Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.6
Z. Khalaf, M. Flayyih
Escherichia coli is gram negative bacteria and represents a typical resident of the digestive systems of both humans and animals. The stability and equilibrium of the luminal microbial flora are significantly influenced by E. coli. The Escherichia coli uropathogenic-specific protein (Usp) represents type of genotoxins produced by uropathogenic E. coli rather than fecal E. coli isolates. In the current study E. coli was isolated from urine and stool and usp gene was detected in it. Sensitivity test was evaluated by using different types of antibiotics and the usp gene was detected by PCR in all bacterial isolates. Antibiotics sensitivity test showed variable degrees of sensitivity and resistance. High percentage of sensitivity was achieved against amikacin (86%) and that for ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin and tobramycin it was 80%. Whereas trimethoprim and aztreonam showed 64% and 60% sensitivity respectively. In this study, most isolates were resistant to amoxicillin 92%; while they showed different degrees of resistance against other types of antibiotics (from tetracycline 62% to amikacin 4%). The frequency of multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria was about 64 % (32 isolates), 30 from urine and 2 from the stool. The results showed that usp gene was found in 26 bacterial isolates (52%), whereas other 24 (48%) isolates didn’t have this gene. It was concluded that source of bacterial isolates carry usp gene was urine, with the exception of one isolate from f stool, and E. coli recorded as multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR).
{"title":"Detection of Uropathogenic Specific Protein Gene (usp) and Multidrug Resistant Bacteria (MDR) of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Baghdad City","authors":"Z. Khalaf, M. Flayyih","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.6","url":null,"abstract":" Escherichia coli is gram negative bacteria and represents a typical resident of the digestive systems of both humans and animals. The stability and equilibrium of the luminal microbial flora are significantly influenced by E. coli. The Escherichia coli uropathogenic-specific protein (Usp) represents type of genotoxins produced by uropathogenic E. coli rather than fecal E. coli isolates. In the current study E. coli was isolated from urine and stool and usp gene was detected in it. Sensitivity test was evaluated by using different types of antibiotics and the usp gene was detected by PCR in all bacterial isolates. Antibiotics sensitivity test showed variable degrees of sensitivity and resistance. High percentage of sensitivity was achieved against amikacin (86%) and that for ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin and tobramycin it was 80%. Whereas trimethoprim and aztreonam showed 64% and 60% sensitivity respectively. In this study, most isolates were resistant to amoxicillin 92%; while they showed different degrees of resistance against other types of antibiotics (from tetracycline 62% to amikacin 4%). The frequency of multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria was about 64 % (32 isolates), 30 from urine and 2 from the stool. The results showed that usp gene was found in 26 bacterial isolates (52%), whereas other 24 (48%) isolates didn’t have this gene. It was concluded that source of bacterial isolates carry usp gene was urine, with the exception of one isolate from f stool, and E. coli recorded as multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR).","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.24
Faiz A. Reshem, Husam L. Saad
We provide a q-operator form solution to a generalized q-difference equation involving (r+s+2)-variables. We introduce a q-polynomials Ψ_n^((A,B)) (x,y,c|q). The generating function, two Rogers formulas, and two types of Srivastava-Agarwal generating functions for the polynomials Ψ_n^((A,B)) (x,y,c|q) are established using the q-difference equation technique.
{"title":"Applications of q-Difference Equation and q-Operator _r Φ_s (θ) in q-Polynomials","authors":"Faiz A. Reshem, Husam L. Saad","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.24","url":null,"abstract":" We provide a q-operator form solution to a generalized q-difference equation involving (r+s+2)-variables. We introduce a q-polynomials Ψ_n^((A,B)) (x,y,c|q). The generating function, two Rogers formulas, and two types of Srivastava-Agarwal generating functions for the polynomials Ψ_n^((A,B)) (x,y,c|q) are established using the q-difference equation technique.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"66 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140364975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.34
Hassan Raheem Shool, Ahmed K. Al-Jaberi, A. Jasim
In this article, the effects of physical flow parameters on squeezed fluid between parallel plates are explored through the Darcy porous channel when fluid is moving as a result of the upper plate being squeezed towards the stretchable lower plate, such as velocity slip, thermal slip, solutal slip, thermal stratification parameter, solutal stratification parameter, squeezing number, Darcy number, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number. The governing equations are transformed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation using the appropriate similarity transformations. The resulting equations are solved by using the perturbation iteration method (PIT) to produce a convergent analytical solution with high accuracy. The phenomena of the squeezing fluid as the plates are moving apart and when they are coming together are illustrated using the resulting analytical solutions. Plots are used to discuss the significant effects of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and fluid concentration profiles. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt Sherwood values have graphical interpretations that are listed. For strong velocity slip parameters, the results demonstrate the existence of a minimum velocity profile close to the plate and a growing velocity profile distant from the plate. Additionally, as the slip effects rise, the fluid temperature and concentration both considerably drop. The results of the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4M) and the presented analytical solutions provided are in excellent agreement.
