organic phosphate solubilisation nitrogen fixation, siderophore synthesis, indole-3-acetic acid production, tolerance to abiotic stress and antibiotics production. Then three bacterial strains with multiple PGP traits were independently applied to micropropagated seedlings of the sugarcane variety TUC 03-12 when the plants were transferred to a nursery for ex vitro acclimatisation. The effect of selected PGPB on survival rates of micropropagated plantlets was evaluated in three independent assays, using different batches of seedlings. Thirty days after inoculation, 182-Bacillus and 336-Pseudomonas isolates significantly improved the transferred plants survival rate. High variability in plant survival among independent experiments was observed, but treatments with the 336-Pseudomonas strain showed a low mortality rate (20%) in all assays. This procedure constitutes a biological tool to improve the survival of micropropagated plants during greenhouse acclimatisation. Furthermore, it provides an initial tool for selecting bacteria with possible PGP effects in the field. Highlights - A total of 162 isolates obtained from the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, roots, and stems of sugarcane were characterised for plant growthpromoting features and identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing. - Two PGPBs strains isolated from sugarcane (182-Bacillus and 336-Pseudomonas) significantly improved survival rates of micropropagated seedlings during the acclimatisation stage. - Under different stress conditions, the 336-Pseudomonas strain improved the survival of micropropagated plants during the acclimatisation stage.
{"title":"Plant growth-promoting bacteria isolated from sugarcane improve the survival of micropropagated plants during acclimatisation","authors":"Gabriela Michavila, P. Alibrandi, P. Cinà, B. Welin, A. Castagnaro, N. Chalfoun, A. Noguera, A. Puglia, M. Ciaccio, J. Racedo","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.2006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.2006","url":null,"abstract":"The plant microbiome plays an important role in nutrient acquisition and buffering plant hosts against abiotic and biotic stress. During in vitro propagation of sugarcane, pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated and most of the beneficial endophytic microorganisms. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterise potential plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) from sugarcane and to analyse their ability to improve the survival of micropropagated sugarcane plantlets during the acclimatisation stage. First, bacterial isolates from sugarcane were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing and tested for plant growth-promoting (PGP) features, such as inorganic and organic phosphate solubilisation nitrogen fixation, siderophore synthesis, indole-3-acetic acid production, tolerance to abiotic stress and antibiotics production. Then three bacterial strains with multiple PGP traits were independently applied to micropropagated seedlings of the sugarcane variety TUC 03-12 when the plants were transferred to a nursery for ex vitro acclimatisation. The effect of selected PGPB on survival rates of micropropagated plantlets was evaluated in three independent assays, using different batches of seedlings. Thirty days after inoculation, 182-Bacillus and 336-Pseudomonas isolates significantly improved the transferred plants survival rate. High variability in plant survival among independent experiments was observed, but treatments with the 336-Pseudomonas strain showed a low mortality rate (20%) in all assays. This procedure constitutes a biological tool to improve the survival of micropropagated plants during greenhouse acclimatisation. Furthermore, it provides an initial tool for selecting bacteria with possible PGP effects in the field.\u0000Highlights - A total of 162 isolates obtained from the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, roots, and stems of sugarcane were characterised for plant growthpromoting features and identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing. - Two PGPBs strains isolated from sugarcane (182-Bacillus and 336-Pseudomonas) significantly improved survival rates of micropropagated seedlings during the acclimatisation stage. - Under different stress conditions, the 336-Pseudomonas strain improved the survival of micropropagated plants during the acclimatisation stage.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48471699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) plant was grown in this study using different mineral fertilizers combinations. Effects of fertilizer treatments on green and drug herb yields, herb essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), essential oil yield, essential oil components (menthol, menthone, 1,8 cineole and menthofuran) and non-essential elements (heavy metal) (Pb, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd) were determined in two successive years (2011-2012). The highest green and drug herb yields were obtained from mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) treatments (24,980 kg ha–1 and 3070 kg ha–1) in the first year and from 15:15:15 treatments (16,950 kg ha–1 and 3080 kg ha–1) in the second year. Nutrient elements nitrogen 2.70% in MAP application, phosphorus 0.55% in mono potassium phosphate (MKP) application, potassium 3.12% in MAP application, calcium 1.47% in di ammonium phosphate (DAP) application, magnesium 0.36% in 15:15:15 application, iron 106 mg kg–1 in 15:15:15 application, copper 11.83 mg kg–1 in MAP application, zinc 35 mg kg–1 in MKP application and manganese 89 mg kg–1 in MAP application the highest value were respectively obtained from treatments. Concentrations of non-essential elements (Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) in herb were found to be below toxic values. In both years, the highest essential oil yields were obtained from MAP treatments (4.10% in the first year and 2.90% in the second year). The essential oil components of peppermint were menthol, menthone, 1,8 cineole and menthofuran and menthol was the major component in both years. Highlights- Nitrogen fertilizer applications increased herb yield.- In terms of plant nutrients, mono ammonium phosphate and 15:15:15 fertilizers were more effective than other fertilizer applications.- Heavy metal concentrations of peppermint herb were determined below the limit values.- The main compound in peppermint essential oils was menthol in both years.
