Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-55-60
D. V. Averkin
The problem of satisfying the needs of the domestic market of the Russian Federation for creating domestic particle size standard reference materials in liquids to ensure uniformity in measurements of the granulometric composition of aerosols and powdery substances is considered. It is known that, under various conditions, monodisperse suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres can be synthesized, both monodisperse and polydisperse samples being obtainable. The effect of the composition and solubility of surfactants in a styrene-based water emulsion on the particle size of suspensions obtained as a result of emulsion polymerization, and their polydispersity, has been investigated. The metrological characteristics of polystyrene suspensions based on sodium, potassium, and lithium laureths synthesized in this study were determined using dynamic light scattering and laser diffraction techniques. It has been found that the size and degree of polydispersity of particles in suspensions based on lauric acid salts is primarily influenced by the solubility of the surfactant and the surface tension of the interfacial layer formed between styrene and water at the time of particle formation. The effect of the rate of reaction, as well as the concentration of surfactants, on the size and polydispersity of the synthesized particles, has been studied. It has been found that when potassium persulfate is used as the initiator in the reaction, particle size distributions are monodisperse for suspensions based on sodium or potassium laureate. The polydispersity degree of lithium laureate-based suspensions is approximately 1.5 to 2 times higher compared to other suspension samples. When azoisobutyronitrile is used as an initiator, all suspensions samples are monodisperse. It has been experimentally determined that the achievement of monodisperse samples is due to the polymer-monomer particle formation time, which is comparable to the monomer transformation rate. The results obtained will be utilized in the development and establishment of particle size standard reference materials for storage and reproduction of particle size values within a liquid medium.
{"title":"Effect of surfactants on the degree of polydispersity of a suspension of polystyrene latex spheres","authors":"D. V. Averkin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-55-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-55-60","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of satisfying the needs of the domestic market of the Russian Federation for creating domestic particle size standard reference materials in liquids to ensure uniformity in measurements of the granulometric composition of aerosols and powdery substances is considered. It is known that, under various conditions, monodisperse suspensions of polystyrene latex spheres can be synthesized, both monodisperse and polydisperse samples being obtainable. The effect of the composition and solubility of surfactants in a styrene-based water emulsion on the particle size of suspensions obtained as a result of emulsion polymerization, and their polydispersity, has been investigated. The metrological characteristics of polystyrene suspensions based on sodium, potassium, and lithium laureths synthesized in this study were determined using dynamic light scattering and laser diffraction techniques. It has been found that the size and degree of polydispersity of particles in suspensions based on lauric acid salts is primarily influenced by the solubility of the surfactant and the surface tension of the interfacial layer formed between styrene and water at the time of particle formation. The effect of the rate of reaction, as well as the concentration of surfactants, on the size and polydispersity of the synthesized particles, has been studied. It has been found that when potassium persulfate is used as the initiator in the reaction, particle size distributions are monodisperse for suspensions based on sodium or potassium laureate. The polydispersity degree of lithium laureate-based suspensions is approximately 1.5 to 2 times higher compared to other suspension samples. When azoisobutyronitrile is used as an initiator, all suspensions samples are monodisperse. It has been experimentally determined that the achievement of monodisperse samples is due to the polymer-monomer particle formation time, which is comparable to the monomer transformation rate. The results obtained will be utilized in the development and establishment of particle size standard reference materials for storage and reproduction of particle size values within a liquid medium.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"135 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-61-69
E. P. Sobina, I. P. Aronov, N. O. Obuhova
Indicators of the accuracy of measurements of the most important characteristics of the structure of porous and dispersed materials - specific adsorption of gases, specific surface area, specific pore volume and pore size – are considered. The performance of sorbents, catalysts and membranes in the chemical and petroleum industries, including the purification of substances and materials, depends on the values of these characteristics. It has been established that for mutual recognition of national standards and certificates of calibrations and measurements of porosity characteristics of solid substances performed by national metrological institutes, it is required to organize and successfully participate in three international key comparisons under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry and Biology of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The results of the participation of national metrology institutes and designated organizations of Germany, China, Japan, Brazil, Turkey and Russia in three international key comparisons in the field of measurements of specific adsorption of gases (nitrogen, argon, krypton) and specific surface area of solids (zeolite, silicon oxides and aluminum) are presented. Carrying out the optimal number of comparisons makes it possible to register in the Key Comparison Database of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures the measuring and calibration capabilities of the national metrological institutes of the participating countries for various matrices in a wide range of measurements of specific adsorption of gases 0.001–25 mol/kg and specific surface area of solids 0.1–1500 m2/g. Based on the results of these three international key comparisons, 18 of broad calibration and measurement capabilities of the Russian participant, the D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, were entered into the Key Comparison Database; two of these items are currently undergoing examination, including reference materials produced by this institute. A comparative analysis of the results of measurements of the specific surface area of solids using nitrogen and krypton as adsorbates was performed. It has been established that the uncertainty of the measurement results of the specific surface area is significantly less in the case of using krypton as an adsorbate with a specific surface area of less than 1 m2/g, which is due to the higher values of the relative pressure of krypton compared to nitrogen. The use of calibration and testing laboratories in Russia of certified reference materials of sorption properties presented in the Key Comparison Database of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures will ensure metrological traceability in the field of measurements of porosity characteristics.
