S. Baliuk, L. Vorotyntseva, M. Zakharova, L. Janse
This research aimed to assess the impact of deep ploughing, with manuring and manuring alone, as well as the effects of different calcium ameliorants on physicochemical properties, fertility, and crop productivity of calcic chernozems in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine over a period of 7 years. Deep ploughing with manure had long-term positive effects on the mentioned characteristics of chernozems that were irrigated with brackish water over a long period. The bulk density decreased from 1.2 to 0.98 g/cm3, while the carbonate content increased to 8.7%. The humus layer increased from 50 to 75 cm. The exchangeable sodium and potassium percentage decreased from 7 to 3.9-4.8% and crop yield increased by 21-38%. These positive effects of deep ploughing and manuring persisted throughout the entire 7-year period. The effect of calcium ameliorants lasted shorter (only 3-4 seasons) and was as follows: i) the degree of soil sodicity decreased from medium to weak; ii) the content of exchangeable sodium and potassium decreased from 7 to 4.1-5.5%; iii) the content of carbonates in the root zone increased from 2.7 to 3.3%; iv) the crop yield increased by 10-30%. All measures proved to be effective in mitigating the sodicity and salinity of affected chernozems.
{"title":"Mitigation of salinization and sodification of chernozems irrigated by brackish water","authors":"S. Baliuk, L. Vorotyntseva, M. Zakharova, L. Janse","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2190","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to assess the impact of deep ploughing, with manuring and manuring alone, as well as the effects of different calcium ameliorants on physicochemical properties, fertility, and crop productivity of calcic chernozems in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine over a period of 7 years. Deep ploughing with manure had long-term positive effects on the mentioned characteristics of chernozems that were irrigated with brackish water over a long period. The bulk density decreased from 1.2 to 0.98 g/cm3, while the carbonate content increased to 8.7%. The humus layer increased from 50 to 75 cm. The exchangeable sodium and potassium percentage decreased from 7 to 3.9-4.8% and crop yield increased by 21-38%. These positive effects of deep ploughing and manuring persisted throughout the entire 7-year period. The effect of calcium ameliorants lasted shorter (only 3-4 seasons) and was as follows: i) the degree of soil sodicity decreased from medium to weak; ii) the content of exchangeable sodium and potassium decreased from 7 to 4.1-5.5%; iii) the content of carbonates in the root zone increased from 2.7 to 3.3%; iv) the crop yield increased by 10-30%. All measures proved to be effective in mitigating the sodicity and salinity of affected chernozems.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sifola, I. D. Di Mola, L. Ottaiano, E. Cozzolino, C. El-Nakhel, Y. Rouphael, M. Mori
Soil secondary salinity due to irrigation is a condition that frequently occurs in Mediterranean areas, and negatively affects crop growth and yield. Biostimulants are proven to alleviate the detrimental effect of salinity on plant growth and production. Four increasing saline concentration levels of water irrigation reaching 6.0 dS m-1 (Electrical Conductivity - EC) were combined with foliar biostimulant treatments (tropical plants and a protein hydrolysate) in pots containing wild rocket. The combined effect of experimental factors improved the SPAD index with greater increases in the EC4 and EC6 plants (+9 and +12% compared to untreated, respectively) but also caused an increase in nitrate content (+48%, on average, compared to the untreated control) without exceeding the EC legal threshold. Overall, for the other parameters analyzed, the response of wild rocket both to application of both salinity and biostimulant was consistent with previous studies. Our results show that biostimulant effectiveness in alleviating the detrimental effect of salinity was not evident for all parameters analyzed. In addition, harvest time affected most parameters, showing the important role of growing conditions in modulating plant response to salinity stress when biostimulants are applied. Plant response thus seems to depend on biostimulant application (type, dose, timing), growing conditions, and genetic traits.
