Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-67-72
A. Isaev, A. Matveev, S. V. Strelov, N. G. Shcherblyuk
The results of key comparison are the most convincing and objective indicator of confirmation of the correctness and accuracy of the newly developed measurement method. The results of comparison and measurement methods applied at the second key comparison of national standards of the unit of sound pressure in water CCAUV.W-K2, organized by the Consultative Committee for Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, are described. A feature of the comparison is that the calibration range has been expanded into the low frequency region by two octaves compared to the first key comparison CCAUV.W-K1. The results of the CCAUV.W-K2 comparison were considered successful. Important scientific results of participation in the comparison were confirmation of: the correctness of the hydrophone free-field calibration methods developed at VNIIFTRI (at ultra-low frequencies for a sound-reflecting water tank and in the noise reverberant sound field of the water tank), the equivalence of the calibration results when radiating signals of various types: chirp, noise and ton-burst. In the process of performing control calibrations, the pilot laboratory discovered violations of the stability of the reference hydrophone of comparison. When comparing the results obtained by participants, there was an increase in the discrepancy between the results in the frequency range 60–100 kHz, which is considered the least problematic.
{"title":"Key comparison CCAUV.W-K2: features of hydrophone calibration","authors":"A. Isaev, A. Matveev, S. V. Strelov, N. G. Shcherblyuk","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-67-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-67-72","url":null,"abstract":"The results of key comparison are the most convincing and objective indicator of confirmation of the correctness and accuracy of the newly developed measurement method. The results of comparison and measurement methods applied at the second key comparison of national standards of the unit of sound pressure in water CCAUV.W-K2, organized by the Consultative Committee for Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, are described. A feature of the comparison is that the calibration range has been expanded into the low frequency region by two octaves compared to the first key comparison CCAUV.W-K1. The results of the CCAUV.W-K2 comparison were considered successful. Important scientific results of participation in the comparison were confirmation of: the correctness of the hydrophone free-field calibration methods developed at VNIIFTRI (at ultra-low frequencies for a sound-reflecting water tank and in the noise reverberant sound field of the water tank), the equivalence of the calibration results when radiating signals of various types: chirp, noise and ton-burst. In the process of performing control calibrations, the pilot laboratory discovered violations of the stability of the reference hydrophone of comparison. When comparing the results obtained by participants, there was an increase in the discrepancy between the results in the frequency range 60–100 kHz, which is considered the least problematic.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"124 S175","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140256913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-19-25
B. A. Cherepanov, P. Migal’, G. V. Horkov
The problems of metrological support for high-precision torque measuring instruments, which have a measurement range that includes torque values of less than 1.0 N·m, are considered. The areas of activity in which torque measurements are important are shown. The history of the development of the highest level reference base as an important link in the metrological support of torque measurements in the Russian Federation is described. Brief information is provided on the level of development of the reference base in this field of measurements abroad. As a result of the increase in the number of torque measuring instruments, the upper measurement limit of which is less than 1.0 N·m, there was a need to expand the measuring and calibration capabilities of the Russian Federation in this area, in particular, in the range of 0.1–1.0 N·m. The composition of the State primary standard for the unit of torque GET 149-2023 is given. The operating principles of the four reference installations included in GET 149-2023 and the structure of the reference are described. GET 149-2023 includes the created modern reference installation EU-250-2 for reproducing, storing and transmitting a unit of torque in the range of 0.1–200 N∙m. The results of studies of the reference installation EU-250-2 and the metrological characteristics of GET 149-2023 are presented.