以薄荷(Mentha x piperita L.)为研究对象，采用不同的矿质肥料组合进行栽培。连续两年(2011-2012)测定了施肥处理对绿草和药草产量、草本必需营养素(N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)、精油产量、精油成分(薄荷醇、薄荷酮、1,8桉叶脑和薄荷呋喃)和非必需元素(重金属)(Pb、Ni、Co、Cr和Cd)的影响。以磷酸一铵(MAP)处理第一年(24,980 kg ha-1和3070 kg ha-1)和15:15:15处理第二年(16,950 kg ha-1和3080 kg ha-1)的绿草和药用草本产量最高。各处理的营养元素氮(MAP)为2.70%，磷(MKP)为0.55%，钾(MAP)为3.12%，钙(DAP)为1.47%，镁(15:15:15)为0.36%，铁(15:15:15)为106 mg kg-1，铜(MAP)为11.83 mg kg-1，锌(MKP)为35 mg kg-1，锰(MAP)为89 mg kg-1。中草药中非必需元素(铅、镍、铬和镉)的浓度低于毒性值。在两年中，MAP处理的精油产量最高，第一年为4.10%，第二年为2.90%。薄荷精油成分主要为薄荷醇、薄荷酮、1,8桉叶脑和薄荷呋喃，两者均以薄荷醇为主。亮点:施氮肥提高了草本植物产量。-在植物养分方面，磷酸一铵和15:15:15肥料比其他肥料施用更有效。-薄荷中重金属含量低于限量值。-两年中薄荷精油中的主要化合物都是薄荷醇。
{"title":"Effect of different fertilizers on peppermint - Essential and non-essential nutrients, essential oils and yield","authors":"M. Tepecik, B. Ç. Esetlili, B. Oztürk, D. Anaç","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.1921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.1921","url":null,"abstract":"Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) plant was grown in this study using different mineral fertilizers combinations. Effects of fertilizer treatments on green and drug herb yields, herb essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), essential oil yield, essential oil components (menthol, menthone, 1,8 cineole and menthofuran) and non-essential elements (heavy metal) (Pb, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd) were determined in two successive years (2011-2012). The highest green and drug herb yields were obtained from mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) treatments (24,980 kg ha–1 and 3070 kg ha–1) in the first year and from 15:15:15 treatments (16,950 kg ha–1 and 3080 kg ha–1) in the second year. Nutrient elements nitrogen 2.70% in MAP application, phosphorus 0.55% in mono potassium phosphate (MKP) application, potassium 3.12% in MAP application, calcium 1.47% in di ammonium phosphate (DAP) application, magnesium 0.36% in 15:15:15 application, iron 106 mg kg–1 in 15:15:15 application, copper 11.83 mg kg–1 in MAP application, zinc 35 mg kg–1 in MKP application and manganese 89 mg kg–1 in MAP application the highest value were respectively obtained from treatments. Concentrations of non-essential elements (Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd) in herb were found to be below toxic values. In both years, the highest essential oil yields were obtained from MAP treatments (4.10% in the first year and 2.90% in the second year). The essential oil components of peppermint were menthol, menthone, 1,8 cineole and menthofuran and menthol was the major component in both years.\u0000 \u0000Highlights- Nitrogen fertilizer applications increased herb yield.- In terms of plant nutrients, mono ammonium phosphate and 15:15:15 fertilizers were more effective than other fertilizer applications.- Heavy metal concentrations of peppermint herb were determined below the limit values.- The main compound in peppermint essential oils was menthol in both years.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41451371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Greta Masserano, Barbara Moretti, C. Bertora, F. Vidotto, S. Monaco, Francesco Vocino, T. Vamerali, D. Sacco
Cover crop use in organic rice cropping systems efficiently manages the two most limiting factors in organic agriculture - weed competition and nutrient availability. Nonetheless, cover crop biomasses on soil surfaces under the anaerobic conditions in flooded rice systems produce organic acids (mainly acetic acid) that cause early phytotoxicity to rice seedling coleoptile and roots. This study evaluated the dose-response of acetic acid on germination rates and post-germination growth traits (coleoptile, first leaf, and roots). Under controlled conditions, the seeds of three rice varieties (Sant’Andrea, Salvo, and Selenio) were immersed in acetic acid concentrations (0, 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 ppm) for eight days. Germination results suggest that acetic acid likely scarred var. Salvo, based on a 15% faster germination rate compared to untreated controls. Across all varieties, increased acetic acid concentrations never slowed germination. During post-germination growth stages, root phytotoxicity was always more evident than shoot phytotoxicity, although the responses varied among the varieties. Root length damage appeared first at acetic acid concentrations of 36 ppm in var. Sant’Andrea and Selenio, and at 54 ppm in var. Salvo. Root length measurements provided explicit and speedy information on varietal tolerance to acetic acid and, consequently to cover crop fermentation and suggested that direct observation of root damage in paddy fields is valuable for prompt water management decisions, such as flooding interruption. Further development of this method may lead to more complete varietal screening and identification of related genetic traits responsible for tolerance. Highlights- Based on genotype, increasing acetic acid levels in flooding waters can speed rice germination.- Roots are more sensitive than shoots to acetic acid phytotoxicity during very early germination.- Early root length impairments provide information on tolerance to acetic acid phytotoxicity.- A slower germination rate may induce higher tolerance to green mulching.
