Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-35-41
V. A. Solomatin, Dmitriy G. Otkupman
The development of optical-electronic instruments for measuring linear and angular quantities based on focal-plane array (photomatrices) using a digital phase analyzer (digital raster) is considered. It is shown that, unlike a phase raster with a mechanical drive, a digital raster provides the possibility of automation and increased measurement accuracy, reducing the weight and size characteristics of the measuring instrument. A method for constructing a digital raster is proposed, based on the use of photomatrices in combination with computer technologies. To ensure the required accuracy of the developed opto-electronic devices, the sources and components of the measurement error were investigated. The influence of the discrete structure of a digital raster on the error in measuring image coordinates has been studied. Mathematical expressions are obtained for calculating the limiting values of coordinate measurement errors caused by parasitic phase modulation that occurs when using a digital raster (sampling error). The dependence of these errors on image parameters and pixel size has been determined. It is shown that, based on the permissible maximum sampling error, it is possible to calculate the required dimensions of a photomatrix pixel, while the size of the sampling pixel can be larger than the size of the photomatrix pixel, which is very signifi cant from the point of view of energy relations. The results obtained will be useful in the development of optical-electronic means of angular and linear measurements with digital rasters.
{"title":"Accuracy of coordinate measurements at phase modulation by digital raster","authors":"V. A. Solomatin, Dmitriy G. Otkupman","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-35-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-35-41","url":null,"abstract":"The development of optical-electronic instruments for measuring linear and angular quantities based on focal-plane array (photomatrices) using a digital phase analyzer (digital raster) is considered. It is shown that, unlike a phase raster with a mechanical drive, a digital raster provides the possibility of automation and increased measurement accuracy, reducing the weight and size characteristics of the measuring instrument. A method for constructing a digital raster is proposed, based on the use of photomatrices in combination with computer technologies. To ensure the required accuracy of the developed opto-electronic devices, the sources and components of the measurement error were investigated. The influence of the discrete structure of a digital raster on the error in measuring image coordinates has been studied. Mathematical expressions are obtained for calculating the limiting values of coordinate measurement errors caused by parasitic phase modulation that occurs when using a digital raster (sampling error). The dependence of these errors on image parameters and pixel size has been determined. It is shown that, based on the permissible maximum sampling error, it is possible to calculate the required dimensions of a photomatrix pixel, while the size of the sampling pixel can be larger than the size of the photomatrix pixel, which is very signifi cant from the point of view of energy relations. The results obtained will be useful in the development of optical-electronic means of angular and linear measurements with digital rasters.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"216 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140740293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-23-29
A. V. Lapko, V. A. Lapko
The efficiency of estimating the numerical characteristics of a family of the lognormal distribution law of a onedimensional random variable under conditions of large volumes of statistical data is considered. To circumvent the problem of large samples, methods of discretization the range of values of a random variable based on the formulas of Sturges, Brooks-Carruthers, Heinhold-Gaede and the formula proposed by the authors of this article are used. Data arrays have been generated that make it possible to evaluate the numerical characteristics of the laws of distribution of random variables, taking into account their discrete values. Based on the transformed data arrays, estimates of the mathematical expectation, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients were calculated. Estimates of the numerical characteristics of the considered distribution laws under the conditions of a continuous and discrete random variable are compared for different volumes of initial statistical data. The effectiveness of methods for estimating the numerical characteristics of the family of the lognormal distribution law based on the initial statistical data and on the results of transformations of these data using known discretization formulas has been established. The reliability of the comparison of the effectiveness indicators of the studied methods was confirmed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. It is shown that the discretization formula proposed by the authors of this article is better and more effective compared to traditional methods.