本文考虑了测量多孔和分散材料结构最重要特征（气体比吸附、比表面积、比孔容积和孔径）准确性的指标。化学和石油工业中吸附剂、催化剂和膜的性能，包括物质和材料的净化，都取决于这些特性的值。已经确定，为了相互承认由国家计量机构执行的固体物质孔隙度特性校准和测量的国家标准和证书，需要在物质数量协商委员会的主持下组织并成功参与三次国际关键比对：国际计量局化学和生物计量咨询委员会主持的三次国际重要比对。本文介绍了德国、中国、日本、巴西、土耳其和俄罗斯的国家计量机构和指定组织在测量气体（氮气、氩气、氪气）比吸附力和固体（沸石、硅氧化物和铝）比表面积领域参加三次国际重要比对的结果。通过进行最佳数量的比对，可以在国际计量局的关键比对数据库中登记参与国国家计量机构在各种基质方面的测量和校准能力，这些基质包括 0.001-25 mol/kg 的气体比吸附量和 0.1-1500 m2/g 的固体比表面积。根据这三次国际重要比对的结果，俄罗斯参与方 D. I. 门捷列夫计量科学研究院拥有广泛的校准和测量能力。门捷列夫计量研究院的 18 项广泛的校准和测量能力已被输入关键比对数据库；其中两项目前正在接受审查，包括该研究院生产的参考材料。对使用氮和氪作为吸附剂测量固体比表面积的结果进行了比较分析。结果表明，使用比表面积小于 1 平方米/克的氪作为吸附剂时，比表面积测量结果的不确定性要小得多，这是因为氪的相对压力值比氮高。俄罗斯的校准和测试实验室使用国际计量局关键对比数据库中的吸附特性认证参考材料，将确保孔隙度特性测量领域的计量可追溯性。
{"title":"International comparisons in the field of measurement of specific adsorption of gases and specific surface area of solids: the optimal amount to ensure calibration and measurement capabilities","authors":"E. P. Sobina, I. P. Aronov, N. O. Obuhova","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-61-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-61-69","url":null,"abstract":"Indicators of the accuracy of measurements of the most important characteristics of the structure of porous and dispersed materials - specific adsorption of gases, specific surface area, specific pore volume and pore size – are considered. The performance of sorbents, catalysts and membranes in the chemical and petroleum industries, including the purification of substances and materials, depends on the values of these characteristics. It has been established that for mutual recognition of national standards and certificates of calibrations and measurements of porosity characteristics of solid substances performed by national metrological institutes, it is required to organize and successfully participate in three international key comparisons under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance: Metrology in Chemistry and Biology of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The results of the participation of national metrology institutes and designated organizations of Germany, China, Japan, Brazil, Turkey and Russia in three international key comparisons in the field of measurements of specific adsorption of gases (nitrogen, argon, krypton) and specific surface area of solids (zeolite, silicon oxides and aluminum) are presented. Carrying out the optimal number of comparisons makes it possible to register in the Key Comparison Database of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures the measuring and calibration capabilities of the national metrological institutes of the participating countries for various matrices in a wide range of measurements of specific adsorption of gases 0.001–25 mol/kg and specific surface area of solids 0.1–1500 m2/g. Based on the results of these three international key comparisons, 18 of broad calibration and measurement capabilities of the Russian participant, the D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, were entered into the Key Comparison Database; two of these items are currently undergoing examination, including reference materials produced by this institute. A comparative analysis of the results of measurements of the specific surface area of solids using nitrogen and krypton as adsorbates was performed. It has been established that the uncertainty of the measurement results of the specific surface area is significantly less in the case of using krypton as an adsorbate with a specific surface area of less than 1 m2/g, which is due to the higher values of the relative pressure of krypton compared to nitrogen. The use of calibration and testing laboratories in Russia of certified reference materials of sorption properties presented in the Key Comparison Database of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures will ensure metrological traceability in the field of measurements of porosity characteristics.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140974795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-38-44
S. V. Sherstobitov