{"title":"Acetic acid disturbs rice germination and post-germination under controlled conditions mimicking green mulching in flooded paddy","authors":"Greta Masserano, Barbara Moretti, C. Bertora, F. Vidotto, S. Monaco, Francesco Vocino, T. Vamerali, D. Sacco","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.1926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.1926","url":null,"abstract":"Cover crop use in organic rice cropping systems efficiently manages the two most limiting factors in organic agriculture - weed competition and nutrient availability. Nonetheless, cover crop biomasses on soil surfaces under the anaerobic conditions in flooded rice systems produce organic acids (mainly acetic acid) that cause early phytotoxicity to rice seedling coleoptile and roots. This study evaluated the dose-response of acetic acid on germination rates and post-germination growth traits (coleoptile, first leaf, and roots). Under controlled conditions, the seeds of three rice varieties (Sant’Andrea, Salvo, and Selenio) were immersed in acetic acid concentrations (0, 9, 18, 36, 54, and 72 ppm) for eight days. Germination results suggest that acetic acid likely scarred var. Salvo, based on a 15% faster germination rate compared to untreated controls. Across all varieties, increased acetic acid concentrations never slowed germination. During post-germination growth stages, root phytotoxicity was always more evident than shoot phytotoxicity, although the responses varied among the varieties. Root length damage appeared first at acetic acid concentrations of 36 ppm in var. Sant’Andrea and Selenio, and at 54 ppm in var. Salvo. Root length measurements provided explicit and speedy information on varietal tolerance to acetic acid and, consequently to cover crop fermentation and suggested that direct observation of root damage in paddy fields is valuable for prompt water management decisions, such as flooding interruption. Further development of this method may lead to more complete varietal screening and identification of related genetic traits responsible for tolerance.\u0000Highlights- Based on genotype, increasing acetic acid levels in flooding waters can speed rice germination.- Roots are more sensitive than shoots to acetic acid phytotoxicity during very early germination.- Early root length impairments provide information on tolerance to acetic acid phytotoxicity.- A slower germination rate may induce higher tolerance to green mulching.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42094634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khaoula Boudabbous, I. Bouhaouel, N. Benaissa, Marwa Jerbi, Y. Trifa, A. Sahli, C. Karmous, H. Amara
Understanding the relationship between durum wheat genotypes and soil biochemistry under salt stress plays a key role in breeding for yield superior genotypes. Thus, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), the activity of three selected enzymes including dehydrogenase (D-ase), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-ase) and protease (P-ase), and available phosphorus (available P) and nitrogen (available N) were assessed. Two landraces and two improved varieties were tested under two salinity levels of water irrigation (0.3 and 12 dS m–1). Soil sampling was carried out at five durum wheat growth stages. The soil biota-genotype interaction seems to affect the biological (MBC, MBN, and enzymatic activities) and chemical (available P and N) traits. The microbial activity of rhizospheric soil was higher at the tillering and flowering stages. Under saline conditions, ‘Maali’ (improved variety) and ‘Agili Glabre’ (landrace) showed the best belowground inputs (e.g., MBC, MBN, enzymatic activities, available P and N) and grain yield (GY) performance. Under the same conditions, four soil biochemical indicators of GY of tolerant genotypes (i.e., ‘Maali’ and ‘Agili Glabre’) were determined as: available N, P-ase, available P, Alk-ase, and D-ase. Stepwise analysis revealed that predictive variables depended on growth stages. Overall, MBC, available N, Alk-ase, and P-ase were the variables that contributed mostly to predicting GY in saline environments. In conclusion, the results suggested a specific interaction between plant genotype roots and soil microbes to overcome salt stress. Thus, soil biological components should acquire more importance in plant salinity tolerance studies. Highlights - Salt-tolerant durum wheat genotypes showed greater microbial activities in the rhizosphere. - Microbial enzymatic changes depended on the interaction plant genotype × soil salinity. - The MBC/MBN ratio and dehydrogenase strongly correlated with grain yield under salinity. - MBC, available N, and alkaline phosphatase as predictors of grain yield at 12 dS m–1. - Tillering and flowering could be key stages of durum wheat salinity tolerance.