{"title":"Estimation of traditional numerical characteristics of lognormal distribution laws of a one-dimensional random variable in conditions of large volume statistical data","authors":"A. V. Lapko, V. A. Lapko","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-23-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-23-29","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of estimating the numerical characteristics of a family of the lognormal distribution law of a onedimensional random variable under conditions of large volumes of statistical data is considered. To circumvent the problem of large samples, methods of discretization the range of values of a random variable based on the formulas of Sturges, Brooks-Carruthers, Heinhold-Gaede and the formula proposed by the authors of this article are used. Data arrays have been generated that make it possible to evaluate the numerical characteristics of the laws of distribution of random variables, taking into account their discrete values. Based on the transformed data arrays, estimates of the mathematical expectation, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis coefficients were calculated. Estimates of the numerical characteristics of the considered distribution laws under the conditions of a continuous and discrete random variable are compared for different volumes of initial statistical data. The effectiveness of methods for estimating the numerical characteristics of the family of the lognormal distribution law based on the initial statistical data and on the results of transformations of these data using known discretization formulas has been established. The reliability of the comparison of the effectiveness indicators of the studied methods was confirmed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. It is shown that the discretization formula proposed by the authors of this article is better and more effective compared to traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"26 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140738168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-55-62
V. V. Savchenko, L. V. Savchenko
The task of analyzing a glottal source over a short observation interval is considered. The acute problem of insufficient performance of known methods for analyzing a glottal source is pointed out, regardless of the mode of data preparation: synchronous with the main tone of speech sounds or asynchronous. A method for analyzing the glottal source based on a two-level autoregressive model of the speech signal is proposed. Its software implementation based on the high-speed Burg-Levinson computational procedure is described. It does not require synchronization of the sequence of observations used with the main tone of the speech signal and is characterized by a relatively small amount of computational costs. Using the described software implementation, a full-scale experiment was set up and conducted, where the vowel sounds of the control speaker’s speech were used as the object of study. Based on the results of the experiment, the increased performance of the proposed method was confirmed and its requirements for the duration of the speech signal during voice analysis in real time were formulated. It is shown that the optimal duration is in the range from 32 to 128 ms. The results obtained can be used in the development and research of digital speech communication systems, voice control, biometrics, biomedicine and other speech systems where the voice characteristics of the speaker’s speech are of paramount importance.
{"title":"Method for asynchronous analysis of a glottal source based on a two-level autoregressive model of the speech signal","authors":"V. V. Savchenko, L. V. Savchenko","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-55-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-55-62","url":null,"abstract":"The task of analyzing a glottal source over a short observation interval is considered. The acute problem of insufficient performance of known methods for analyzing a glottal source is pointed out, regardless of the mode of data preparation: synchronous with the main tone of speech sounds or asynchronous. A method for analyzing the glottal source based on a two-level autoregressive model of the speech signal is proposed. Its software implementation based on the high-speed Burg-Levinson computational procedure is described. It does not require synchronization of the sequence of observations used with the main tone of the speech signal and is characterized by a relatively small amount of computational costs. Using the described software implementation, a full-scale experiment was set up and conducted, where the vowel sounds of the control speaker’s speech were used as the object of study. Based on the results of the experiment, the increased performance of the proposed method was confirmed and its requirements for the duration of the speech signal during voice analysis in real time were formulated. It is shown that the optimal duration is in the range from 32 to 128 ms. The results obtained can be used in the development and research of digital speech communication systems, voice control, biometrics, biomedicine and other speech systems where the voice characteristics of the speaker’s speech are of paramount importance.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"195 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140740471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-63-72
A. Tumilovich
The article analyzes types of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring a unit of quantity, such as: primary reference measurement procedures, reference measurement procedures, calibration procedures, validation procedures, end-user measurement procedures and measurement procedures. The article discusses requirements for developing the presented procedures, their research and approval. The article presents a classification of procedures depending on their place in metrological traceability chain, type of determined metrological characteristics and their application in the field of regulation. Based on the results of the analysis of regulatory documents, a table that describes basic requirements for development and approval of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring a unit of quantity is presented. The article also discusses requirements established for conformity assessment procedures for measurement procedures and procedures for transferring а unit of quantity, such as certification, validation and verification of procedures. The article presents definitions and scope of application for conformity assessment of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring a unit of quantity. Based on the analysis of requirements for conformity assessment of procedures, a flowchart for selecting appropriate conformity assessment procedure is presented. Due to this scheme, laboratories will be able to unambiguously choose one or another conformity assessment procedure to approve the required measurement method or method of transferring a unit of value. In particular, in preparation for accreditation for compliance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025-2017 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.” The proposed scheme of choosing a procedure for conformity assessment of a specific measurement procedure eliminates ambiguity of the requirements of regulatory documents.
