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Effort Estimation in Agile Software Development: The State of the Practice in Colombia 敏捷软件开发中的工作量估算:哥伦比亚的实践状况
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4149549
Diana Gómez, Juan Cubillos, Jairo Aponte, Edward Rojas
Effort estimation is fundamental for developing software projects and critical for their success. This paper focuses on how Colombian agile practitioners perform effort estimates in agile projects. For this purpose, we conducted an exploratory survey study that involved 60 respondents. The main findings are the following: (1) Agile practitioners prefer estimation techniques based on Expert Judgement. (2) Most of the respondents perceive that their estimates have a medium accuracy level. (3) The determining effort drivers are features of the project team and the software to be built. (4) The use of datasets for estimation is not common. (5) Most of the results of related studies are similar to ours, with differences in terms of the roles involved and the techniques used.
工作量评估是开发软件项目的基础,也是软件项目成功的关键。本文关注的是哥伦比亚敏捷实践者如何在敏捷项目中执行工作量估算。为此,我们进行了一项涉及60名受访者的探索性调查研究。主要发现如下:(1)敏捷实践者更喜欢基于专家判断的评估技术。(2)大多数被调查者认为他们的估计具有中等准确度水平。(3)决定工作的驱动因素是项目团队和要构建的软件的特征。(4)使用数据集进行估计并不常见。(5)大部分相关研究的结果与我们的相似,只是在涉及的角色和使用的技术方面存在差异。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-language Clone Detection for Mobile Apps 手机应用的跨语言克隆检测
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24696
Stephannie Jimenez, Gordana Rakic, Silvia Takahashi, Nicolás Cardozo
Clone detection provides insight about replicated fragments in a code base. With the rise of multi-language code bases, new techniques addressing cross-language code clone detection enable the analysis of polyglot systems. Such techniques have not yet been applied to the mobile apps’ domain, which are naturally polyglot. Native mobile app developers must synchronize their code base in at least two different programming languages. App synchronization is a difficult and time-consuming maintenance task, as features can rapidly diverge between platforms, and feature identification must be performed manually. Our goal is to provide an analysis framework to reduce the impact of app synchronization. A first step in this direction consists on a structural algorithm for cross-language clone detection exploiting the idea behind enriched concrete syntax trees. Such trees are used as a common intermediate representation built from programming languages’ grammars, to detect similarities between app code bases. Our technique finds code similarities with 79% precision for controlled tests where Type 1-3 clones are manually injected for the analysis of both single- and cross-language cases for Kotlin and Dart. We evaluate our tool on a corpus of 52 mobile apps identifying code similarities with a precision of 65% to 84% for the full application logic.
克隆检测提供了对代码库中复制片段的洞察。随着多语言代码库的兴起,解决跨语言代码克隆检测的新技术使多语言系统的分析成为可能。这些技术还没有被应用到手机应用领域,这是一个自然的多语言领域。原生移动应用开发者必须用至少两种不同的编程语言同步他们的代码库。应用同步是一项困难且耗时的维护任务,因为功能可能在不同平台之间迅速分化,而功能识别必须手动执行。我们的目标是提供一个分析框架,以减少应用程序同步的影响。在这个方向上的第一步是利用丰富的具体语法树背后的思想,构建跨语言克隆检测的结构算法。这种树被用作从编程语言语法构建的常见中间表示,以检测应用程序代码库之间的相似性。我们的技术发现,在受控测试中,手动注入Type 1-3克隆以分析Kotlin和Dart的单语言和跨语言用例,代码相似性的精确度为79%。我们在52个移动应用程序的语料库上评估我们的工具,以65%到84%的精度识别完整应用程序逻辑的代码相似性。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of remote work on Portuguese software professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19大流行期间远程工作对葡萄牙软件专业人员的影响
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24703
Ana J. Almeida, Jácome Cunha, J. Fernandes
Although remote work was already possible and used in some contexts, the COVID-19 pandemic made it normal and, in some situations, even mandatory. This was the case in Portugal and in particular in its software industry. Given this abrupt change in how we work, it became pressing to investigate the impacts of this profound change to remote work, so that we can cope with the potential negative consequences (professional, personal, etc.). Thus, the goal of this work is to study the impact of the referred change to remote work, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on software professionals in Portugal. To achieve this goal, a survey was prepared and distributed via email, LinkedIn, and Instagram. In total, 176 valid answers were collected from software professionals working in Portugal from 38 different companies. After the performed statistical analysis on the targeted population and focusing on the 10 elaborated research questions, two major findings can be concluded with certainty: (i) having worked in a remote regime before the pandemic period has a strong relationship with a higher frequency of use of teleconference tools after this period, and (ii) participants who do not feel safe about coming back to a fully on-site regime are more likely to prefer a fully remote regime than the ones who feel safe, while the latter group is more likely to prefer a hybrid regime.