{"title":"New Analytical and Numerical Solutions for Squeezing Flow between Parallel Plates under Slip","authors":"Hassan Raheem Shool, Ahmed K. Al-Jaberi, A. Jasim","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.34","url":null,"abstract":" In this article, the effects of physical flow parameters on squeezed fluid between parallel plates are explored through the Darcy porous channel when fluid is moving as a result of the upper plate being squeezed towards the stretchable lower plate, such as velocity slip, thermal slip, solutal slip, thermal stratification parameter, solutal stratification parameter, squeezing number, Darcy number, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number. The governing equations are transformed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation using the appropriate similarity transformations. The resulting equations are solved by using the perturbation iteration method (PIT) to produce a convergent analytical solution with high accuracy. The phenomena of the squeezing fluid as the plates are moving apart and when they are coming together are illustrated using the resulting analytical solutions. Plots are used to discuss the significant effects of physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and fluid concentration profiles. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt Sherwood values have graphical interpretations that are listed. For strong velocity slip parameters, the results demonstrate the existence of a minimum velocity profile close to the plate and a growing velocity profile distant from the plate. Additionally, as the slip effects rise, the fluid temperature and concentration both considerably drop. The results of the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4M) and the presented analytical solutions provided are in excellent agreement.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.39
Nibras A.Mohammed Ali, Faisel G. Mohammed, S. G. Mohammed
A geographic information system (GIS) is a very effective management and analysis tool. Geographic locations rely on data. The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the interpretation of natural resource data has been shown to be beneficial. Back-propagation neural networks are one of the most widespread and prevalent designs. The combination of geographic information systems with artificial neural networks provides a method for decreasing the cost of landscape change studies by shortening the time required to evaluate data. Numerous designs and kinds of ANNs have been created; the majority of them are PC-based service domains. Using the ArcGIS Network Analyst add-on, you can locate service regions around any network site. A network service area is a region that comprises all accessible roadways (that is, routes that are within defined impedance) (that is, streets that are within specified impedance). In contrast to the Google Maps application, the 5-minute service area for a site on a network comprises all streets that can be accessed within five minutes.
{"title":"Finding the Best Route for Connecting Citizens with Service Centers in Baghdad Based on NN Technology","authors":"Nibras A.Mohammed Ali, Faisel G. Mohammed, S. G. Mohammed","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.39","url":null,"abstract":" A geographic information system (GIS) is a very effective management and analysis tool. Geographic locations rely on data. The use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the interpretation of natural resource data has been shown to be beneficial. Back-propagation neural networks are one of the most widespread and prevalent designs. The combination of geographic information systems with artificial neural networks provides a method for decreasing the cost of landscape change studies by shortening the time required to evaluate data. Numerous designs and kinds of ANNs have been created; the majority of them are PC-based service domains. Using the ArcGIS Network Analyst add-on, you can locate service regions around any network site. A network service area is a region that comprises all accessible roadways (that is, routes that are within defined impedance) (that is, streets that are within specified impedance). In contrast to the Google Maps application, the 5-minute service area for a site on a network comprises all streets that can be accessed within five minutes.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"34 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.32
Khawla Ahmed, Nuhad S. Al. Mothafar
Let be a commutative ring with identity, and be a unitary left R-module. In this paper we, introduce and study a new class of modules called pure hollow (Pr-hollow) and pure-lifting (Pr-lifting). We give a fundamental, properties of these concept. also, we, introduce some conditions under which the quotient and direct sum of Pr-lifting modules is Pr-lifting.