{"title":"Durum wheat salt stress tolerance is modulated by the interaction between plant genotypes, soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activity","authors":"Khaoula Boudabbous, I. Bouhaouel, N. Benaissa, Marwa Jerbi, Y. Trifa, A. Sahli, C. Karmous, H. Amara","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.1942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.1942","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between durum wheat genotypes and soil biochemistry under salt stress plays a key role in breeding for yield superior genotypes. Thus, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), the activity of three selected enzymes including dehydrogenase (D-ase), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-ase) and protease (P-ase), and available phosphorus (available P) and nitrogen (available N) were assessed. Two landraces and two improved varieties were tested under two salinity levels of water irrigation (0.3 and 12 dS m–1). Soil sampling was carried out at five durum wheat growth stages. The soil biota-genotype interaction seems to affect the biological (MBC, MBN, and enzymatic activities) and chemical (available P and N) traits. The microbial activity of rhizospheric soil was higher at the tillering and flowering stages. Under saline conditions, ‘Maali’ (improved variety) and ‘Agili Glabre’ (landrace) showed the best belowground inputs (e.g., MBC, MBN, enzymatic activities, available P and N) and grain yield (GY) performance. Under the same conditions, four soil biochemical indicators of GY of tolerant genotypes (i.e., ‘Maali’ and ‘Agili Glabre’) were determined as: available N, P-ase, available P, Alk-ase, and D-ase. Stepwise analysis revealed that predictive variables depended on growth stages. Overall, MBC, available N, Alk-ase, and P-ase were the variables that contributed mostly to predicting GY in saline environments. In conclusion, the results suggested a specific interaction between plant genotype roots and soil microbes to overcome salt stress. Thus, soil biological components should acquire more importance in plant salinity tolerance studies. \u0000Highlights \u0000- Salt-tolerant durum wheat genotypes showed greater microbial activities in the rhizosphere. \u0000- Microbial enzymatic changes depended on the interaction plant genotype × soil salinity. \u0000- The MBC/MBN ratio and dehydrogenase strongly correlated with grain yield under salinity. \u0000- MBC, available N, and alkaline phosphatase as predictors of grain yield at 12 dS m–1. \u0000- Tillering and flowering could be key stages of durum wheat salinity tolerance. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70191054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Livia Paleari,Ermes Movedi,Fosco M. Vesely,Matteo Tettamanti,Daniele Piva,Roberto Confalonieri
Cultivar recommendation is crucial for achieving high and stable yields, and it can be successfully supported by crop models because of their capability of exploring genotype × environment × management interactions. Different modelling approaches have been developed to this end, mostly relying on dedicated field trials to characterize the germplasm of interest. Here, we show how even data routinely collected in operational contexts can be used for model-based cultivar recommendation, with a case study on phenological traits and field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Eight hundred and four datasets including days from sowing to plant emergence, first flower, and maturity were collected in Northern Italy from 2017 to 2020 and they were used to optimize six parameters (base, optimum, and maximum temperature for development, growing degree days to reach emergence, flowering and maturity) of the crop model WOFOST-GT2 for 13 cultivars. This allowed obtaining the phenotypic profiles for these cultivars at functional traits level, without the need of carrying out dedicated phenotypizations. Sensitivity analysis (SA) techniques (E-FAST) and the statistical distributions of the optimized parameters were used to design pea ideotypes able to maximize yields and yield stability in 24 agro-climatic contexts (three soil conditions × two sowing times × four agro-climatic classes). For each of these contexts, the 13 cultivars were ranked according to their similarity to the ideotype based on the weighted Euclidean distance. Results of SA