{"title":"Assessment of yield and nitrate content of wild rocket grown under salinity and subjected to biostimulant application","authors":"M. Sifola, I. D. Di Mola, L. Ottaiano, E. Cozzolino, C. El-Nakhel, Y. Rouphael, M. Mori","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2187","url":null,"abstract":"Soil secondary salinity due to irrigation is a condition that frequently occurs in Mediterranean areas, and negatively affects crop growth and yield. Biostimulants are proven to alleviate the detrimental effect of salinity on plant growth and production. Four increasing saline concentration levels of water irrigation reaching 6.0 dS m-1 (Electrical Conductivity - EC) were combined with foliar biostimulant treatments (tropical plants and a protein hydrolysate) in pots containing wild rocket. The combined effect of experimental factors improved the SPAD index with greater increases in the EC4 and EC6 plants (+9 and +12% compared to untreated, respectively) but also caused an increase in nitrate content (+48%, on average, compared to the untreated control) without exceeding the EC legal threshold. Overall, for the other parameters analyzed, the response of wild rocket both to application of both salinity and biostimulant was consistent with previous studies. Our results show that biostimulant effectiveness in alleviating the detrimental effect of salinity was not evident for all parameters analyzed. In addition, harvest time affected most parameters, showing the important role of growing conditions in modulating plant response to salinity stress when biostimulants are applied. Plant response thus seems to depend on biostimulant application (type, dose, timing), growing conditions, and genetic traits.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48977570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Paz, E. Amezketa, L. Canfora, N. Castanheira, G. Falsone, M. Gonçalves, Ian Gould, Biser Hristov, M. Mastrorilli, T. Ramos, R. Thompson, Edoardo A.C. Costantini
The area of salt-affected soils is increasing globally, mainly due to land use and management malpractices, which can threaten soil health and the sustainability of farms. Climate change is likely to increase the prevalence of salt-affected soils in many agricultural areas due to increased aridity and, in coastal areas, due to the increase in sea water level. The causes and processes that develop salt-affected soils are diverse and can result in soil salinity, sodicity, alkalinity, or a combination of these conditions. There is a need to continuously update strategies to tackle salt-affected soils, finding solutions tailored at different scales. This work presents a review of the current knowledge related to salt-affected soils and identifies specific strategies and related case studies for the prevention, mitigation, and adaptation to salt accumulation in soils at the field scale while addressing their limitations, advantages, research needs, and innovation potential. The presented case studies show that adequate irrigation management and drainage can be used as a preventive measure to counter salt accumulation in soils. Phyto and bioremediation can be effective practices for the mitigation of soil sodicity. Leaching and drainage can be effective measures for mitigation of soil salinity. Crop rotation and management of soil organic matter can be used as adaptative measures that improve plant tolerance to salt-affected soils, while a newer approach, microbial management, shows innovation potential as an adaptative measure.
{"title":"Salt-affected soils: field-scale strategies for prevention, mitigation, and adaptation to salt accumulation","authors":"A. Paz, E. Amezketa, L. Canfora, N. Castanheira, G. Falsone, M. Gonçalves, Ian Gould, Biser Hristov, M. Mastrorilli, T. Ramos, R. Thompson, Edoardo A.C. Costantini","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2166","url":null,"abstract":"The area of salt-affected soils is increasing globally, mainly due to land use and management malpractices, which can threaten soil health and the sustainability of farms. Climate change is likely to increase the prevalence of salt-affected soils in many agricultural areas due to increased aridity and, in coastal areas, due to the increase in sea water level. The causes and processes that develop salt-affected soils are diverse and can result in soil salinity, sodicity, alkalinity, or a combination of these conditions. There is a need to continuously update strategies to tackle salt-affected soils, finding solutions tailored at different scales. This work presents a review of the current knowledge related to salt-affected soils and identifies specific strategies and related case studies for the prevention, mitigation, and adaptation to salt accumulation in soils at the field scale while addressing their limitations, advantages, research needs, and innovation potential. The presented case studies show that adequate irrigation management and drainage can be used as a preventive measure to counter salt accumulation in soils. Phyto and bioremediation can be effective practices for the mitigation of soil sodicity. Leaching and drainage can be effective measures for mitigation of soil salinity. Crop rotation and management of soil organic matter can be used as adaptative measures that improve plant tolerance to salt-affected soils, while a newer approach, microbial management, shows innovation potential as an adaptative measure.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47541133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea Salvucci, Dominique Serrani, A. Agnelli, V. Cardelli, Lorenzo Camponi, G. Corti, S. Cocco