尽管远程工作已经成为可能,并在某些情况下得到使用,但2019冠状病毒病大流行使其成为常态,在某些情况下甚至是强制性的。葡萄牙的情况就是这样,尤其是在它的软件行业。考虑到我们工作方式的这种突然变化,调查这种深刻变化对远程工作的影响变得紧迫起来,这样我们就可以应对潜在的负面后果(专业的,个人的,等等)。因此,这项工作的目标是研究由于COVID-19大流行而导致的远程工作变更对葡萄牙软件专业人员的影响。为了实现这一目标,我们准备了一份调查,并通过电子邮件、LinkedIn和Instagram进行了分发。总共收集了来自38家不同公司在葡萄牙工作的软件专业人员的176个有效答案。在对目标人群进行统计分析后,围绕10个详细阐述的研究问题,可以肯定地得出两个主要结论:(一)在大流行期间之前在远程制度下工作与大流行期间之后使用电话会议工具的频率较高有密切关系;(二)与感觉安全的参与者相比,对回到完全现场制度感到不安全的参与者更有可能选择完全远程制度,而后者更有可能选择混合制度。
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引用次数: 0
Towards a Framework Based on Open Science Practices for Promoting Reproducibility of Software Engineering Controlled Experiments 基于开放科学实践的框架促进软件工程控制实验的可重复性
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24707
A. Cordeiro
Experimentation in Software Engineering has increased in the last decades as a way to provide evidence on theories and technologies. In a controlled experiment life cycle, several artifacts are used/reused and even produced. Such artifacts are mostly in the form of data, which should favor the reproducibility of such experiments. In this context, reproducibility can be defined as the ability to reproduce a study. Different benefits, such as methodology and data reuse, can be achieved from this ability. Despite the recognized benefits, several challenges have been faced by researchers regarding the experiments’ reproducibility capability. To overcome them, we understand that Open Science practices, related to provenance, preservation, and curation, might aid in improving such a capability. Therefore, in this paper, we present the proposal for an open science-based Framework to deal with controlled experiment research artifacts towards making such experiments de facto reproducible. To do so, different models associated with open science practices are planned to be integrated into the Framework.
在过去的几十年里,软件工程中的实验作为一种为理论和技术提供证据的方法得到了发展。在受控的实验生命周期中,使用/重用甚至产生几个工件。这些人工制品大多以数据的形式存在,这有利于此类实验的可重复性。在这种情况下,可重复性可以定义为再现研究的能力。可以从这种能力中获得不同的好处,例如方法和数据重用。尽管有公认的好处,但研究人员在实验的可重复性方面面临着一些挑战。为了克服它们,我们理解开放科学实践,与来源、保存和管理相关,可能有助于提高这种能力。因此,在本文中,我们提出了一个基于开放科学的框架的建议,以处理受控实验研究工件,使此类实验事实上可重复。为此,计划将与开放科学实践相关的不同模型集成到该框架中。
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引用次数: 0
Patterns in Microservices-based Development: A Grey Literature Review 基于微服务的开发模式:灰色文献综述
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24693
F. G. Rocha, M. S. Soares, Guillermo Rodríguez
Microservices emerged due to the massive adoption of cloud computing and the need to integrate legacy systems. However, there still needs to be a greater understanding of adopting a microservice-based architectural style. Besides, there is a need for guidelines to operationalize those microservices. We conducted a grey literature review to identify commonly used architectural patterns and how they are implemented following design patterns. We present two key contributions. Firstly, we identified four architectural patterns and 23 design patterns. Secondly, we identified a catalog of tools for implementing the main patterns adopted when using the microservices style. The Proxy and the SAGA patterns are the most used in communicating and linking data for services. Additionally, tools such as Kubernetes, Docker, and Amazon WS are the most used for implementing microservices and deploying them into containers.