高精度扭矩测量仪器的测量范围包括小于 1.0 N-m 的扭矩值，本文探讨了这些仪器的计量支持问题。图中显示了扭矩测量的重要活动领域。介绍了作为俄罗斯联邦扭矩测量计量支持重要环节的最高级别基准的发展历史。此外，还简要介绍了国外该测量领域基准基地的发展水平。由于测量上限小于 1.0 N-m 的扭矩测量仪器数量的增加，有必要扩大俄罗斯联邦在该领域的测量和校准能力，特别是在 0.1-1.0 N-m 范围内。扭矩单位 GET 149-2023 国家主要标准的构成已经给出。介绍了 GET 149-2023 所包含的四个参考装置的运行原理和参考结构。GET 149-2023 包括已创建的现代参考装置 EU-250-2，用于复制、存储和传输 0.1-200 牛米范围内的扭矩单位。介绍了 EU-250-2 基准装置的研究结果和 GET 149-2023 的计量特性。
{"title":"State primary standard of unit for torque GET 149-2023","authors":"B. A. Cherepanov, P. Migal’, G. V. Horkov","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-19-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-19-25","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of metrological support for high-precision torque measuring instruments, which have a measurement range that includes torque values of less than 1.0 N·m, are considered. The areas of activity in which torque measurements are important are shown. The history of the development of the highest level reference base as an important link in the metrological support of torque measurements in the Russian Federation is described. Brief information is provided on the level of development of the reference base in this field of measurements abroad. As a result of the increase in the number of torque measuring instruments, the upper measurement limit of which is less than 1.0 N·m, there was a need to expand the measuring and calibration capabilities of the Russian Federation in this area, in particular, in the range of 0.1–1.0 N·m. The composition of the State primary standard for the unit of torque GET 149-2023 is given. The operating principles of the four reference installations included in GET 149-2023 and the structure of the reference are described. GET 149-2023 includes the created modern reference installation EU-250-2 for reproducing, storing and transmitting a unit of torque in the range of 0.1–200 N∙m. The results of studies of the reference installation EU-250-2 and the metrological characteristics of GET 149-2023 are presented.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"35 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-26-34
S. F. Levin
Two-syllabic terms of metrology are considered, which have become so firmly embedded in the mentality and practice of metrologists that the inadequacy of these terms manifests itself only when it is not possible to solve any important problem. Such a problem within the framework of the moment approach to estimating accuracy turned out to be the calculation of definitive uncertainty, and the term-phrase direct measurements causes a number of paradigmatic associations – indirect, cumulative, joint and other pseudomorphic measurements, similar in form of names and different in definition. But the errors of the results of these measurements can no longer be estimated in the same way as the errors of measuring instruments are estimated. The semantics of such two-syllabic terms is analyzed. The role of the direct and figurative meaning of the word measurement in the problem of the inadequacy of models is shown, the solution of which, within the framework of the compositional approach to assessing accuracy, is indicated by the word method before the two-syllabic names listed above. Bringing the term measuring problem into line with the semantics of the word problem has become the simplest correction of this terminological misunderstanding. At the same time, the inconsistency of the subordinate terms measurement method and method of solving the measurement problem has been eliminated.
{"title":"Semantic analysis of two-syllabic terms of metrology. Part 1: The Types of measurements and methods of measurements","authors":"S. F. Levin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-26-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-26-34","url":null,"abstract":"Two-syllabic terms of metrology are considered, which have become so firmly embedded in the mentality and practice of metrologists that the inadequacy of these terms manifests itself only when it is not possible to solve any important problem. Such a problem within the framework of the moment approach to estimating accuracy turned out to be the calculation of definitive uncertainty, and the term-phrase direct measurements causes a number of paradigmatic associations – indirect, cumulative, joint and other pseudomorphic measurements, similar in form of names and different in definition. But the errors of the results of these measurements can no longer be estimated in the same way as the errors of measuring instruments are estimated. The semantics of such two-syllabic terms is analyzed. The role of the direct and figurative meaning of the word measurement in the problem of the inadequacy of models is shown, the solution of which, within the framework of the compositional approach to assessing accuracy, is indicated by the word method before the two-syllabic names listed above. Bringing the term measuring problem into line with the semantics of the word problem has become the simplest correction of this terminological misunderstanding. At the same time, the inconsistency of the subordinate terms measurement method and method of solving the measurement problem has been eliminated.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"41 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-40-47
S. I. Donchenko, O. V. Denisenko, A. M. Kaverin, V. B. Pudlovsky, A. A. Frolov, A. S. Bondarenko
Measurements of carrier frequency phase differences of global navigation satellite system signals between multiple antennas are used in many coordinate and navigation applications. Global navigation satellite systems signal simulators are used for controlling global navigation satellite systems receiver’s instrumental errors. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the systematic error of the carrier frequency phase of generated signals for signal simulators. For this purpose a new calibration method of global navigation satellite systems simulators was developed. Method is based on refined errors model of generated phase differences of two radio frequency channels of the simulator. The proposed method was implemented using a wideband oscilloscope as an analog-to-digital converter. Approbation of the calibration method was carried out by comparison with the measurement results obtained using the State secondary standard of units of complex transmission coefficients in the range of 0...–60 dB and complex reflection coefficients in the range of 0.002–1 in the frequency range of 0.05–65 GHz (registration No. 2.1.ZZT.0210.2015). The calibration method allows one to determine carrier frequencies phase offsets of navigation signals for global navigation satellite systems simulators with expanded uncertainty (with a coverage factor of 3) of 1°. The proposed method provides the required accuracy of generating phase differences of the carrier frequencies of global navigation satellite systems signals is ensured for modern types of global navigation satellite systems simulators.