{"title":"Comparative analysis and classification of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring of unit of quantity as elements of metrological traceability chain of measurement results","authors":"A. Tumilovich","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-63-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-63-72","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes types of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring a unit of quantity, such as: primary reference measurement procedures, reference measurement procedures, calibration procedures, validation procedures, end-user measurement procedures and measurement procedures. The article discusses requirements for developing the presented procedures, their research and approval. The article presents a classification of procedures depending on their place in metrological traceability chain, type of determined metrological characteristics and their application in the field of regulation. Based on the results of the analysis of regulatory documents, a table that describes basic requirements for development and approval of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring a unit of quantity is presented. The article also discusses requirements established for conformity assessment procedures for measurement procedures and procedures for transferring а unit of quantity, such as certification, validation and verification of procedures. The article presents definitions and scope of application for conformity assessment of measurement procedures and procedures for transferring a unit of quantity. Based on the analysis of requirements for conformity assessment of procedures, a flowchart for selecting appropriate conformity assessment procedure is presented. Due to this scheme, laboratories will be able to unambiguously choose one or another conformity assessment procedure to approve the required measurement method or method of transferring a unit of value. In particular, in preparation for accreditation for compliance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025-2017 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.” The proposed scheme of choosing a procedure for conformity assessment of a specific measurement procedure eliminates ambiguity of the requirements of regulatory documents.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"62 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-48-55
O. G. Bondar, E. O. Brezhneva, M. D. Pushkarev
The synchronization methods used in the pulse generators of the G5 measuring group in the external trigger mode are analyzed. The factors determining the error in the formation of time intervals in this mode have been studied. It is shown that the main source of errors in the formation of time intervals during external triggering of measuring pulse generators is the variation in the position of the clock generator reference pulses relative to the external trigger pulses. An analytical review of synchronization methods based on the sampling of time intervals by a multi-tap delay line as a pulse signal propagates along it is carried out. The method of instantaneous synchronization of output pulses is proposed, using sampling of the period of the reference pulses of the clock generator with a multi-tap delay line and fixing the position of the edge of the external trigger pulse within the period of the reference frequency by triggers that control the multiplexer, which connects the output of the multi-tap delay line to the output of the device, at which the edge of the next reference clock pulse generator lags by a minimum time from the front of the external trigger pulse. A device is presented that makes it possible to implement the proposed solution. The simulation of the device was carried out, illustrating the details of its functioning. Jitter was assessed on a prototype device using an integrated 5-tap delay line with a total delay of 20 ns. The method can be applied in measuring pulse generators and belongs to the field of pulse technology.
{"title":"Method of instantaneous signal synchronization of measuring pulse generators","authors":"O. G. Bondar, E. O. Brezhneva, M. D. Pushkarev","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-48-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-48-55","url":null,"abstract":"The synchronization methods used in the pulse generators of the G5 measuring group in the external trigger mode are analyzed. The factors determining the error in the formation of time intervals in this mode have been studied. It is shown that the main source of errors in the formation of time intervals during external triggering of measuring pulse generators is the variation in the position of the clock generator reference pulses relative to the external trigger pulses. An analytical review of synchronization methods based on the sampling of time intervals by a multi-tap delay line as a pulse signal propagates along it is carried out. The method of instantaneous synchronization of output pulses is proposed, using sampling of the period of the reference pulses of the clock generator with a multi-tap delay line and fixing the position of the edge of the external trigger pulse within the period of the reference frequency by triggers that control the multiplexer, which connects the output of the multi-tap delay line to the output of the device, at which the edge of the next reference clock pulse generator lags by a minimum time from the front of the external trigger pulse. A device is presented that makes it possible to implement the proposed solution. The simulation of the device was carried out, illustrating the details of its functioning. Jitter was assessed on a prototype device using an integrated 5-tap delay line with a total delay of 20 ns. The method can be applied in measuring pulse generators and belongs to the field of pulse technology.