微服务的出现是由于云计算的大规模采用和集成遗留系统的需要。然而,仍然需要对采用基于微服务的架构风格有更深入的了解。此外,还需要指导方针来操作这些微服务。我们进行了灰色文献回顾,以确定常用的体系结构模式以及如何按照设计模式实现它们。我们提出了两个关键贡献。首先,我们确定了4种架构模式和23种设计模式。其次,我们确定了一个工具目录,用于实现使用微服务风格时采用的主要模式。代理和SAGA模式在通信和链接服务数据时最常用。此外,Kubernetes、Docker和Amazon WS等工具最常用于实现微服务并将其部署到容器中。
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引用次数: 0
Using Software Architecture Descriptions to Detect Architectural Smells at Design Time 在设计阶段使用软件架构描述来检测架构气味
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24697
Everton Cavalcante, T. Batista
Architectural smells are decisions made at the software architecture level, whether intentional or not, that may negatively impact the quality of a software system. In the literature, architectural smells are identified mainly by relying on the source code or other implementation artifacts. However, architectural smells could be detected at design time, even before employing implementation efforts and preventing them from being reflected at the system implementation. This research investigates how software architecture descriptions realized through architecture description languages (ADLs) can be used to identify architectural smells at design time. This work focuses on how architectural smells manifest and can be detected in SysADL, an ADL that allows describing both structure and behavior of software architectures using standardized diagrams from the OMG’s SysML language.
体系结构气味是在软件体系结构级别做出的决策,无论有意还是无意,都可能对软件系统的质量产生负面影响。在文献中,体系结构气味主要是通过依赖源代码或其他实现工件来识别的。然而,架构气味可以在设计时检测到,甚至在采用实现工作之前,并防止它们在系统实现中反映出来。本研究探讨了通过架构描述语言(adl)实现的软件架构描述如何在设计时用于识别架构气味。这项工作的重点是体系结构气味如何在SysADL中显现和检测,SysADL是一种允许使用OMG的SysML语言的标准化图来描述软件体系结构的结构和行为的ADL。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Terminological Consistency of Project Management Glossaries 项目管理术语一致性探讨
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24691
Fernanda Papa, Pablo Becker, L. Olsina
The present paper deals with an exploratory study on the terminological consistency of four selected project management glossaries. To systematically carry out the study, eight activities were established. Regarding the information consistency sub-characteristic, this work includes a comparison and analysis of both the syntactic and semantic consistency of the terms in the glossaries. To do this, nine terminological categories were conceived for the project area, in which, for each glossary, a given term is included in a category, considering the semantics intended in the definition of the term by the authors. This categorization of terms allows us to comparatively analyze syntactic and semantic similarities, and in turn consistencies and inconsistencies. As a final goal, this study will help us examine our previously developed project ontology and recommend adoptions and adaptations.
本文对四个选定的项目管理词汇的术语一致性进行了探索性研究。为了系统地开展研究,确定了八项活动。在信息一致性子特征方面,本文对词汇表中词汇的句法一致性和语义一致性进行了比较和分析。为此,为项目领域构思了9个术语类别,其中,考虑到作者在术语定义中所打算的语义,对于每个术语表,给定的术语都包含在一个类别中。术语的这种分类使我们能够比较分析语法和语义的相似性,进而分析一致性和不一致性。作为最终目标,这项研究将帮助我们检查我们以前开发的项目本体,并建议采用和调整。
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引用次数: 0
Using Metamodel Composition to Unify User Story and Use Case Metamodels 使用元模型组合来统一用户故事和用例元模型
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24706
Larissa Mangolim Amaral, A. Brandão, F. Siqueira
Requirements languages are often defined as metamodels for the standardization of a system’s requirements specification. The unification of these metamodels benefits general analysis and interoperability between requirements models. Even tough some authors already discuss systematic composition approaches, this application for requirements languages’ metamodels is still little explored. Therefore, we applied non-domain-specific composition frameworks to create a unified metamodel for User Story and Use Case diagram by assessing common points in related work. This application enabled reducing the subjectivity of the requirements languages composition process but still strongly depended on human curation.