{"title":"Carrier frequency phase calibration method for global navigation satellite systems signal simulators","authors":"S. I. Donchenko, O. V. Denisenko, A. M. Kaverin, V. B. Pudlovsky, A. A. Frolov, A. S. Bondarenko","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-40-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-40-47","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of carrier frequency phase differences of global navigation satellite system signals between multiple antennas are used in many coordinate and navigation applications. Global navigation satellite systems signal simulators are used for controlling global navigation satellite systems receiver’s instrumental errors. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the systematic error of the carrier frequency phase of generated signals for signal simulators. For this purpose a new calibration method of global navigation satellite systems simulators was developed. Method is based on refined errors model of generated phase differences of two radio frequency channels of the simulator. The proposed method was implemented using a wideband oscilloscope as an analog-to-digital converter. Approbation of the calibration method was carried out by comparison with the measurement results obtained using the State secondary standard of units of complex transmission coefficients in the range of 0...–60 dB and complex reflection coefficients in the range of 0.002–1 in the frequency range of 0.05–65 GHz (registration No. 2.1.ZZT.0210.2015). The calibration method allows one to determine carrier frequencies phase offsets of navigation signals for global navigation satellite systems simulators with expanded uncertainty (with a coverage factor of 3) of 1°. The proposed method provides the required accuracy of generating phase differences of the carrier frequencies of global navigation satellite systems signals is ensured for modern types of global navigation satellite systems simulators.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140258124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-18-25
V. S. Bormashov, S. B. Bychkov, K. V. Zayats, A. A. Kolpakov, I. S. Korolev, V. N. Krutikov, A. S. Mikrukov, S. A. Tarelkin, M. V. Ulanovsky, S. A. Moskalyuk
The paper presents the state of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of energy parameters of high-power laser radiation. The research was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements. The formation of a metrological support system for measuring the energy parameters of high-power continuous laser radiation required the creation of three standards, including one State primary standard of average laser power, and a line of four basic measuring instruments in the spectral range 1.07–10.6 μm and power range 1–500 kW. For the first time, a dynamic method for measuring high levels of laser power was developed and used. This ensured the certification of measuring instruments using reference radiation with a power of less than 100 kW. This has led to a significant increase in the level of metrological support for technological and special high-power laser equipment.
{"title":"Metrological ensures for high-power laser radiation","authors":"V. S. Bormashov, S. B. Bychkov, K. V. Zayats, A. A. Kolpakov, I. S. Korolev, V. N. Krutikov, A. S. Mikrukov, S. A. Tarelkin, M. V. Ulanovsky, S. A. Moskalyuk","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-18-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-18-25","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the state of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of energy parameters of high-power laser radiation. The research was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Optical and Physical Measurements. The formation of a metrological support system for measuring the energy parameters of high-power continuous laser radiation required the creation of three standards, including one State primary standard of average laser power, and a line of four basic measuring instruments in the spectral range 1.07–10.6 μm and power range 1–500 kW. For the first time, a dynamic method for measuring high levels of laser power was developed and used. This ensured the certification of measuring instruments using reference radiation with a power of less than 100 kW. This has led to a significant increase in the level of metrological support for technological and special high-power laser equipment.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"182 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140473959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-47-53
A. V. Zenkovich
The sensitivity of radio receivers and other systems used in all fields of practical applications of electronics is carried out at certain signal-to-noise ratio value. Examples of systems, for which this ratio is one of the important qualitative indicators, are given. The aim of the investigation is to solve the actual problem of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in a wide range of frequencies, simplify instruments and improve their technical and metrological parameters. A principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement has been proposed, its theoretical foundation has been given. Precise relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the parameters of noise amplitude, phase and frequency modulation has been established, thus modulation meters can measure signal-to-noise ratio. There are three options for implementing the developed measurement principle. All of them use one existing industrial modulation meter and provide direct signal-to-noise ratio. For two options there are no restrictions on the origin and type of noise, it may be arbitrary. A pilot test of the measurement principle was conducted, and three implementation options were actually tested. Their discrepancies with the original data of the signal and noise generator lie within error limits of the instrumentation of the former. Mathematical modeling of the principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in Mathcad software package was also carried out. Recommendations on the use of the principle are given. The fundamental advantages of the developed principle consist of simple implementation by a single industrial instrument and solving the problem of metrological ensuring of signal-to-noise measuring instruments using the existing state verification plans. The main technical and metrological characteristics obtained by using the principle are determined by parameters of existing modulation meters and are proven to be high, the frequency range is till 26,5 GHz and the measurement error is as low as 8 %.