假设是一个具有同一性的交换环，并且是一个单元左 R 模块。在本文中，我们引入并研究了一类新的模块，称为纯空心模块（Pr-hollow）和纯提升模块（Pr-lifting）。我们给出了这些概念的基本性质。此外，我们还介绍了一些条件，在这些条件下，Pr-lifting 模块的商和直接和是 Pr-lifting。
{"title":"Pure-Hollow Modules and Pure-Lifting Modules","authors":"Khawla Ahmed, Nuhad S. Al. Mothafar","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.32","url":null,"abstract":" Let be a commutative ring with identity, and be a unitary left R-module. In this paper we, introduce and study a new class of modules called pure hollow (Pr-hollow) and pure-lifting (Pr-lifting). We give a fundamental, properties of these concept. also, we, introduce some conditions under which the quotient and direct sum of Pr-lifting modules is Pr-lifting.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140367380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.13
S. Al-Musawi, A. K. Almansorri, H. M. H. Al-Shirifi, Bara B Ahmed, A. Haider
Nanotechnology products such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) can be used for viral infections because of their unique characteristics. The current study aimed to determine the impact of TiO2-NPs on HPV type 1 and 2 infections. The characterization of these NPs was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The MTT assay was used to determine the toxic impacts of TiO2-NPs on BHK-21 cells. The efficiency of TiO2-NPs was performed using several parameters, including TCID50 and RT-PCR assays. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the inhibitory impact of TiO2-NPs on viral antigen expression, and Acyclovir was used as a reference medicine. When the human papilloma type 1 and 2 viruses exposed to TiO2-NPs at high doses (100 μg/mL) produced 0.3, 1.1, 2.3, and 3.3 log10 TCID50 decreases in infective virus load when compared with control viruses (P<0.0001), these TiO2-NPs doses were related to 24.9%, 35.1%, 47.2%, 59.5%, and 66.6% inhibition percentages that were determined depending on the viral titer as compared to virus control. It is concluded that TiO2-NPs have strong potential for the treatment of face and labial lesions caused by papillomaviruses 1 and 2 and could be used in topical formulations.
{"title":"Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Inhibiting Human Papillomavirus","authors":"S. Al-Musawi, A. K. Almansorri, H. M. H. Al-Shirifi, Bara B Ahmed, A. Haider","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.13","url":null,"abstract":" Nanotechnology products such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) can be used for viral infections because of their unique characteristics. The current study aimed to determine the impact of TiO2-NPs on HPV type 1 and 2 infections. The characterization of these NPs was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The MTT assay was used to determine the toxic impacts of TiO2-NPs on BHK-21 cells. The efficiency of TiO2-NPs was performed using several parameters, including TCID50 and RT-PCR assays. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed to estimate the inhibitory impact of TiO2-NPs on viral antigen expression, and Acyclovir was used as a reference medicine. When the human papilloma type 1 and 2 viruses exposed to TiO2-NPs at high doses (100 μg/mL) produced 0.3, 1.1, 2.3, and 3.3 log10 TCID50 decreases in infective virus load when compared with control viruses (P<0.0001), these TiO2-NPs doses were related to 24.9%, 35.1%, 47.2%, 59.5%, and 66.6% inhibition percentages that were determined depending on the viral titer as compared to virus control. It is concluded that TiO2-NPs have strong potential for the treatment of face and labial lesions caused by papillomaviruses 1 and 2 and could be used in topical formulations.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"42 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140368502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.46
Rawnak A. Abdulwahab, Firas A. Hadi
The data fusion process includes merging two or more pieces of information obtained from different sensors. Satellite image fusion research aims to create a new image by combining two images captured by different sensors using various methodologies. In this research, image sharpening tools were used to combine a hyperspectral image with a low spatial resolution captured by a Hyperion sensor mounted on the Earth Observation 1 (EO-1) satellite with a grayscale high spatial resolution image captured by Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) sensor mounted on Landsat-8 (resampling first one to ensure equal spatial resolution of both images). In addition, three techniques were adopted for implementing the Fusion mechanism: the Principal Component Analysis PCA, the Nearest Neighbor Diffusion NNDifuse, and the Gram-Schmidt method; these were used to sharpen hyperspectral data using high spatial resolution. The result showed that the Gram-Schmidt method could give Hyperspectral images with higher spectral and spatial resolution in panchromatic image data more accurately than the other methods.