Today, there is great scientific interest in the possibility of implementing reference sources of low currents based on single-electron pumps using the single-electron tunneling effect and the modern definition of the SI system. However, the practical use of this effect in everyday metrological practice has not yet reached the stage of widespread use. Typically, for routine calibration work in laboratories, either mass-produced instruments (low current sources and meters, electrometers) are used, which are calibrated against higher standards, or specially designed precision current sources. The article describes a reference installation developed on the basis of the VNIIFTRI, where in the mode of generating ultralow currents the principle of forming a linearly increasing voltage on a reference capacitor is used. A simplified block diagram of the reference setup is shown. Issues of practical adjustment of modern electrometers are considered. The generalized results of participation in international comparisons on low currents EURAMET.EM-S44 “Comparison of ultra-low DC current sources” conducted by national metrological institutes in 2018–2020 are presented. The results of a metrological study of the calibration factor Q and an example of calculating the uncertainty budget of measurements carried out at the VNIIFTRI as part of these international comparisons are presented. The research described in the article to increase the accuracy of measurements of small and ultra-low currents of this level has valuable practical significance in the field of electrical measurements, in aeroionometry and metrology of ionizing radiation.
{"title":"Experimental installation of a reference source of low currents for calibration of electrometers","authors":"S. V. Sherstobitov","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-38-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-38-44","url":null,"abstract":"Today, there is great scientific interest in the possibility of implementing reference sources of low currents based on single-electron pumps using the single-electron tunneling effect and the modern definition of the SI system. However, the practical use of this effect in everyday metrological practice has not yet reached the stage of widespread use. Typically, for routine calibration work in laboratories, either mass-produced instruments (low current sources and meters, electrometers) are used, which are calibrated against higher standards, or specially designed precision current sources. The article describes a reference installation developed on the basis of the VNIIFTRI, where in the mode of generating ultralow currents the principle of forming a linearly increasing voltage on a reference capacitor is used. A simplified block diagram of the reference setup is shown. Issues of practical adjustment of modern electrometers are considered. The generalized results of participation in international comparisons on low currents EURAMET.EM-S44 “Comparison of ultra-low DC current sources” conducted by national metrological institutes in 2018–2020 are presented. The results of a metrological study of the calibration factor Q and an example of calculating the uncertainty budget of measurements carried out at the VNIIFTRI as part of these international comparisons are presented. The research described in the article to increase the accuracy of measurements of small and ultra-low currents of this level has valuable practical significance in the field of electrical measurements, in aeroionometry and metrology of ionizing radiation.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"39 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140975624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-5-13
I. Krasavin, A. Y. Kuzin
The use of information systems is an integral part of the activities of all federal executive authorities. At the same time, in the conditions of digital transformation the fulfillment of some functions of federal executive bodies is impossible without interaction of their information systems, which often occurs as a result of information exchange (requests and answers to them). The main directions of development of information interaction of state information systems of federal executive authorities, participating to some extent in ensuring the uniformity of measurements, are given. The approaches to the organization of interaction are described, as well as the tasks that can be solved through such interaction of state information systems. On the example of interaction of the subsystem “ARSHIN” of the Federal State Information System of Rosstandart with the State Information System of housing and communal services the tasks aimed at ensuring the reliability of transferred data contained in these information systems are considered. Transition to machine-readable formats of documents in the field of measurement uniformity assurance is proposed. The conditions necessary to ensure interaction of information systems are described.