{"title":"Principle of signal-to-noise ratio direct measurement","authors":"A. V. Zenkovich","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-47-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-47-53","url":null,"abstract":"The sensitivity of radio receivers and other systems used in all fields of practical applications of electronics is carried out at certain signal-to-noise ratio value. Examples of systems, for which this ratio is one of the important qualitative indicators, are given. The aim of the investigation is to solve the actual problem of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in a wide range of frequencies, simplify instruments and improve their technical and metrological parameters. A principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement has been proposed, its theoretical foundation has been given. Precise relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the parameters of noise amplitude, phase and frequency modulation has been established, thus modulation meters can measure signal-to-noise ratio. There are three options for implementing the developed measurement principle. All of them use one existing industrial modulation meter and provide direct signal-to-noise ratio. For two options there are no restrictions on the origin and type of noise, it may be arbitrary. A pilot test of the measurement principle was conducted, and three implementation options were actually tested. Their discrepancies with the original data of the signal and noise generator lie within error limits of the instrumentation of the former. Mathematical modeling of the principle of signal-to-noise ratio measurement in Mathcad software package was also carried out. Recommendations on the use of the principle are given. The fundamental advantages of the developed principle consist of simple implementation by a single industrial instrument and solving the problem of metrological ensuring of signal-to-noise measuring instruments using the existing state verification plans. The main technical and metrological characteristics obtained by using the principle are determined by parameters of existing modulation meters and are proven to be high, the frequency range is till 26,5 GHz and the measurement error is as low as 8 %.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140477221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-40-46
S. V. Bezdenezhnykh, K. A. Stal’nova
The role of measuring instruments of the reference level (working standards of the 1st and 2nd digits) in ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the harmonic coefficient is considered, namely, the transfer of a unit of the harmonic coefficient from the primary standard to all measuring instruments from a huge fleet of working measuring instruments. A continuous search for ways to reduce the error of these measuring instruments is required. The methods of reducing one of the components of the measurement error of the reference level – an additional error caused by distortions in the measuring cable due to a mismatch of the resistances at the output of the calibrator and the input of the meter – are investigated. Until recently, the influence of measuring cable parameters on the results of harmonic coefficient measurements was considered negligible, because harmonic coefficient measuring instruments operate at sufficiently low frequencies (less than 1 MHz). However, for modern reference-level measuring instruments, such an influence has become noticeable, and it needs to be investigated. It has been shown that for calibrators with a large (600 Ohm) output impedance, significantly exceeding the characteristic impedance of the measuring cable, this error can be significant. An analytical dependence of the indicated error on the parameters of the measuring cable and the calibrator signal, as well as the output resistance of the calibrator, is derived. Conditions have been established under which this additional error is absent or can be neglected due to its smallness. When checking harmonic coefficient measuring instruments, a measuring cable 1 m long with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms is most often used. For a cable with such parameters and different values of the output resistance of the calibrator, the indicated additional error was theoretically calculated and experimentally evaluated. For a signal with a fundamental frequency of 200 kHz and a uniformly decreasing distribution of harmonic levels with a calibrator output impedance of 600 Ohms, the additional absolute error in generating a harmonic distortion equal to 100 % is 3 %. The use of factory correction for the total error in the formation of the harmonic distortion coefficient of the manufactured calibrator allows us to reduce the additional error only partially. To significantly minimize the additional error of the calibrator used, it is necessary to use the measuring cable supplied with the calibrator or a cable with identical parameters. The experimental estimate of the additional error is in good agreement with the results of its calculations. It is recommended to take into account the additional absolute error in the formation of the harmonic coefficient when developing and testing instruments for measuring the harmonic coefficient.