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-61-66
A. V. Kolobova
The modern concept of metrological assurance for gas analytical measuring instruments with the use of reference materials of gas mixtures composition in cylinders under pressure is presented. The reference materials of gas mixtures composition of approved type in cylinders under pressure, which are the most often means of mole fraction and mass concentration units transfer in gas analytical measurements, are considered. The certified value in these reference materials is the content of the target component (or components) in the gas medium (analytical matrix). All the produced reference materials of gas mixtures composition, which are used for ensuring the uniformity of measurements are traceable to the State primary standard of units of mole fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate media GET 154-2019, which characteristics are confirmed on the international level by the results of about 90 international comparisons. The paper presents a methodology for ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition using GET 154-2019, taking into account the constantly increasing park of gas analytical instruments and the emergence of new measuring tasks in various fields of industry and environmental control. Currently, a park of secondary and working standards has been created at enterprises producing reference materials of gas mixtures composition, and their traceability to GET 154-2019 has been implemented according to the state verification scheme. The paper presents the results of international comparisons with participation of GET 154-2019, confirming the comparability of the obtained and reference value of the target component content in reference gas mixtures at the international level. The variety and large number of relevant gas analytical measurement tasks in various industries and the social sphere determines the need to choose priority areas for improving the existing reference base, including the structure of the GET 154 Standard and the nomenclature of reference gas mixtures. The strategic program of the Gas Analysis working group of the Consultative Committee of the Amount of Substance of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures developed for the period up to 2030 has been analysed and a review of the long-term tasks of gas analytical measurements is given. The currently existing GET 154-2019 Standard of the latest generation provides reproduction, storage and transfer of the components’ mole fraction units in gas and gas condensate media in the range from 1.5·10 –8 to 99.99999 %, and mass concentration units in the range from 1.0·10–6 to 2.0·105 mg/m3, what is confirmed by the results of participation in international comparisons and published CMC positions in the International database of calibration and measurement capabilities (about 400 CMCs positions).
本文介绍了使用钢瓶加压气体混合物成分标准物质为气体分析测量仪器提供计量保证的现代理念。本文考虑了气瓶中经批准的气体混合物成分标准物质，这些标准物质是气体分析测量中最常用的分子分数和质量浓度单位传递手段。这些标准物质的认证值是气体介质（分析基质）中目标成分的含量。所有用于确保测量均匀性的气体混合物成分标准物质都可追溯到气体和气体凝析介质 GET 154-2019 中各组分的摩尔分数、质量分数和质量浓度单位的国家主要标准。本文介绍了使用 GET 154-2019 确保气体混合物成分标准物质计量溯源性的方法，同时考虑到气体分析仪器园区的不断扩大以及工业和环境控制各领域新测量任务的出现。目前，已在生产混合气体成分标准物质的企业中建立了二级标准和工作标准园，并根据国家验证计划实现了这些标准物质与 GET 154-2019 的溯源。本文介绍了参与 GET 154-2019 国际比对的结果，证实所获得的参考混合气体中目标成分含量与参考值在国际上具有可比性。各行各业和社会领域的相关气体分析测量任务种类繁多，数量巨大，这决定了需要选择优先领域来改进现有的参考基础，包括 GET 154 标准的结构和参考气体混合物的命名。对国际计量局物质数量咨询委员会气体分析工作组制定的 2030 年之前的战略计划进行了分析，并对气体分析测量的长期任务进行了回顾。现行的最新一代 GET 154-2019 标准规定了气体和气体冷凝物介质中 1.5-10 -8 至 99.99999 % 范围内的组分摩尔分数单位和 1.0-10-6 至 2.0-105 mg/m3 范围内的质量浓度单位的再现、存储和传输，这一点在参与国际比对的结果以及校准和测量能力国际数据库（约 400 个 CMC 位置）中公布的 CMC 位置中得到了证实。