需求语言通常被定义为用于系统需求规范标准化的元模型。这些元模型的统一有利于需求模型之间的一般分析和互操作性。即使一些作者已经讨论了系统的组合方法,这种需求语言元模型的应用仍然很少被探索。因此,我们应用非特定领域的组合框架,通过评估相关工作中的共同点,为用户故事和用例图创建一个统一的元模型。这个应用程序能够减少需求语言组合过程的主观性,但仍然强烈依赖于人工管理。
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引用次数: 0
Exploratory Analysis of the Structural Evolution of public REST APIs 公共REST api结构演变的探索性分析
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24695
Nicolas Robles, Nicolás Potes, Kelly Garcés, Javier Luis Cánovas Izquierdo, Jordi Cabot
The software industry is in continuous evolution, forcing developers to quickly adapt to new requirements to catch up with the latest trends. A clear example is the huge demand for web-based APIs to connect all kinds of services among them. Like any other piece of software, a Web API is continuously changing, and with each change, all client applications must evolve. This adaptation process is critical and essential for software developers. In this paper, we present an exploratory evaluation of the most common changes occurring during the evolution of REST APIs. We define a taxonomy of structural API changes, which we classify according to their impact on client-side software; and propose a repository mining process to identify these changes in real Web APIs. We apply this process to a large set of Azure APIs from APISGURU, a well-known Open Source API repository. Based on the analyzed dataset from APISGURU, we found that breaking changes tend to decrease when a new version of an API from this dataset is released. Other useful findings and insights are discussed throughout the article.
软件行业在不断发展,迫使开发人员快速适应新的需求,以赶上最新的趋势。一个明显的例子是对基于web的api的巨大需求,以连接它们之间的各种服务。与任何其他软件一样,Web API也在不断变化,随着每次变化,所有客户机应用程序都必须随之发展。这个适应过程对于软件开发人员来说是至关重要的。在本文中,我们对REST api发展过程中最常见的变化进行了探索性评估。我们定义了结构化API变化的分类,根据它们对客户端软件的影响进行分类;并提出了一个存储库挖掘过程来识别实际Web api中的这些变化。我们将此过程应用于来自APISGURU(一个著名的开源API存储库)的大量Azure API。基于APISGURU的分析数据集,我们发现当来自该数据集的API的新版本发布时,破坏性更改倾向于减少。本文还讨论了其他有用的发现和见解。
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引用次数: 0
Using Team Topologies in Model-Driven Strategic Alignment 在模型驱动的战略一致性中使用团队拓扑
Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.5753/cibse.2023.24701
René Noël, José Ignacio Panach, Óscar Pastor
Model-driven techniques for designing strategically aligned information systems usually map the goals of multiple and competing actors to business process models through automatic model-to-model transformations and analysis. In previous work, we designed Stra2Bis, a method for designing strategically aligned business processes based on a different approach: mapping the business strategy and organisation structure into the business process model. Stra2Bis and goal-based techniques share an issue: only some organisational level elements actors directly affect the business domain and, thus, the business processes. In this article, we propose to extend Stra2Bis by adding concepts from Team Topologies, an approach for organising business and technology teams. Team Topologies help distinguish the business-relevant organisation units from other supporting units; we exploit these concepts to constrain the model-to-model mappings, avoiding unnecessary analysis and modelling outside the business domain. We formalise the approach by specifying the method's metamodel extension and redefining the model-to-model transformation guidelines. We also discuss how existing goal-based alignment frameworks can exploit this approach.
用于设计战略一致的信息系统的模型驱动技术通常通过自动模型到模型的转换和分析,将多个相互竞争的参与者的目标映射到业务流程模型。在之前的工作中,我们设计了Stra2Bis,这是一种基于不同方法设计战略一致的业务流程的方法:将业务策略和组织结构映射到业务流程模型中。stra2bi和基于目标的技术有一个共同的问题:只有一些组织级元素参与者直接影响业务领域,从而影响业务流程。在本文中,我们建议通过添加团队拓扑(一种组织业务和技术团队的方法)中的概念来扩展Stra2Bis。团队拓扑帮助区分与业务相关的组织单元和其他支持单元;我们利用这些概念来约束模型到模型的映射,避免在业务领域之外进行不必要的分析和建模。我们通过指定方法的元模型扩展和重新定义模型到模型转换指南来形式化该方法。我们还讨论了现有的基于目标的校准框架如何利用这种方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Conferencia Iberoamericana de Software Engineering
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