Drylands represent about one-third of the global land and mainly occur in Africa and Asia. Because of the arid conditions, dryland soils are characterized by salt accumulation. Although salt-affected soils are unsuitable for agriculture, some arid lands have been cultivated for a long time. However, especially in the last decades, because of the increasingly warmer climatic conditions and human migration toward favorable environments, a progressive abandonment and degradation of drylands has occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effects of cultivation on saline soils to develop appropriate soil management techniques to ensure their fertility. This work aims to evaluate the evolution of salinization from currently cultivated soils to soils that have been abandoned for different lengths of time in arid areas of central Tunisia. Morphological and physicochemical properties of the studied soils indicated that the cultivation, through irrigation and the presence of soil cover, reduced salt accumulation in the upper soil horizons. Salt leaching towards deeper horizons and depressed evaporation, which reduced capillary rising, maintained electrical conductivity within tolerable values for most crops. Conversely, the abandonment of previously cultivated fields compromised soil fertility, threatening soil conservation and stabilization of agricultural production in the medium to long term.
{"title":"Impact of agricultural management on salts accumulation in dryland soils of central Tunisia","authors":"Andrea Salvucci, Dominique Serrani, A. Agnelli, V. Cardelli, Lorenzo Camponi, G. Corti, S. Cocco","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2186","url":null,"abstract":"Drylands represent about one-third of the global land and mainly occur in Africa and Asia. Because of the arid conditions, dryland soils are characterized by salt accumulation. Although salt-affected soils are unsuitable for agriculture, some arid lands have been cultivated for a long time. However, especially in the last decades, because of the increasingly warmer climatic conditions and human migration toward favorable environments, a progressive abandonment and degradation of drylands has occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effects of cultivation on saline soils to develop appropriate soil management techniques to ensure their fertility. This work aims to evaluate the evolution of salinization from currently cultivated soils to soils that have been abandoned for different lengths of time in arid areas of central Tunisia. Morphological and physicochemical properties of the studied soils indicated that the cultivation, through irrigation and the presence of soil cover, reduced salt accumulation in the upper soil horizons. Salt leaching towards deeper horizons and depressed evaporation, which reduced capillary rising, maintained electrical conductivity within tolerable values for most crops. Conversely, the abandonment of previously cultivated fields compromised soil fertility, threatening soil conservation and stabilization of agricultural production in the medium to long term.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44126859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Salt-affected soils: a sustainability challenge in a changing world","authors":"J. Batlle-Sales","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2188","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43697709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryline Darmaun, L. Hossard, S. de Tourdonnet, J. Chotte, Juliette Lairez, E. Scopel, N. F. Faye, L. Chapuis-Lardy, M. Ndienor, Mame Farma Ndiaye Cissé, T. Chevallier
Assessing the conditions and performance of agroecological transitions in different contexts is key to supporting these transitions. However, assessing agroecological transitions presents methodological challenges, including: 1) being adaptable to local conditions, 2) consideration of social interactions among stakeholders involved in transitions, 3) clarifying the concept of agroecology, 4) consideration of the temporal dynamics of the transitions to better understand barriers and levers in their development, and 5) using a participatory bottom-up approach. The objective of this research was to design a method that provided evidence on 1) the barriers and levers in the development of agroecological transitions, and 2) their performance related to four dimensions: techno-economic issues, agroecosystem health, quality of life and resilience. To design, test and adapt such a method, while also involving end-users, we adopted a co-design approach based on prototyping. The co-design approach unfolded in nine stages alternating research work and co-design with end-users. The prototype was built on the approaches of existing published methods covering the five challenges for assessing agroecological transitions. It consisted of a four chronological step assessment method. The first three steps consisted of framing the assessment, with the final step a multidimensional performance assessment, using an initial set of 73 indicators to cover the four dimensions. The prototype was then tested and adapted in the village of Sare Boubou, Senegal, which is going through an agroecological transition supported by a non-governmental organization. Changes during the testing and adaptation phase affected three steps of the prototype and allowed the initial prototype to adapt to the case study’s specificities, related to its scale and context. Context-related changes particularly affected the performance assessment, with a total of 31 indicators changed. The analysis of barriers and levers revealed that the transition began 29 years ago, achieved a fair level of advancement and yet was still ongoing. Results revealed heterogeneity between the nine households of the village in terms of: uptake of agroecological practices, household resources, diversification of activities, coverage of food needs through production and level of sales. This heterogeneity explained the large variability in household multidimensional performances across all dimensions. Large disparities were also noticeable at the individual level between men, women and young men in the village regarding the level of education, empowerment and participation in knowledge sharing networks. Despite a method seen as time-consuming and data intensive, end-user validation acknowledged the comprehensiveness of the method and its usefulness for steering and managing agroecological transitions, making it possible to identify levers for action at different scales.