identified growing degree days to reach flowering as the trait mainly affecting crop productivity, although cardinal temperatures also played a role, especially in case of early sowings. This reflected in the ideotypes and, therefore, in cultivar ranking, leading to recommend a panel of cultivars characterized by low base temperature and high thermal requirements to reach flowering. Despite the limits of the study, which is focused only on phenological traits, it represents an extension of available approaches for model-aided cultivar recommendation, given the methodology we propose is able to take full advantage of the potentialities of crop models without requiring dedicated experiments aimed at profiling the germplasm of interest at the level of functional traits.
{"title":"Decomposing complex traits through crop modelling to support cultivar recommendation. A proof of concept with focus on phenology and field pea","authors":"Livia Paleari,Ermes Movedi,Fosco M. Vesely,Matteo Tettamanti,Daniele Piva,Roberto Confalonieri","doi":"10.4081/ija.2022.1998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2022.1998","url":null,"abstract":"Cultivar recommendation is crucial for achieving high and stable yields, and it can be successfully supported by crop models because of their capability of exploring genotype × environment × management interactions. Different modelling approaches have been developed to this end, mostly relying on dedicated field trials to characterize the germplasm of interest. Here, we show how even data routinely collected in operational contexts can be used for model-based cultivar recommendation, with a case study on phenological traits and field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Eight hundred and four datasets including days from sowing to plant emergence, first flower, and maturity were collected in Northern Italy from 2017 to 2020 and they were used to optimize six parameters (base, optimum, and maximum temperature for development, growing degree days to reach emergence, flowering and maturity) of the crop model WOFOST-GT2 for 13 cultivars. This allowed obtaining the phenotypic profiles for these cultivars at functional traits level, without the need of carrying out dedicated phenotypizations. Sensitivity analysis (SA) techniques (E-FAST) and the statistical distributions of the optimized parameters were used to design pea ideotypes able to maximize yields and yield stability in 24 agro-climatic contexts (three soil conditions × two sowing times × four agro-climatic classes). For each of these contexts, the 13 cultivars were ranked according to their similarity to the ideotype based on the weighted Euclidean distance. Results of SA identified growing degree days to reach flowering as the trait mainly affecting crop productivity, although cardinal temperatures also played a role, especially in case of early sowings. This reflected in the ideotypes and, therefore, in cultivar ranking, leading to recommend a panel of cultivars characterized by low base temperature and high thermal requirements to reach flowering. Despite the limits of the study, which is focused only on phenological traits, it represents an extension of available approaches for model-aided cultivar recommendation, given the methodology we propose is able to take full advantage of the potentialities of crop models without requiring dedicated experiments aimed at profiling the germplasm of interest at the level of functional traits.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":"135 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A scoping review of the relevant literature was carried out to identify the existing N recommendation systems, their temporal and geographical diffusion, and knowledge gaps. In total, 151 studies were identified and categorized. Seventy-six percent of N recommendation systems are empirical and based on spatialized vegetation indices (73% of them); 21% are based on mechanistic crop simulation models with limited use of spatialized data (26% of them); 3% are based on machine learning techniques with integration of spatialized and non-spatialized data. Recommendation systems started to appear worldwide in 2000; often they were applied in the same location where calibration had been carried out. Thirty percent of the studies use advanced recommendation techniques, such as sensor/approach fusion (44%), algorithm add-ons (30%), estimation of environmental benefits (13%), and multi-objective decisions (13%). Some limitations have been identified. Empirical systems need specific calibrations for each site, species and sensor, rarely using soil, vegetation and weather data together, while mechanistic systems need large input data sets, often non-spatialized. We conclude that N recommendation systems can be improved by better data and the integration of algorithms.