{"title":"Hyperspectral Image Sharpening Using Fusion Techniques -A Case Study at Salah Al-Din Province/Iraq-","authors":"Rawnak A. Abdulwahab, Firas A. Hadi","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.46","url":null,"abstract":" The data fusion process includes merging two or more pieces of information obtained from different sensors. Satellite image fusion research aims to create a new image by combining two images captured by different sensors using various methodologies. In this research, image sharpening tools were used to combine a hyperspectral image with a low spatial resolution captured by a Hyperion sensor mounted on the Earth Observation 1 (EO-1) satellite with a grayscale high spatial resolution image captured by Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM +) sensor mounted on Landsat-8 (resampling first one to ensure equal spatial resolution of both images). In addition, three techniques were adopted for implementing the Fusion mechanism: the Principal Component Analysis PCA, the Nearest Neighbor Diffusion NNDifuse, and the Gram-Schmidt method; these were used to sharpen hyperspectral data using high spatial resolution. The result showed that the Gram-Schmidt method could give Hyperspectral images with higher spectral and spatial resolution in panchromatic image data more accurately than the other methods.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"78 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140368557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.41
Furkan Rabee, Saeed Ahmed Khan
This article suggests designing an intelligent system to rehabilitate criminals in smart cities, which consists of two categories: the first category suggests a “smart social system," which suggests managing the behaviors (good or bad) of individuals as the root of crime committing. To manage any criminal behavior, we proposed electronic recording of the criminal behavior as the first step, then submitting the criminal with its behavior under proposed rehabilitation theories as the second step to examine the behavior enhancement. This rehabilitation system depends on the prize-and-penalty principle. The penalty in this system is a suspended sentence with community services and fines instead of prison punishment. The second proposed category is constructing the smart system techniques by automating the proposed “smart social system” as a part of the smart police organization under the smart city. The methodology suggests working as a training system to submit the criminals that should be going to prison in standard cases under the proposed rehabilitation system process within a specific period. The proposed system suggested three categories of behaviors into which a prisoner may fall; he might fall into the category of "very bad people," where he needs to go to prison due to his worst actions. Second, he might fall into the "very good person" category, so this system suggests his prison punishment is now over and he is now free and can be released because he has enhanced his behavior. whereas the third category is the gradual process of a person whose actions lie in between these two characteristics; for this scenario, our proposed system suggests that this person needs rehabilitation and training to improve his behavior. A uniform crossover for the genetic algorithm has been implemented to check the performance of the proposed system. Thus, this could be very useful in improving the crime-preventing systems of the population in smart cities.
{"title":"A Smart Rehabilitation System (SRS) for Criminals in Smart Cities","authors":"Furkan Rabee, Saeed Ahmed Khan","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.41","url":null,"abstract":" This article suggests designing an intelligent system to rehabilitate criminals in smart cities, which consists of two categories: the first category suggests a “smart social system,\" which suggests managing the behaviors (good or bad) of individuals as the root of crime committing. To manage any criminal behavior, we proposed electronic recording of the criminal behavior as the first step, then submitting the criminal with its behavior under proposed rehabilitation theories as the second step to examine the behavior enhancement. This rehabilitation system depends on the prize-and-penalty principle. The penalty in this system is a suspended sentence with community services and fines instead of prison punishment. The second proposed category is constructing the smart system techniques by automating the proposed “smart social system” as a part of the smart police organization under the smart city. The methodology suggests working as a training system to submit the criminals that should be going to prison in standard cases under the proposed rehabilitation system process within a specific period. The proposed system suggested three categories of behaviors into which a prisoner may fall; he might fall into the category of \"very bad people,\" where he needs to go to prison due to his worst actions. Second, he might fall into the \"very good person\" category, so this system suggests his prison punishment is now over and he is now free and can be released because he has enhanced his behavior. whereas the third category is the gradual process of a person whose actions lie in between these two characteristics; for this scenario, our proposed system suggests that this person needs rehabilitation and training to improve his behavior.\u0000A uniform crossover for the genetic algorithm has been implemented to check the performance of the proposed system. Thus, this could be very useful in improving the crime-preventing systems of the population in smart cities.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.42
Isra H. Abdulateef, B. Attea, D. Alzubaydi
By definition, the detection of protein complexes that form protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) is an NP-hard problem. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), as global search methods, are proven in the literature to be more successful than greedy methods in detecting protein complexes. However, the design of most of these EA-based approaches relies on the topological information of the proteins in the PPIN. Biological information, as a key resource for molecular profiles, on the other hand, acquired a little interest in the design of the components in these EA-based methods. The main aim of this paper is to redesign two operators in the EA based on the functional domain rather than the graph topological domain. The perturbation mechanism of both crossover and mutation operators is designed based on the direct gene ontology annotations and Jaccard similarity coefficients for the proteins. The results on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae PPIN provide a useful perspective that the functional domain of the proteins, as compared with the topological domain, is more consistent with the true information reported in the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequence (MIPS) catalog. The evaluation at both complex and protein levels reveals that feeding the components of the EA with biological information will imply more accurate complex structures, whereas topological information may mislead the algorithm towards a faulty structure.