{"title":"Development of state information systems in the field of metrology: main tasks","authors":"I. Krasavin, A. Y. Kuzin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-5-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-5-13","url":null,"abstract":"The use of information systems is an integral part of the activities of all federal executive authorities. At the same time, in the conditions of digital transformation the fulfillment of some functions of federal executive bodies is impossible without interaction of their information systems, which often occurs as a result of information exchange (requests and answers to them). The main directions of development of information interaction of state information systems of federal executive authorities, participating to some extent in ensuring the uniformity of measurements, are given. The approaches to the organization of interaction are described, as well as the tasks that can be solved through such interaction of state information systems. On the example of interaction of the subsystem “ARSHIN” of the Federal State Information System of Rosstandart with the State Information System of housing and communal services the tasks aimed at ensuring the reliability of transferred data contained in these information systems are considered. Transition to machine-readable formats of documents in the field of measurement uniformity assurance is proposed. The conditions necessary to ensure interaction of information systems are described.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"132 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-14DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-20-25
M. V. Philippov, V. S. Makhmutov, M. V. Razumeyko
The future space experiment «Sun-Terahertz» is aimed at studying the Sun in the unexplored terahertz range, obtaining new data on the terahertz radiation of the Sun, solar active regions and solar flares. The scientific equipment being developed is a set of eight detectors sensitive to radiation of various frequencies in the range 0.4–12.0 THz. The Golay cell optoacoustic receiver was used as a sensitive element of the detectors. This paper examines the problem of changing the sensitivity of receivers of this type when their own temperature changes (temperature effect). Using a test bench based on a single-channel model of scientific equipment and a black body simulator, the linear section of the temperature dependence of the receiver was determined. A method for compensating the temperature effect of optoacoustic converters Golay cell has been developed and the results of its testing on a test bench are presented. This technique will be useful in the development of scientific equipment based on Golay cells, the operation of which is expected under conditions of temperature changes in the surrounding space.
{"title":"Scientific equipment for the “Sun-Terahertz” space experiment: study of the temperature effect of the Golay cell","authors":"M. V. Philippov, V. S. Makhmutov, M. V. Razumeyko","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-20-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-3-20-25","url":null,"abstract":"The future space experiment «Sun-Terahertz» is aimed at studying the Sun in the unexplored terahertz range, obtaining new data on the terahertz radiation of the Sun, solar active regions and solar flares. The scientific equipment being developed is a set of eight detectors sensitive to radiation of various frequencies in the range 0.4–12.0 THz. The Golay cell optoacoustic receiver was used as a sensitive element of the detectors. This paper examines the problem of changing the sensitivity of receivers of this type when their own temperature changes (temperature effect). Using a test bench based on a single-channel model of scientific equipment and a black body simulator, the linear section of the temperature dependence of the receiver was determined. A method for compensating the temperature effect of optoacoustic converters Golay cell has been developed and the results of its testing on a test bench are presented. This technique will be useful in the development of scientific equipment based on Golay cells, the operation of which is expected under conditions of temperature changes in the surrounding space.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-49-54
V. P. Krylov, R. A. Chirkov, M. O. Zabezhaylov, A. N. Khramov
Features of methods practical use for material dielectric properties measurement in different (factory and metrological) laboratories and influence of above mentioned features on measurements results are considered. Results are obtained by Obninsk Research and Production Enterprise “Technologiya” A. G. Romashin radiophysics laboratory and by East-Siberian branch Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Russian metrological institute of technical physics and radio engineering” department of radio engineering measurements. Results of microwave permittivity and loss tangent solid materials measurements are analysed. This investigation made it possible to get additional information about features of standard methods practical use for material dielectric properties measurement, which was absent in literature earlier. In laboratories for measurements used the waveguide resonator and the standardized techniques. The factory laboratory applied a measurement method at the fixed frequency with control in a resonance movement of the plunger, and in metrological laboratory a measurement method with the fixed length of the resonator and measurement at resonant frequencies. Results of measurements showed good reproducibility of results for samples that are meeting method requirements. It was revealed reducing reproducibility of measurements of hygroscopic, heterogeneous samples and in the case of nonobservance of diameter method requirements. Obtained results can be applied for reproducibility improvement of dielectric properties measurements in practical use of considered methods.