{"title":"A scoping review of side-dress nitrogen recommendation systems and their perspectives in precision agriculture","authors":"M. Corti, V. Fassa, L. Bechini","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1951","url":null,"abstract":"A scoping review of the relevant literature was carried out to identify the existing N recommendation systems, their temporal and geographical diffusion, and knowledge gaps. In total, 151 studies were identified and categorized. Seventy-six percent of N recommendation systems are empirical and based on spatialized vegetation indices (73% of them); 21% are based on mechanistic crop simulation models with limited use of spatialized data (26% of them); 3% are based on machine learning techniques with integration of spatialized and non-spatialized data. Recommendation systems started to appear worldwide in 2000; often they were applied in the same location where calibration had been carried out. Thirty percent of the studies use advanced recommendation techniques, such as sensor/approach fusion (44%), algorithm add-ons (30%), estimation of environmental benefits (13%), and multi-objective decisions (13%). Some limitations have been identified. Empirical systems need specific calibrations for each site, species and sensor, rarely using soil, vegetation and weather data together, while mechanistic systems need large input data sets, often non-spatialized. We conclude that N recommendation systems can be improved by better data and the integration of algorithms.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44830775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monica Flores, M. Urrestarazu, A. Amorós, V. Escalona
Changes in plant responses have been associated with different fractions of the visible spectrum and light intensity. Advances in light emitting diodes (LED) have enabled the study of the effect of narrow wavelengths on plant growth and antioxidant compound synthesis. LED technology also facilitates the incorporation of light sources in a controlled setting where light spectra and intensity can be regulated. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two commercial light spectra (S1: standard white light with 32.8% blue, 42.5% green, 21.7% red and 2.4% far red;S2: AP67 spectrum, designed for horticultural growth, with 16.9% blue, 20.5% green, 49.7% red and 12.3% far red) at two light intensities [LI: low intensity (78 µmol·m-2s-1 of photons for S1 and 62 µmol·m-2s-1 for S2, and HI: high intensity (102 and 100 µmol·m-2s-1 for S1 and S2, respectively)] on growth and antioxidant compound contents in two leafy vegetables: endive (Cichorium endivia L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and DW% of plants were taken as growth indicators. Leaf number, SPAD index, leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) were also evaluated. Antioxidant synthesis was measured as total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA). The results showed that S2 and HI increased the FW, DW, and LA in both species. On the other hand, antioxidant compound contents were significantly increased by HI but did not vary with the spectrum.
{"title":"High intensity and red enriched LED lights increased growth of lettuce and endive","authors":"Monica Flores, M. Urrestarazu, A. Amorós, V. Escalona","doi":"10.4081/ija.2021.1915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1915","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in plant responses have been associated with different fractions of the visible spectrum and light intensity. Advances in light emitting diodes (LED) have enabled the study of the effect of narrow wavelengths on plant growth and antioxidant compound synthesis. LED technology also facilitates the incorporation of light sources in a controlled setting where light spectra and intensity can be regulated. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two commercial light spectra (S1: standard white light with 32.8% blue, 42.5% green, 21.7% red and 2.4% far red;S2: AP67 spectrum, designed for horticultural growth, with 16.9% blue, 20.5% green, 49.7% red and 12.3% far red) at two light intensities [LI: low intensity (78 µmol·m-2s-1 of photons for S1 and 62 µmol·m-2s-1 for S2, and HI: high intensity (102 and 100 µmol·m-2s-1 for S1 and S2, respectively)] on growth and antioxidant compound contents in two leafy vegetables: endive (Cichorium endivia L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and DW% of plants were taken as growth indicators. Leaf number, SPAD index, leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) were also evaluated. Antioxidant synthesis was measured as total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AA). The results showed that S2 and HI increased the FW, DW, and LA in both species. On the other hand, antioxidant compound contents were significantly increased by HI but did not vary with the spectrum.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46598520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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