{"title":"Ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition","authors":"A. V. Kolobova","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-61-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-61-66","url":null,"abstract":"The modern concept of metrological assurance for gas analytical measuring instruments with the use of reference materials of gas mixtures composition in cylinders under pressure is presented. The reference materials of gas mixtures composition of approved type in cylinders under pressure, which are the most often means of mole fraction and mass concentration units transfer in gas analytical measurements, are considered. The certified value in these reference materials is the content of the target component (or components) in the gas medium (analytical matrix). All the produced reference materials of gas mixtures composition, which are used for ensuring the uniformity of measurements are traceable to the State primary standard of units of mole fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate media GET 154-2019, which characteristics are confirmed on the international level by the results of about 90 international comparisons. The paper presents a methodology for ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition using GET 154-2019, taking into account the constantly increasing park of gas analytical instruments and the emergence of new measuring tasks in various fields of industry and environmental control. Currently, a park of secondary and working standards has been created at enterprises producing reference materials of gas mixtures composition, and their traceability to GET 154-2019 has been implemented according to the state verification scheme. The paper presents the results of international comparisons with participation of GET 154-2019, confirming the comparability of the obtained and reference value of the target component content in reference gas mixtures at the international level. The variety and large number of relevant gas analytical measurement tasks in various industries and the social sphere determines the need to choose priority areas for improving the existing reference base, including the structure of the GET 154 Standard and the nomenclature of reference gas mixtures. The strategic program of the Gas Analysis working group of the Consultative Committee of the Amount of Substance of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures developed for the period up to 2030 has been analysed and a review of the long-term tasks of gas analytical measurements is given. The currently existing GET 154-2019 Standard of the latest generation provides reproduction, storage and transfer of the components’ mole fraction units in gas and gas condensate media in the range from 1.5·10 –8 to 99.99999 %, and mass concentration units in the range from 1.0·10–6 to 2.0·105 mg/m3, what is confirmed by the results of participation in international comparisons and published CMC positions in the International database of calibration and measurement capabilities (about 400 CMCs positions).","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"31 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-12-18
S. I. Donchenko, O. V. Denisenko, I. S. Silvestrov, A. V. Mazurkevich, V. I. Lesnichenko
The metrological support of optical-electronic means of measuring spatial coordinates is described. To meet modern consumer requirements for the accuracy of measurements of spatial coordinates with electronic tacheometers and their analogues (laser scanners, absolute trackers), the State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024 includes technical means for reproducing, storing and transmitting the unit of length in three-dimensional measurement mode. A reference complex of three-dimensional measurements (coordinate measurements, coordinate increments) has been developed and studied. The means and methods for transmitting a unit of length are presented, as well as the metrological characteristics of the GET 199-2024 in the mode of measuring coordinate increments (length). The sources of non-excluded systematic error and the standard deviation of the measurement result are determined. As a result of the research performed, it became possible to reproduce a unit of length in the mode of measuring coordinate increments in the range of 0–60 m with a standard deviation of no more than 25 μm for 10 independent measurements and a non-excluded systematic error (with a confidence probability of 0.99) of 19 μm. The functionality of the GET 199-2024 will allow solving current problems of metrological support for high-precision electronic total stations and their analogues in three-dimensional measurement mode.
描述了测量空间坐标的光学电子手段的计量支持。为满足现代消费者对使用电子测距仪及其类似仪器（激光扫描仪、绝对跟踪仪）测量空间坐标精度的要求，长度单位 GET 199-2024 国家主要特殊标准包括在三维测量模式下复制、存储和传输长度单位的技术手段。已经开发和研究了三维测量（坐标测量、坐标增量）的参考综合体。文中介绍了传输长度单位的手段和方法，以及 GET 199-2024 在测量坐标增量（长度）模式下的计量特性。确定了未排除系统误差的来源和测量结果的标准偏差。 研究结果表明，在 0-60 米的坐标增量测量模式下，10 次独立测量的标准偏差不超过 25 μm，不排除系统误差（置信度为 0.99）为 19 μm，从而可以再现长度单位。GET 199-2024 的功能可解决目前高精度电子全站仪及其类似仪器在三维测量模式下的计量支持问题。
{"title":"State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024: ensuring the uniformity of measurements of high-precision total stations and their analogues in the mode of three-dimensional measurements","authors":"S. I. Donchenko, O. V. Denisenko, I. S. Silvestrov, A. V. Mazurkevich, V. I. Lesnichenko","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-12-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-12-18","url":null,"abstract":"The metrological support of optical-electronic means of measuring spatial coordinates is described. To meet modern consumer requirements for the accuracy of measurements of spatial coordinates with electronic tacheometers and their analogues (laser scanners, absolute trackers), the State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024 