{"title":"Co-designing a method to assess agroecological transitions: results of a case study in Senegal","authors":"Maryline Darmaun, L. Hossard, S. de Tourdonnet, J. Chotte, Juliette Lairez, E. Scopel, N. F. Faye, L. Chapuis-Lardy, M. Ndienor, Mame Farma Ndiaye Cissé, T. Chevallier","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2195","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing the conditions and performance of agroecological transitions in different contexts is key to supporting these transitions. However, assessing agroecological transitions presents methodological challenges, including: 1) being adaptable to local conditions, 2) consideration of social interactions among stakeholders involved in transitions, 3) clarifying the concept of agroecology, 4) consideration of the temporal dynamics of the transitions to better understand barriers and levers in their development, and 5) using a participatory bottom-up approach. The objective of this research was to design a method that provided evidence on 1) the barriers and levers in the development of agroecological transitions, and 2) their performance related to four dimensions: techno-economic issues, agroecosystem health, quality of life and resilience. To design, test and adapt such a method, while also involving end-users, we adopted a co-design approach based on prototyping. The co-design approach unfolded in nine stages alternating research work and co-design with end-users. The prototype was built on the approaches of existing published methods covering the five challenges for assessing agroecological transitions. It consisted of a four chronological step assessment method. The first three steps consisted of framing the assessment, with the final step a multidimensional performance assessment, using an initial set of 73 indicators to cover the four dimensions. The prototype was then tested and adapted in the village of Sare Boubou, Senegal, which is going through an agroecological transition supported by a non-governmental organization. Changes during the testing and adaptation phase affected three steps of the prototype and allowed the initial prototype to adapt to the case study’s specificities, related to its scale and context. Context-related changes particularly affected the performance assessment, with a total of 31 indicators changed. The analysis of barriers and levers revealed that the transition began 29 years ago, achieved a fair level of advancement and yet was still ongoing. Results revealed heterogeneity between the nine households of the village in terms of: uptake of agroecological practices, household resources, diversification of activities, coverage of food needs through production and level of sales. This heterogeneity explained the large variability in household multidimensional performances across all dimensions. Large disparities were also noticeable at the individual level between men, women and young men in the village regarding the level of education, empowerment and participation in knowledge sharing networks. Despite a method seen as time-consuming and data intensive, end-user validation acknowledged the comprehensiveness of the method and its usefulness for steering and managing agroecological transitions, making it possible to identify levers for action at different scales.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45521190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rada Šućur, V. Mladenov, B. Banjac, D. Trkulja, S. Mikić, Maja Šumaruna, A. Börner
The goal of this research is to test breeding material of different geographical origin, and material that is adapted to different agro-climatic regions. This research examines how different wheat genotypes behave in the climatic conditions of the Pannonian Plain, where environmental stress occur more and more frequently. Fifteen divergent wheat genotypes were evaluated for grain yield, heading time and yield components (spike length, grain weight per spike and plant height) across seasons 2017/2018, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. By applying the ANOVA model, significant differences between tested traits were recorded among the analyzed genotypes. Among the genotypes there was a variability that ranged widely for all tested traits. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5.48% for plant height to 41.03% for grain weight per spike. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships between grain yield and grain weight per spike (r=0.87), as well as between plant height and heading time (r=0.65). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also applied in order to determine the differences between wheat genotypes. This yield marker study, which was carried out in the Western Balkans, could be very valuable in providing breeders with the information they need to evaluate their breeding programs.