{"title":"Harmonic distortion calibrator: additional uncertainty due to distortion in the measurement cable","authors":"S. V. Bezdenezhnykh, K. A. Stal’nova","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-40-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-40-46","url":null,"abstract":"The role of measuring instruments of the reference level (working standards of the 1st and 2nd digits) in ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the harmonic coefficient is considered, namely, the transfer of a unit of the harmonic coefficient from the primary standard to all measuring instruments from a huge fleet of working measuring instruments. A continuous search for ways to reduce the error of these measuring instruments is required. The methods of reducing one of the components of the measurement error of the reference level – an additional error caused by distortions in the measuring cable due to a mismatch of the resistances at the output of the calibrator and the input of the meter – are investigated. Until recently, the influence of measuring cable parameters on the results of harmonic coefficient measurements was considered negligible, because harmonic coefficient measuring instruments operate at sufficiently low frequencies (less than 1 MHz). However, for modern reference-level measuring instruments, such an influence has become noticeable, and it needs to be investigated. It has been shown that for calibrators with a large (600 Ohm) output impedance, significantly exceeding the characteristic impedance of the measuring cable, this error can be significant. An analytical dependence of the indicated error on the parameters of the measuring cable and the calibrator signal, as well as the output resistance of the calibrator, is derived. Conditions have been established under which this additional error is absent or can be neglected due to its smallness. When checking harmonic coefficient measuring instruments, a measuring cable 1 m long with a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms is most often used. For a cable with such parameters and different values of the output resistance of the calibrator, the indicated additional error was theoretically calculated and experimentally evaluated. For a signal with a fundamental frequency of 200 kHz and a uniformly decreasing distribution of harmonic levels with a calibrator output impedance of 600 Ohms, the additional absolute error in generating a harmonic distortion equal to 100 % is 3 %. The use of factory correction for the total error in the formation of the harmonic distortion coefficient of the manufactured calibrator allows us to reduce the additional error only partially. To significantly minimize the additional error of the calibrator used, it is necessary to use the measuring cable supplied with the calibrator or a cable with identical parameters. The experimental estimate of the additional error is in good agreement with the results of its calculations. It is recommended to take into account the additional absolute error in the formation of the harmonic coefficient when developing and testing instruments for measuring the harmonic coefficient.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"66 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140486057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-35-39
T. Z. Minikhanov, E. Zlokazov, R. S. Starikov, P. Cheremkhin
Liquid crystal spatial light modulators for precise dynamic manipulation of coherent light fields, used in diffractive optoelectronic optical data processing systems, are considered. This paper presents the results of a study of the temporal dynamics of the HoloEye PLUTO-2 VIS-016 liquid crystal spatial light modulator for analysis of light fields rate modulation. Experiments using binary phase computer generated holograms and binary focusing phase diffractive optical elements were conducted. Based on experimental data, the time characteristics of the modulator response were determined. It was found that when the rise time of the diffraction efficiency was 146 ms after the hologram displaying onto the SLM, and when switching to a new hologram, the decay time was 97 ms. These results allowed the dynamic generation of an alternating holograms at a refresh rate of 2 Hz with an interference level of –16 dB. Increasing the frequency of fringe pattern updates increases the level of interframe noise in the generated holograms, and when updated at the specification frequency, the generated distributions cannot be separated. Determining the actual frame rate based on the rise and decay times of the diffraction efficiency makes it possible to correctly calculate the minimum operating time of an information optical system containing a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.
{"title":"Measurement of phase modulation time dynamics of liquid crystal spatial light modulator","authors":"T. Z. Minikhanov, E. Zlokazov, R. S. Starikov, P. Cheremkhin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-35-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-35-39","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid crystal spatial light modulators for precise dynamic manipulation of coherent light fields, used in diffractive optoelectronic optical data processing systems, are considered. This paper presents the results of a study of the temporal dynamics of the HoloEye PLUTO-2 VIS-016 liquid crystal spatial light modulator for analysis of light fields rate modulation. Experiments using binary phase computer generated holograms and binary focusing phase diffractive optical elements were conducted. Based on experimental data, the time characteristics of the modulator response were determined. It was found that when the rise time of the diffraction efficiency was 146 ms after the hologram displaying onto the SLM, and when switching to a new hologram, the decay time was 97 ms. These results allowed the dynamic generation of an alternating holograms at a refresh rate of 2 Hz with an interference level of –16 dB. Increasing the frequency of fringe pattern updates increases the level of interframe noise in the generated holograms, and when updated at the specification frequency, the generated distributions cannot be separated. Determining the actual frame rate based on the rise and decay times of the diffraction efficiency makes it possible to correctly calculate the minimum operating time of an information optical system containing a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140484023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-54-62
V. V. Davydov, A. A. Gol’dberg, V. Dudkin, R. Davydov