根据定义，检测形成蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络（PPINs）的蛋白质复合物是一个 NP 难问题。文献证明，进化算法（EA）作为全局搜索方法，在检测蛋白质复合体方面比贪婪方法更成功。然而，大多数基于进化算法的方法的设计都依赖于 PPIN 中蛋白质的拓扑信息。另一方面，生物信息作为分子图谱的关键资源，在这些基于 EA 方法的组件设计中却鲜有问津。本文的主要目的是根据功能域而不是图拓扑域重新设计 EA 中的两个算子。交叉和突变算子的扰动机制是根据蛋白质的直接基因本体注释和 Jaccard 相似系数设计的。酵母 PPIN 的研究结果提供了一个有用的视角，即与拓扑结构域相比，蛋白质的功能域更符合慕尼黑蛋白质序列信息中心（MIPS）目录中报告的真实信息。对复杂结构和蛋白质水平的评估表明，向 EA 的组件提供生物信息将意味着更准确的复杂结构，而拓扑信息则可能会误导算法得出错误的结构。
{"title":"Biological versus Topological Domains in Improving the Reliability of Evolutionary-Based Protein Complex Detection Algorithms","authors":"Isra H. Abdulateef, B. Attea, D. Alzubaydi","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.42","url":null,"abstract":" By definition, the detection of protein complexes that form protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) is an NP-hard problem. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), as global search methods, are proven in the literature to be more successful than greedy methods in detecting protein complexes. However, the design of most of these EA-based approaches relies on the topological information of the proteins in the PPIN. Biological information, as a key resource for molecular profiles, on the other hand, acquired a little interest in the design of the components in these EA-based methods. The main aim of this paper is to redesign two operators in the EA based on the functional domain rather than the graph topological domain. The perturbation mechanism of both crossover and mutation operators is designed based on the direct gene ontology annotations and Jaccard similarity coefficients for the proteins. The results on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae PPIN provide a useful perspective that the functional domain of the proteins, as compared with the topological domain, is more consistent with the true information reported in the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequence (MIPS) catalog. The evaluation at both complex and protein levels reveals that feeding the components of the EA with biological information will imply more accurate complex structures, whereas topological information may mislead the algorithm towards a faulty structure.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"46 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140367088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.25
Ali Joma'a Al-Issa, Basim A. Hassan, I. Moghrabi, Ibrahim M. Sulaiman
One of the quasi-Newton update formulae, namely the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method, is crucial for resolving nonlinear programming optimization problems. In order to achieve a Newton-like condition that depends on the function values and gradient vectors at each iteration, we construct an alternative positive-definite Hessian approximation in this study. The essential theorems are established to study algorithm convergence. The proposed approach is then tested on well-known test problems and then compared to the standard DFP method. The numerical outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly developed method.
{"title":"A Modified Davidon-Fletcher-Powell Method for Solving Nonlinear Optimization Problems","authors":"Ali Joma'a Al-Issa, Basim A. Hassan, I. Moghrabi, Ibrahim M. Sulaiman","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.3.25","url":null,"abstract":" One of the quasi-Newton update formulae, namely the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method, is crucial for resolving nonlinear programming optimization problems. In order to achieve a Newton-like condition that depends on the function values and gradient vectors at each iteration, we construct an alternative positive-definite Hessian approximation in this study. The essential theorems are established to study algorithm convergence. The proposed approach is then tested on well-known test problems and then compared to the standard DFP method. The numerical outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly developed method.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"34 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140368301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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