{"title":"Phenotypic marker study of worldwide wheat germplasm","authors":"Rada Šućur, V. Mladenov, B. Banjac, D. Trkulja, S. Mikić, Maja Šumaruna, A. Börner","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2194","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this research is to test breeding material of different geographical origin, and material that is adapted to different agro-climatic regions. This research examines how different wheat genotypes behave in the climatic conditions of the Pannonian Plain, where environmental stress occur more and more frequently. Fifteen divergent wheat genotypes were evaluated for grain yield, heading time and yield components (spike length, grain weight per spike and plant height) across seasons 2017/2018, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. By applying the ANOVA model, significant differences between tested traits were recorded among the analyzed genotypes. Among the genotypes there was a variability that ranged widely for all tested traits. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5.48% for plant height to 41.03% for grain weight per spike. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships between grain yield and grain weight per spike (r=0.87), as well as between plant height and heading time (r=0.65). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also applied in order to determine the differences between wheat genotypes. This yield marker study, which was carried out in the Western Balkans, could be very valuable in providing breeders with the information they need to evaluate their breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43714209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on hazelnut cultivation. Data are obtained from 196 hazelnut farmers in Turkey. Farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics and satisfaction with COVID-19 precautions are compared by geographical region. Exploratory factor analysis is used to examine the impact of COVID-19, with comparisons made before and during the pandemic via a paired-samples t-test. The results indicate that, though farmers in Ordu and Sakarya have similar socioeconomics and farm assets, they were affected differently by the COVID-19 pandemic. Fertilization costs increased by 60.5%, pesticide costs by 64.4%, and labor wages by 19.1% during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas hazelnut sales prices only increased by 5.2%. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 can be explained across four dimensions: timing issues, increase in input prices, inability to access financial resources, and logistics issues. To generalize the results, it may be appropriate to select similar farmers in different regions and compare monetary values in real terms. In particular, farmers’ increased interest in digital resources due to the pandemic should be considered an opportunity for digital transformation in agricultural extension.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hazelnut production","authors":"M Beheşti Aydoğan","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2192","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on hazelnut cultivation. Data are obtained from 196 hazelnut farmers in Turkey. Farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics and satisfaction with COVID-19 precautions are compared by geographical region. Exploratory factor analysis is used to examine the impact of COVID-19, with comparisons made before and during the pandemic via a paired-samples t-test. The results indicate that, though farmers in Ordu and Sakarya have similar socioeconomics and farm assets, they were affected differently by the COVID-19 pandemic. Fertilization costs increased by 60.5%, pesticide costs by 64.4%, and labor wages by 19.1% during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas hazelnut sales prices only increased by 5.2%. Overall, the impact of COVID-19 can be explained across four dimensions: timing issues, increase in input prices, inability to access financial resources, and logistics issues. To generalize the results, it may be appropriate to select similar farmers in different regions and compare monetary values in real terms. In particular, farmers’ increased interest in digital resources due to the pandemic should be considered an opportunity for digital transformation in agricultural extension.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44679509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Tauseef Jaffar, Z. Zahir, Jianguo Zhang, A. Dar, Muhaimen Ayyub, H. Asghar
Weeds are one of the major limiting factors for wheat production. So, a study was conducted to integrate allelopathic bacteria with reduced dose of chemical herbicide for sustainable wheat production in wild oat infestation. Cyanide-producing Pseudomonas strains were applied in four combinations with and without two chemical herbicides (Axial and Atlantis) at 25% and 50% recommended dose under axenic conditions. Results showed that C4 combination significantly reduced growth and development of wild oat under 50% Axial while increase wheat growth. Afterward, C4 combination and Axial herbicide were selected for field evaluation, where it reduced the weed density (82.1%), SPAD value (26.0%) and grain yield (88.2%) under 75% Axial, and relative wild oat density (70.9%), photosynthetic rate (26.6%) and transpiration rate (25.6%) under 50% Axial in wild oat. While C4 combination improved SPAD value (26.9%), shoot length (10.1%), tillering (33.3%), biological yield (32.7%), straw yield (24.4%), grain yield (46.8%), transpiration rate (9.6%) and stomatal conductance (14.7%) in wheat under 75% Axial. The increase in growth and yield of wheat was found at par with C4 under 50% and 75% Axial. Thus, it is concluded that allelopathic bacteria could be used with 50% Axial for sustainable wheat production under wild oat.