includes technical means for reproducing, storing and transmitting the unit of length in three-dimensional measurement mode. A reference complex of three-dimensional measurements (coordinate measurements, coordinate increments) has been developed and studied. The means and methods for transmitting a unit of length are presented, as well as the metrological characteristics of the GET 199-2024 in the mode of measuring coordinate increments (length). The sources of non-excluded systematic error and the standard deviation of the measurement result are determined. As a result of the research performed, it became possible to reproduce a unit of length in the mode of measuring coordinate increments in the range of 0–60 m with a standard deviation of no more than 25 μm for 10 independent measurements and a non-excluded systematic error (with a confidence probability of 0.99) of 19 μm. The functionality of the GET 199-2024 will allow solving current problems of metrological support for high-precision electronic total stations and their analogues in three-dimensional measurement mode.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"32 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-35-39
S. Plotnikov
The research presented in the article is aimed at reducing losses in the magnetic circuits of electrical machines. These losses amount to up to 5 % of the generated electricity, do not depend on the load and can increase over the life of the equipment. To effectively design and construct transformers with low no-load losses, total losses in steel are minimized by optimizing the crystal grain size and thickness of core sheets, improving the steel texture and magnetic circuit design, etc. However, the hysteresis, classical eddy current and anomalous eddy current components of losses in steel react in different directions to these measures, which does not effectively minimize total losses. To determine the three components of losses, a modernized method of three frequencies is proposed, which takes into account the dependence of the hysteresis loss coefficient on frequency. A formula for correcting this coefficient is derived. It is shown that the indicator of the degree of magnetic induction given in most modern scientific sources in the expression for eddy current anomalous losses has become irrelevant. A method for calculating this indicator for the core of a specific transformer is presented, which uses the loss components and total losses in steel found by the method of three frequencies and the total losses in steel at a reduced primary voltage. For the transformer under study, the degree of magnetic induction in anomalous losses was 1.88. The results obtained can be used in the design of dry and oil transformers of different powers operating with a sinusoidal magnetic flux.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-4-11
L. F. Vitushkin, E. P. Krivtsov, P. P. Krolitsky, V. V. Nalivaev, O. A. Orlov, M. M. Haleev
The relevance of research on the reproduction and transmission of the acceleration unit in gravimetry is determined by the development of measuring instruments for the absolute value of the acceleration of free fall and its changes. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the instrument base are due to the requirements of applied tasks solved using gravimetric data in such fields as geodesy, navigation, geodynamics, as well as the expansion of the field of practical application of absolute gravimeters. At the same time, in order to solve applied problems, along with accuracy requirements at a level close to the maximum achievable at the current level of technology development, maximum territorial coverage of measurement sites within the entire territory of the Russian Federation is often necessary. The accuracy of the results obtained with the help of measuring instruments is determined by the level of their metrological support, the main stages of which are the reproduction of the corresponding unit by the standard and its transfer to the measuring instrument. An analysis of possible sources of errors in gravimetric equipment has shown that when reproducing and transmitting the acceleration unit in gravimetry, it is necessary to take into account the influence of geophysical factors that manifest themselves as additional accelerations of a gravitational or inertial nature. The distribution of the gravitational field within a gravimetric point can manifest itself as an additional constant acceleration. Seismic processes and lunar and solar tides manifest themselves as variable accelerations. For various stages of metrological support of gravimetric devices, the mechanisms of the effects of such accelerations have been studied, as well as methods for accounting and reducing their influence using additional equipment have been developed. An additional gravimetric point with a cryogenic relative gravimeter and a broadband seismometer, as well as transported absolute ballistic and relative quartz gravimeters, were introduced into the State primary special standard of acceleration units in the field of gravimetry GET 190-2023.