The method of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is currently the most common in research and control of parameters of condensed matter, and the nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers that implement this method are described. The features of determining the times of longitudinal and transverse relaxation in nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers under different flow regimes of the medium in the process of monitoring its parameters have been established. The advantages of using a modulation technique for recording nuclear magnetic signals in flowmeters-relaxometers in comparison with other registration methods are noted. Using various approximations by the Giulotto method from the Bloch equations, a relation was obtained to determine the longitudinal relaxation time from the results of two measurements of the amplitudes of the nuclear magnetic resonance signal or resonant frequencies at different modulation frequencies. It has been experimentally proven that this relationship has a number of restrictions on its application for flowing liquid. These limitations are associated both with the technique of recording nuclear magnetic resonance signals and with the ability to generate such signals at different modulation frequencies of a constant magnetic field, the amplitudes of which differ from each other beyond the measurement error. The reasons that led to this discrepancy in the ratio for determining the time of longitudinal relaxation have been established. The limits of applicability of the obtained relation are found and it is experimentally proven that within these limits this relation can be used for reliable measurements of relaxation constants. Using experimental data, the relationship for determining the longitudinal relaxation time was studied. It has been proven that in a number of cases it is impossible to determine the desired value using the indicated relationship, although nuclear magnetic resonance signals of the current medium are recorded, and the medium has relaxation times. The results obtained make it possible to eliminate errors when using the nuclear magnetic resonance method to study flowing media and solve a number of complex problems in the energy, oil, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
{"title":"Determination of application boundaries to Giulotto method to during measuring of longitudinal relaxation time in nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers","authors":"V. V. Davydov, A. A. Gol’dberg, V. Dudkin, R. Davydov","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-54-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-54-62","url":null,"abstract":"The method of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is currently the most common in research and control of parameters of condensed matter, and the nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers that implement this method are described. The features of determining the times of longitudinal and transverse relaxation in nuclear magnetic flowmeters-relaxometers under different flow regimes of the medium in the process of monitoring its parameters have been established. The advantages of using a modulation technique for recording nuclear magnetic signals in flowmeters-relaxometers in comparison with other registration methods are noted. Using various approximations by the Giulotto method from the Bloch equations, a relation was obtained to determine the longitudinal relaxation time from the results of two measurements of the amplitudes of the nuclear magnetic resonance signal or resonant frequencies at different modulation frequencies. It has been experimentally proven that this relationship has a number of restrictions on its application for flowing liquid. These limitations are associated both with the technique of recording nuclear magnetic resonance signals and with the ability to generate such signals at different modulation frequencies of a constant magnetic field, the amplitudes of which differ from each other beyond the measurement error. The reasons that led to this discrepancy in the ratio for determining the time of longitudinal relaxation have been established. The limits of applicability of the obtained relation are found and it is experimentally proven that within these limits this relation can be used for reliable measurements of relaxation constants. Using experimental data, the relationship for determining the longitudinal relaxation time was studied. It has been proven that in a number of cases it is impossible to determine the desired value using the indicated relationship, although nuclear magnetic resonance signals of the current medium are recorded, and the medium has relaxation times. The results obtained make it possible to eliminate errors when using the nuclear magnetic resonance method to study flowing media and solve a number of complex problems in the energy, oil, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"699 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140482869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-26-34
A. V. Kozlov, N. V. Nikitin, V. Rodin, P. Cheremkhin
The issues of optimization of existing methods for digital camera sensor identification are considered. Ways of improvement of reliability of digital cameras identification is discussed. Homogeneous images were optically recorded to form a noise portrait and test sets of amateur images for 3 cameras of various types. An optimal digital filter was selected to evaluate smoothed images for obtaining noise portraits of identified cameras. Camera identification algorithm was optimized basing on a comparison of light spatial noise portraits. Application of the optimal filter and identity criterion provides an average increase of identification reliability of more than 60 times. The results can be useful in the areas of image registration and processing, security, forensics, big data analysis, etc.
{"title":"Improving the reliability of digital cameras identification by optimizing the noise portraits comparing","authors":"A. V. Kozlov, N. V. Nikitin, V. Rodin, P. Cheremkhin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-26-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-26-34","url":null,"abstract":"The issues of optimization of existing methods for digital camera sensor identification are considered. Ways of improvement of reliability of digital cameras identification is discussed. Homogeneous images were optically recorded to form a noise portrait and test sets of amateur images for 3 cameras of various types. An optimal digital filter was selected to evaluate smoothed images for obtaining noise portraits of identified cameras. Camera identification algorithm was optimized basing on a comparison of light spatial noise portraits. Application of the optimal filter and identity criterion provides an average increase of identification reliability of more than 60 times. The results can be useful in the areas of image registration and processing, security, forensics, big data analysis, etc.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"360 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140480899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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