{"title":"Harmonious impacts of allelopathic bacteria with chemical herbicides for sustainable production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under wild oat (Avena fatua L.) infestation","authors":"Muhammad Tauseef Jaffar, Z. Zahir, Jianguo Zhang, A. Dar, Muhaimen Ayyub, H. Asghar","doi":"10.4081/ija.2023.2193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2023.2193","url":null,"abstract":"Weeds are one of the major limiting factors for wheat production. So, a study was conducted to integrate allelopathic bacteria with reduced dose of chemical herbicide for sustainable wheat production in wild oat infestation. Cyanide-producing Pseudomonas strains were applied in four combinations with and without two chemical herbicides (Axial and Atlantis) at 25% and 50% recommended dose under axenic conditions. Results showed that C4 combination significantly reduced growth and development of wild oat under 50% Axial while increase wheat growth. Afterward, C4 combination and Axial herbicide were selected for field evaluation, where it reduced the weed density (82.1%), SPAD value (26.0%) and grain yield (88.2%) under 75% Axial, and relative wild oat density (70.9%), photosynthetic rate (26.6%) and transpiration rate (25.6%) under 50% Axial in wild oat. While C4 combination improved SPAD value (26.9%), shoot length (10.1%), tillering (33.3%), biological yield (32.7%), straw yield (24.4%), grain yield (46.8%), transpiration rate (9.6%) and stomatal conductance (14.7%) in wheat under 75% Axial. The increase in growth and yield of wheat was found at par with C4 under 50% and 75% Axial. Thus, it is concluded that allelopathic bacteria could be used with 50% Axial for sustainable wheat production under wild oat.","PeriodicalId":14618,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45487729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Frongia, A. Pulina, A. Tanda, G. Seddaiu, P. Roggero, G. Moreno
Adaptive Multi-Paddock (AMP) is a grazing system which combines intensive, rapid grazing livestock rotation with relatively short grazing periods and long recovery time after grazing. The study assesses, under Mediterranean silvopastoral systems, changes in pasture phenology and spatial variability after adopting the AMP under contrasting land cover (Wooded Grassland vs Grassland ) with a remote sensing approach based on the time-series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from remote sensing through Landsat satellite. The study revealed an overall positive effect of rotational grazing on pasture phenology and NDVI spatial variability. The AMP adoption resulted in higher estimated values of NDVI at the beginning (under grassland land cover), the end, and the peak of the growing season, while no differences were observed in parameters estimating the length of the growing season. The spatial variability of NDVI was always lower under AMP than in continuously grazed areas, except in the early stages of the growing season under grassland land cover. The results suggested that in a relatively short period (4-5 years), the AMP grazing system can represent a strategy to improve forage availability and exploitation by grazing animals under low stocking rates in extensively managed Mediterranean silvopastoral systems.
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