重力测量学中加速度单位的再现和传输研究的相关性是由自由落体加速度绝对值及其变化的测量仪器的发展决定的。由于大地测量学、导航、地球动力学等领域利用重力测量数据解决应用任务的要求，以及绝对重力仪实际应用领域的扩大，仪器基础发生了质和量的变化。与此同时，为了解决应用问题，同时满足接近当前技术发展水平所能达到的最高精度要求，通常需要在俄罗斯联邦全境最大限度地覆盖测量点。借助测量仪器获得的结果的准确性取决于其计量支持的水平，其主要阶段是按照标准复制相应的单位并将其传输到测量仪器。对重力测量设备中可能的误差来源进行的分析表明，在重力测量中复制和传输加速度单位时，必须考虑到地球物理因素的影响，这些因素表现为重力或惯性性质的附加加速度。重力测量点内的重力场分布可以表现为额外的恒定加速度。地震过程以及月球和太阳潮汐则表现为可变加速度。针对重力测量装置的不同计量支持阶段，对这些加速度的影响机制进行了研究，并开发了使用附加设备计算和减少其影响的方法。在重力测量领域的加速度单位国家主要特殊标准 GET 190-2023 中，增加了一个带有低温相对重力仪和宽带地震仪的重力测量点，以及运输绝对弹道重力仪和相对石英重力仪。
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Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-56-60
I. Ageev, Yuri M. Rybin
The problem of taking into account the influence of air on the properties of distilled water is considered, namely the lack of a single generally accepted method for calculating such an influence. The sensitivity of the structure of water to the influence of external factors is described and the possibility of recording and studying such factors by changes in the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water is shown. The dependences of the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of distilled water on the rate of change in water temperature, the degree of filling of conductometric cells, as well as on the intensity of the exchange of carbon dioxide between water and air across their interface have been studied. It is noted that these metabolic processes are currently insufficiently studied. A hardware-software measuring complex has been developed and manufactured to study the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water when its temperature changes within the range of 20–55 °C. The temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water in sealed conductometric cells was measured at different degrees of filling the cells with distilled water and the rate of heating and cooling of water. The degree of filling of the cells varied within the range of 10–100 %, the rate of change in water temperature varied within the range of 0.04–2.00 °C/min. With a constant heating and cooling time of 15 minutes in all experiments, the change in speed was achieved by changing the temperature of the heating element. The integral temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity is calculated based on the initial and final values of electrical conductivity and water temperature in each measurement cycle. The dependences of the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity on the rate of change in water temperature at several constant degrees of cell filling were obtained. It has been shown that with a constant ratio of the volumes of water and air in the cell and an increase in the rate of heating of water, the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water decreases by 19–22 %. It has been established that at a constant rate of water heating, with a decrease in the volume of water in the cell, the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water decreases by 40–42 %. The results obtained can be used to quantify the dissociation coefficient of carbonic acid, the mobility of hydrogen ions, as well as the intensity of the gas exchange process under various external influences on water. Refinement of data on the electrical conductive properties of water and processes at the water/air interface is necessary for the development of models of atmospheric phenomena and climate change, as well as for the creation of sensors for weak changes in environmental parameters for the purposes of both environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics.
{"title":"Dynamics of changes in the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of distilled water in conductometric cells during heating and cooling","authors":"I. Ageev, Yuri M. Rybin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-56-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2023-12-56-60","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of taking into account the influence of air on the properties of distilled water is considered, namely the lack of a single generally accepted method for calculating such an influence. The sensitivity of the structure of water to the influence of external factors is described and the possibility of recording and studying such factors by changes in the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water is shown. The dependences of the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of distilled water on the rate of change in water temperature, the degree of filling of conductometric cells, as well as on the intensity of the exchange of carbon dioxide between water and air across their interface have been studied. It is noted that these metabolic processes are currently insufficiently studied. A hardware-software measuring complex has been developed and manufactured to study the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water when its temperature changes within the range of 20–55 °C. The temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water in sealed conductometric cells was measured at different degrees of filling the cells with distilled water and the rate of heating and cooling of water. The degree of filling of the cells varied within the range of 10–100 %, the rate of change in water temperature varied within the range of 0.04–2.00 °C/min. With a constant heating and cooling time of 15 minutes in all experiments, the change in speed was achieved by changing the temperature of the heating element. The integral temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity is calculated based on the initial and final values of electrical conductivity and water temperature in each measurement cycle. The dependences of the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity on the rate of change in water temperature at several constant degrees of cell filling were obtained. It has been shown that with a constant ratio of the volumes of water and air in the cell and an increase in the rate of heating of water, the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water decreases by 19–22 %. It has been established that at a constant rate of water heating, with a decrease in the volume of water in the cell, the temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity of water decreases by 40–42 %. The results obtained can be used to quantify the dissociation coefficient of carbonic acid, the mobility of hydrogen ions, as well as the intensity of the gas exchange process under various external influences on water. Refinement of data on the electrical conductive properties of water and processes at the water/air interface is necessary for the development of models of atmospheric phenomena and climate change, as well as for the creation of sensors for weak changes in environmental parameters for the purposes of both environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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