考虑了不同（工厂和计量）实验室实际使用的材料介电性能测量方法的特点，以及上述特点对测量结果的影响。奥布宁斯克 "Technologiya "科研生产企业 A. G. Romashin 放射物理学实验室和东西伯利亚分部联邦国营单一制企业 "俄罗斯技术物理和无线电工程计量研究所 "无线电工程测量部获得了测量结果。对固体材料的微波介电常数和损耗正切测量结果进行了分析。这项调查使我们有可能获得更多有关材料介电特性测量实用标准方法特点的信息，而这些信息在以前的文献中是没有的。实验室使用波导谐振器和标准化技术进行测量。工厂实验室采用固定频率测量方法，控制柱塞的共振运动；计量实验室采用固定谐振器长度测量方法，测量共振频率。测量结果表明，符合方法要求的样品结果重现性良好。测量结果表明，对吸湿性样品、异质样品和不符合直径测量方法要求的样品，测量结果的重现性有所降低。在实际使用所考虑的方法时，所获得的结果可用于提高介电性能测量的重现性。
{"title":"Solid materials microwave dielectric properties: features of methods practical use","authors":"V. P. Krylov, R. A. Chirkov, M. O. Zabezhaylov, A. N. Khramov","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-49-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-49-54","url":null,"abstract":"Features of methods practical use for material dielectric properties measurement in different (factory and metrological) laboratories and influence of above mentioned features on measurements results are considered. Results are obtained by Obninsk Research and Production Enterprise “Technologiya” A. G. Romashin radiophysics laboratory and by East-Siberian branch Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Russian metrological institute of technical physics and radio engineering” department of radio engineering measurements. Results of microwave permittivity and loss tangent solid materials measurements are analysed. This investigation made it possible to get additional information about features of standard methods practical use for material dielectric properties measurement, which was absent in literature earlier. In laboratories for measurements used the waveguide resonator and the standardized techniques. The factory laboratory applied a measurement method at the fixed frequency with control in a resonance movement of the plunger, and in metrological laboratory a measurement method with the fixed length of the resonator and measurement at resonant frequencies. Results of measurements showed good reproducibility of results for samples that are meeting method requirements. It was revealed reducing reproducibility of measurements of hygroscopic, heterogeneous samples and in the case of nonobservance of diameter method requirements. Obtained results can be applied for reproducibility improvement of dielectric properties measurements in practical use of considered methods.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140721374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-4-12
V. I. Evgrafov, N. V. Konyshev, D. N. Chervonetsky
The issues of measuring the wave resistance and complex reflection and transmission coefficients of devices operating at ultrahigh frequencies in coaxial waveguides are considered. Measurements of these parameters are important in the development and production of communication and information transmission systems, radar and radio navigation systems. In order to ensure the uniformity of measurements, reproduction and transmission of wave resistance units and complex reflection and transmission coefficients to measuring instruments with coaxial connectors of type 1 mm in the frequency range 0.01–67 GHz, the state primary standard of the unit resistance in coaxial waveguides GET 75-2023 has been approved. It includes means of reproducing the unit of wave resistance, complex reflection coefficients, a comparator and comparison standards in a coaxial path with a cross section of 1.0/0.434 mm with a connector of type 1 mm. The expressions for calculating the parameters of coaxial waveguides with bimetallic conductors are refined. The technical characteristics and results of metrological studies of GET 75-2023 are presented. The results of the research confirmed the high accuracy of GET 75-2023, which has comparable metrological characteristics with the standards of national metrological institutes of other countries.
本研究探讨了如何测量同轴波导中超高频工作设备的波阻抗、复反射系数和透射系数。这些参数的测量对于通信和信息传输系统、雷达和无线电导航系统的开发和生产非常重要。为了确保在 0.01-67 GHz 频率范围内，使用 1 mm 型同轴连接器的测量仪器在测量、复制和传输波阻单位以及复合反射和传输系数时的一致性，已批准了同轴波导中单位电阻的国家主要标准 GET 75-2023。该标准包括在横截面为 1.0/0.434 毫米的同轴通路中与 1 毫米型连接器重现波阻单位的方法、复反射系数、比较器和比较标准。完善了双金属导体同轴波导参数的计算表达式。介绍了 GET 75-2023 的技术特点和计量研究结果。研究结果证实了 GET 75-2023 的高精确度，其计量特性可与其他国家的国家计量机构的标准相媲美。
{"title":"State primary standard of the unit of wave resistance in coaxial waveguides GET 75-2023","authors":"V. I. Evgrafov, N. V. Konyshev, D. N. Chervonetsky","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-4-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-4-12","url":null,"abstract":"The issues of measuring the wave resistance and complex reflection and transmission coefficients of devices operating at ultrahigh frequencies in coaxial waveguides are considered. Measurements of these parameters are important in the development and production of communication and information transmission systems, radar and radio navigation systems. In order to ensure the uniformity of measurements, reproduction and transmission of wave resistance units and complex reflection and transmission coefficients to measuring instruments with coaxial connectors of type 1 mm in the frequency range 0.01–67 GHz, the state primary standard of the unit resistance in coaxial waveguides GET 75-2023 has been approved. It includes means of reproducing the unit of wave resistance, complex reflection coefficients, a comparator and comparison standards in a coaxial path with a cross section of 1.0/0.434 mm with a connector of type 1 mm. The expressions for calculating the parameters of coaxial waveguides with bimetallic conductors are refined. The technical characteristics and results of metrological studies of GET 75-2023 are presented. The results of the research confirmed the high accuracy of GET 75-2023, which has comparable metrological characteristics with the standards of national metrological institutes of other countries.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"55 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140730079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-42-48
V. I. Semikhin, R. V. Malyugin, E. I. Elina, B. V. Grigoriev, A. Elin
The issues of increasing hydrodynamic efficiency, improving the operational and technical characteristics of various apparatus and devices used in the fi eld of heat and mass transfer, as well as ensuring the required regime and flowow conditions of liquids of different viscosities do not lose their relevance. To solve these issues, in addition to studying the nature of the flowow of various liquids in round horizontal tubes (capillaries), it is necessary to determine the conditions when the flowow of liquid in capillaries and round tubes of small diameter is laminar and can be described by the Poiseuille equation. Experimental data on determining water flow ow through horizontal round tubes of various diameters are presented. Determining the patterns and features of such flow ows is mostly aimed at increasing hydrodynamic efficiency, improving the operational and technical characteristics of various apparatus and devices, as well as ensuring the required flow ow regime and conditions. Experimental data on determining the flow ow rate of water through horizontal tubes of circular cross-section with different diameters are presented in the article. The dependence of the volumetric flow ow rate on the pressure drop has been determined; it has been shown that the main parameters that determine the nature of the flow ow of liquids in horizontal tubes are the tube radius and the dynamic viscosity of the liquid. The flow ow of distilled water in tubes with diameters of 0.95, 1.6 and 2.0 mm at an overpressure of 0.266 kPa to 4 kPa is considered. It is shown that the dependence of the volumetric flow ow rate on the excess pressure remains linear at 0.95 mm in the entire considered pressure range. An increase in the tube radius increases the likelihood of velocity flow uctuations and the appearance of a radial velocity component, i.e. the occurrence of elements of a turbulent structure. In this regard, with tube diameters of 1.6 and 2.0 mm, a deviation of the water flow ow regime from the laminar character was established at pressures of more than 1.3 kPa and 1 kPa, respectively. The dependence of the volumetric flow ow rate on pressure for a 40 % aqueous solution of CaCl2, transformer, transmission and engine oils with dynamic viscosity coefficients from 0.002 Pa·s to 0.182 Pa·s remains linear up to pipe diameters of 5–6 mm. The experimental results are shown in the form of a nomogram of the dependence of the coefficient K* on the tube radius at different values of the viscosity coefficient. The results of studies of liquids of various viscosities are presented in the form of a nomogram of the dependence of the ratio of the radius of the tube to the fourth power to the viscosity of the liquid on the radius of the tube. The analysis of which makes it possible to predict the nature of the flow ow of the investigated liquid at the given values of the tube radius and the dynamic viscosity coefficient. Heat exchange devices for the design of which the present
{"title":"Investigation of the Newtonian fluids flow in circular horizontal tubes at low inlet pressures","authors":"V. I. Semikhin, R. V. Malyugin, E. I. Elina, B. V. Grigoriev, A. Elin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-42-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-42-48","url":null,"abstract":"The issues of increasing hydrodynamic efficiency, improving the operational and technical characteristics of various apparatus and devices used in the fi eld of heat and mass transfer, as well as ensuring the required regime and flowow conditions of liquids of different viscosities do not lose their relevance. To solve these issues, in addition to studying the nature of the flowow of various liquids in round horizontal tubes (capillaries), it is necessary to determine the conditions when the flowow of liquid in capillaries and round tubes of small diameter is laminar and can be described by the Poiseuille equation. Experimental data on determining water flow ow through horizontal round tubes of various diameters are presented. Determining the patterns and features of such flow ows is mostly aimed at increasing hydrodynamic efficiency, improving the operational and technical characteristics of various apparatus and devices, as well as ensuring the required flow ow regime and conditions. Experimental data on determining the flow ow rate of water through horizontal tubes of circular cross-section with different diameters are presented in the article. The dependence of the volumetric flow ow rate on the pressure drop has been determined; it has been shown that the main parameters that determine the nature of the flow ow of liquids in horizontal tubes are the tube radius and the dynamic viscosity of the liquid. The flow ow of distilled water in tubes with diameters of 0.95, 1.6 and 2.0 mm at an overpressure of 0.266 kPa to 4 kPa is considered. It is shown that the dependence of the volumetric flow ow rate on the excess pressure remains linear at 0.95 mm in the entire considered pressure range. An increase in the tube radius increases the likelihood of velocity flow uctuations and the appearance of a radial velocity component, i.e. the occurrence of elements of a turbulent structure. In this regard, with tube diameters of 1.6 and 2.0 mm, a deviation of the water flow ow regime from the laminar character was established at pressures of more than 1.3 kPa and 1 kPa, respectively. The dependence of the volumetric flow ow rate on pressure for a 40 % aqueous solution of CaCl2, transformer, transmission and engine oils with dynamic viscosity coefficients from 0.002 Pa·s to 0.182 Pa·s remains linear up to pipe diameters of 5–6 mm. The experimental results are shown in the form of a nomogram of the dependence of the coefficient K* on the tube radius at different values of the viscosity coefficient. The results of studies of liquids of various viscosities are presented in the form of a nomogram of the dependence of the ratio of the radius of the tube to the fourth power to the viscosity of the liquid on the radius of the tube. The analysis of which makes it possible to predict the nature of the flow ow of the investigated liquid at the given values of the tube radius and the dynamic viscosity coefficient. Heat exchange devices for the design of which the present","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"51 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-13-22
S. F. Levin
Prior to the requirement for testing and calibration laboratories to take into account the risk of statistical assumptions, false positive and false negative decisions in international documents, it was found that the methodology of the “Guide to Expressing Measurement Uncertainty” based on the Bayes approach and the Monte Carlo method for calculating probabilistic risk characteristics is not applicable. A later draft revision of the “Manual on the Expression of Measurement Uncertainty” attempted to shift the interpretation of measurement uncertainty from the scattering parameter to the probability distribution. An attempt to contribute to solving the problem of definitional uncertainty in the International Dictionary of Basic and Basic Terms of Metrology was also unsuccessful. In the new version of the dictionary of general statistical terms and probability theory terms, the term measurement uncertainty is excluded, and one of the notes states that “the probability distribution fully describes the probabilistic properties of the uncertainty of the result”. However, due to the new requirements for risk calculations, international documents were urgently put into effect without radical assessments of the inapplicability of the Bayes approach and the Monte Carlo method, the disadvantages were renamed limitations, but there are no specific instructions for calculating risks. Based on the experience of the compositional approach to estimating accuracy, a procedure based on the convolution of probability distributions in the form of a modified reversal formula is recommended, which allows taking into account the definitive uncertainty in the moment approach. It is established that the method of accounting for the definitive uncertainty by convolution of uniform distributions is practically suggested in the text of the “Manual on the expression of measurement uncertainty”, but not used.
{"title":"Semantic analysis of two-syllabic terms of metrology. Part 2: Risk in measurements and calculations","authors":"S. F. Levin","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-13-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-13-22","url":null,"abstract":"Prior to the requirement for testing and calibration laboratories to take into account the risk of statistical assumptions, false positive and false negative decisions in international documents, it was found that the methodology of the “Guide to Expressing Measurement Uncertainty” based on the Bayes approach and the Monte Carlo method for calculating probabilistic risk characteristics is not applicable. A later draft revision of the “Manual on the Expression of Measurement Uncertainty” attempted to shift the interpretation of measurement uncertainty from the scattering parameter to the probability distribution. An attempt to contribute to solving the problem of definitional uncertainty in the International Dictionary of Basic and Basic Terms of Metrology was also unsuccessful. In the new version of the dictionary of general statistical terms and probability theory terms, the term measurement uncertainty is excluded, and one of the notes states that “the probability distribution fully describes the probabilistic properties of the uncertainty of the result”. However, due to the new requirements for risk calculations, international documents were urgently put into effect without radical assessments of the inapplicability of the Bayes approach and the Monte Carlo method, the disadvantages were renamed limitations, but there are no specific instructions for calculating risks. Based on the experience of the compositional approach to estimating accuracy, a procedure based on the convolution of probability distributions in the form of a modified reversal formula is recommended, which allows taking into account the definitive uncertainty in the moment approach. It is established that the method of accounting for the definitive uncertainty by convolution of uniform distributions is practically suggested in the text of the “Manual on the expression of measurement uncertainty”, but not used.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-08DOI: 10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-30-34
V. I. Mironchenko
The most pressing problems in terms of production are increasing labor productivity and the quality of its results. One of the main ways to increase labor productivity is the development of new progressive technological processes. There are methods for controlling batches of products that can reduce the time of its control and increase labor productivity, which include methods of statistical quality control based on an alternative criterion. However, a sample from a batch of products must be fully controlled. When inspecting with one inspection tool, the sample inspection time is no less than the sum of the inspection times of all sample items. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for determining the number of defective products in a sample with one inspection tool, allowing to reduce the sample inspection time to the minimum possible. A method is proposed for determining the number of defective products of a certain class in a sample with one inspection tool using samples, which allows to signifi cantly reduce the sample inspection time. The samples are connected in parallel to the controlled products and are connected in series. All products in the sample with samples are controlled simultaneously, the total value of the controlled parameter is determined for them, and the number of defective products in the sample is determined by the formula. The effectiveness of the method is shown using the example of monitoring electromagnetic relays. The method makes it possible to reduce the sample inspection time to the minimum possible value, equal to the inspection time of one product.
{"title":"Method for determining the number of defective products in a sample based on one measurement result","authors":"V. I. Mironchenko","doi":"10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-30-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-2-30-34","url":null,"abstract":"The most pressing problems in terms of production are increasing labor productivity and the quality of its results. One of the main ways to increase labor productivity is the development of new progressive technological processes. There are methods for controlling batches of products that can reduce the time of its control and increase labor productivity, which include methods of statistical quality control based on an alternative criterion. However, a sample from a batch of products must be fully controlled. When inspecting with one inspection tool, the sample inspection time is no less than the sum of the inspection times of all sample items. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for determining the number of defective products in a sample with one inspection tool, allowing to reduce the sample inspection time to the minimum possible. A method is proposed for determining the number of defective products of a certain class in a sample with one inspection tool using samples, which allows to signifi cantly reduce the sample inspection time. The samples are connected in parallel to the controlled products and are connected in series. All products in the sample with samples are controlled simultaneously, the total value of the controlled parameter is determined for them, and the number of defective products in the sample is determined by the formula. The effectiveness of the method is shown using the example of monitoring electromagnetic relays. The method makes it possible to reduce the sample inspection time to the minimum possible value, equal to the inspection time of one product.","PeriodicalId":14651,"journal":{"name":"Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika","volume":"31 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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